铁-苹果酸配合物对高价铬的光还原处理

研究了Fe(Ⅲ)-苹果酸配合物体系对Cr(Ⅵ)的光还原处理,考察了光源、初始pH值、Fe(Ⅲ)、苹果酸盐和Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度等因素对Cr(Ⅵ)光还原效率的影响。结果表明:光照条件下,铁-苹果酸配合物能有效实现对六价铬的光还原。pH=3时Cr(Ⅵ)的光还原处理效果最佳;Fe(Ⅲ)和苹果酸盐初始浓度的增加可提高Cr(Ⅵ)的光还原效率;光还原的初始速率随各组分浓度的增大而增大,Fe(Ⅲ)浓度是影响反应速率的主要因素;Fe(Ⅲ)-苹果酸盐配合物光解产生的Fe(Ⅱ)是Cr(Ⅵ)的主要还原剂。     

Fe(Ⅲ)-酒石酸盐配合物对双酚A模拟废水的光处理

主要研究了卤灯光照下,Fe(Ⅲ)-酒石酸盐配合物体系对双酚A(BPA)的光化学降解,考查了光源、初始pH值、各反应物初始浓度等因素对双酚A光降解的影响。结果表明:卤灯或太阳光照射下,BPA在Fe(Ⅲ)-酒石酸盐配合物体系中能够有效地实现光降解;光强从8.8×104Lux增加到1.2×105Lux,BPA降解率从68.9%提高到92.8%;BPA的降解率及Fe(Ⅲ)-酒石酸盐配合物光解过程中产生的.OH浓度均随pH增大而减小;Fe(Ⅲ)-酒石酸盐配合物光氧化BPA过程中溶液的pH逐渐升高;过量的酒石酸盐有利于Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)的循环进行。     

Fe(Ⅲ)-酒石酸盐配合物体系的光解特性

以Fe(Ⅲ)-酒石酸配合物体系光化学过程中产生的Fe(Ⅱ)和.OH为主要检测对象,探讨了Fe(Ⅲ)-酒石酸配合物体系光化学反应的基本规律及影响因素。结果表明,体系的光化学过程能产生Fe(Ⅱ)和.OH;产生Fe(Ⅱ)的速率远高于产生.OH的速率;Fe(Ⅱ)生成浓度在pH 3.50时最大,.OH则在pH 3.00时最大;配合物的光化学过程中会伴随pH的升高;在照度为3.6×103Lux的日光灯照射下,Fe(Ⅲ)-酒石酸盐配合物初级光解的速率常数为2.1×10-3S-1;Fe(Ⅱ)是高价重金属的主要还原剂,.OH是有机物的主要氧化剂。     

不同条件下Fe(Ⅲ)催化有机酸光化学还原 Cr(Ⅵ)的比较研究

为开发含Cr(Ⅵ)废水处理工艺提供必要资料,对不同条件下Fe(Ⅲ)催化有机酸光化学还原Cr(Ⅵ)进行了比较研究.研究结果表明,Cr(Ⅵ)的还原不仅受pH、Fe(Ⅲ)或有机酸的起始浓度以及共存阳离子的影响,而且还与有机酸种类有关.低pH的酸性条件有利于cr(Ⅵ)的光化学还原,在pH 3.0条件下经3h后的还原率达89.9％,在pH 5.0经3h后其还原率为37.3％.Fe(Ⅲ)或有机酸起始浓度增高会促进Cr(Ⅵ)的还原,在pH3.0和Fe(Ⅲ)浓度高于Cr(Ⅵ)浓度条件下导致在3h后Cr(Ⅵ)的光化学还原率达100％.共存Al(Ⅲ)或Cu(Ⅱ)会抑制Cr(Ⅵ)的光化学还原.由Fe(Ⅲ)催化3种有机酸对Cr(Ⅵ)的光化学还原作用大小次序为:酒石酸＞柠檬酸＞苹果酸.还对不同条件影响Cr(Ⅵ)的光化学还原可能机制作了讨论.     

异化铁还原细菌Klebsiella sp.KB52还原重金属Cr(Ⅵ)

以分离自海洋沉积物中异化铁还原细菌Klebsiella sp. KB52为研究对象,分析微生物异化铁还原过程对还原Cr(Ⅵ)的影响。菌株KB52是一株非典型耐铬细菌,在Cr(Ⅵ)浓度10～50 mg·L~(-1)范围内,该菌株生长受到明显抑制。当将Fe(OH)~3添加至培养体系,菌株KB52能够良好生长并具有铁还原性质,同时提高了Cr(Ⅵ)还原效率。Fe(OH)~3浓度为300 mg·L~(-1)时,菌株KB52细胞生长指标OD600和累积产生Fe(Ⅱ)浓度最高,分别是1.4760±0.04和(39.79±1.45)mg·L~(-1),Cr(Ⅵ)还原率(42%)是对照组的5.25倍。当柠檬酸铁作为电子受体,菌株KB52还原Fe(Ⅲ)效率最高,Fe(Ⅱ)累积浓度达到(109.87±1.27)mg·L~(-1),Cr(Ⅵ)还原率提高至67%。上述结果表明,菌株KB52能够利用可溶性和不可溶性Fe(Ⅲ)作为电子受体进行生长,同时其异化铁还原过程偶联Cr(Ⅵ)还原。研究结果可为利用异化铁还原细菌还原Cr(Ⅵ)提供理论依据,拓宽微生物治理重金属污染的应用范围。     

还原剂添加的矿物聚合物对Cr(Ⅵ)的解毒/固化

在对现有Cr(Ⅵ)污染控制方法分析的基础上,提出用还原剂添加的矿物聚合物对Cr(Ⅵ)进行解毒/固化的研究思路。以煤矸石为原料,以水玻璃和Na OH为碱性激发剂,合成矿物聚合物;以Fe Cl2·4H2O为还原剂,用还原剂添加的矿物聚合物对Cr(Ⅵ)进行解毒/固化实验,并采用XRD、TEM/EDS、XPS对固化体进行检测。当添加的Fe(Ⅱ)与Cr(Ⅵ)的摩尔比≥3∶1时,矿物聚合物中总铬的浸出浓度小于1 mg/L,铬固化率大于99%。还原剂添加的矿物聚合物对Cr(Ⅵ)最大固化量为0.8%。在合成过程中,Fe(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)添加的矿物聚合物发生了氧化还原反应,Fe(Ⅱ)被氧化成了Fe(Ⅲ),Cr(Ⅵ)被还原成了Cr(Ⅲ),随后Fe(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅲ)同时被矿物聚合物中的—OAl(-)(OH)3吸引,并固化在非晶质结构中。     

Fe(Ⅲ)/丙酮酸钠体系光解过程中生成的 Fe(Ⅱ)浓度和·OH的浓度变化

以日光灯和金属卤化物灯为主要光源,以Fe(Ⅲ)/丙酮酸钠体系光化学过程中产生的Fe(Ⅱ)和·OH为主要检测对象,探讨了Fe(Ⅲ)/丙酮酸钠体系光解过程中生成的Fe(Ⅱ)和·OH的浓度变化.结果表明,Fe(Ⅲ)/丙酮酸钠体系的光解过程不仅能产生Fe(Ⅱ)和·OH;在丙酮酸钠过量的情况下,光解过程还存在着Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe (Ⅱ)的循环;Fe(Ⅱ)浓度和·OH累积浓度均在pH 3.00时最大;体系的光化学过程中会伴随pH的升高;初始Fe(Ⅲ)浓度和初始丙酮酸钠浓度的提高都有利于Fe(Ⅱ)浓度和·OH累积浓度的提高.     

铸铁和椰壳活性炭混合介质修复高浓度Cr(Ⅵ)污染地下水研究

铬是人体和动物必需的微量元素之一。但高浓度的铬,尤其是地下水中的Cr(Ⅵ)可能对人体健康和环境造成很大的危害,因此研究高浓度Cr(Ⅵ)污染地下水的修复技术至关重要。应用铸铁和椰壳活性炭作为模拟柱中渗透反应格栅(PRB)的反应介质,为了防止实验过程发生堵塞,添加适当河沙,通过铸铁的还原作用及椰壳活性炭的吸附作用研究PRB对高浓度Cr(Ⅵ)污染地下水的修复效能。结果表明:铸铁、椰壳活性炭、河沙的质量比为3∶1∶4、Cr(Ⅵ)为400 mg/L条件下,完全穿透时反应材料对Cr(Ⅵ)整体去除率为67.0%,PRB反应介质寿命为165d;侧孔Cr(Ⅵ)浓度随时间延长而逐渐增大,离进水口越近,材料去除Cr(Ⅵ)的能力降低越快;出水及沿程在没有Cr(Ⅵ)检出时pH为4.5～7.0,出水有Cr(Ⅵ)检出时pH均大于7.0;出水中无Cr(Ⅵ)检出时,总铁(TFe)含量较高,Fe(Ⅲ)含量较少,有大量Fe(Ⅱ)产生,出水有Cr(Ⅵ)检出时,对应的Fe(Ⅲ)和TFe检出浓度均较低,说明柱体内铸铁材料基本钝化完全。     

紫外活化过硫酸盐/甲酸体系还原水中Cr(Ⅵ)机理及影响因素

采用紫外活化过硫酸盐/甲酸体系所产生的还原性二氧化碳阴离子自由基(CO_2~(·-)),研究了水溶液中高浓度Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效果;使用电子自旋共振(ESR)技术,鉴定识别了体系中产生的活性自由基;分析了体系的活化机理及其对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原机制;考察了过硫酸盐投加量、初始pH、腐殖酸、无机阴离子(Cl~-、HCO_3~-和NO_3~-)及初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度等对Cr(Ⅵ)去除的影响。结果表明:紫外活化过硫酸盐/甲酸体系可以有效还原Cr(Ⅵ),当过硫酸钠与甲酸浓度分别为20 mmol·L~(-1)和40 mmol·L~(-1),未调初始pH为2.4时,初始浓度为200 mg·L~(-1)Cr(VI)在50 min内基本完全可被还原;此外,Cr(Ⅵ)还原去除率随过硫酸盐浓度升高而增强,在酸性条件下(pH=2.4),体系对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原效率最高,随着pH的增大,还原效率明显降低。进一步研究表明, Cl~-、HCO_3~-和NO_3~-对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原都存在抑制作用,在相同浓度下,其抑制程度分别为HCO_3~-NO_3~-Cl~-,腐殖酸也对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除存在抑制作用。紫外活化过硫酸盐/甲酸体系还原Cr(Ⅵ)过程符合零级反应动力学方程,其动力学常数为78.467μmol·(L·min)~(-1)。本研究结果为Cr(Ⅵ)废水的处理提供了一种高效的还原新技术。     

五硫代碳酸钠处理含Cr(Ⅵ)水溶液的实验研究

采用一种新型还原剂五硫代碳酸钠(Na2CS5)处理含Cr(Ⅵ)水溶液.考察了含Cr(Ⅵ)水溶液的pH值、五硫代碳酸钠的用量、反应时间、沉淀时间和Cr(Ⅵ)的浓度等对Cr(Ⅵ)去除率的影响.结果表明,含白(Ⅵ)水溶液初始pH值和沉淀阶段溶液的pH值分别控制为1.5和8～8.5,n(Cr2O72-):n(CS52-)=1:...     

Photosensitized degradation of bisphenol A involving reactive oxygen species in the presence of humic substances

The photodegradation of endocrine disrupter bisphenol A (BPA) in the presence of natural humic substances (HS) under simulated solar irradiation was studied. BPA underwent slow direct photolysis in neutral pure water, but rapid photosensitized degradation in four kinds of HS, following pseudo-first-order reaction. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed from HS were determined, including OH, (1)O(2) and H(2)O(2). The enhancement of BPA degradation by adding Fe(III) was primarily attributed to the oxidation of OH produced from photo-Fenton-like reaction. And the joint effects of HS and nitrate ions coexisting on BPA degradation appeared to depend on respective concentration levels. The effects of dissolved oxygen suggested that the energy transfer between excited state of SRFA and NOFA likely occurred, while the abstraction of phenolic hydrogen atom to reactive triplet state of NOHA possibly took place. Based on the structural analyses of main intermediates and degradation products of BPA detected by GC-MS, the possible photodegradation pathways were proposed, involving the alky cleavage, alkyl oxidation and OH addition. This study gave a better understanding for the photochemical transformation of BPA induced by ROS generated from natural water composition under sunlight irradiation.     

Photodegradation of bisphenol A in simulated lake water containing algae, humic acid and ferric ions

The photodegradation of bisphenol A (BPA), a suspected endocrine disruptor (ED), in simulated lake water containing algae, humic acid and Fe3+ ions was investigated. Algae, humic acid and Fe3+ ions enhanced the photodegradation of BPA. Photodegradation efficiency of BPA was 36% after 4h irradiation in the presence of 6.5 x 10(9) cells L(-1) raw Chlorella vulgaris, 4 mg L(-1) humic acid and 20 micromol L(-1) Fe3+. The photodegradation efficiency of BPA was higher in the presence of algae treated with ultrasonic than that without ultrasonic. The photodegradation efficiency of BPA in the water only containing algae treated with ultrasonic was 37% after 4h irradiation. The algae treated with heating can also enhance the photodegradation of BPA. This work helps environmental scientists to understand the photochemical behavior of BPA in lake water.     

Simultaneous oxidation of EDTA and reduction of metal ions in mixed Cu(II)/Fe(III)-EDTA system by TiO2 photocatalysis

Both the photooxidation of EDTA and the photoreduction of metal ions in metal-EDTA systems were investigated. EDTA oxidation by TiO(2) photocatalysis occurred sequentially as Cu(II)-EDTA>Cu(II)/Fe(III)-EDTA>Fe(III)-EDTA. For Cu(II)-EDTA, EDTA was completely decomposed after only 60min of irradiation. The rate of EDTA decomposition was directly correlated with the initial Cu(II) concentration in the case of a mixed Cu(II)/Fe(III)-EDTA system. The metal ions in a single metal-EDTA complex were removed following significant decomposition of EDTA. For a mixed Cu(II)/Fe(III)-EDTA system, however, no copper was removed whereas almost all of the iron was removed. The iron and copper species deposited on the TiO(2) surface were identified via EPR and XPS as mixed FeO/Fe(3)O(4) and Cu(0)/Cu(2)O, respectively.     

高比表面积活性炭的制备及对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的研究

以椰树壳为原料,运用水蒸汽和二氧化碳复合物理活化法在4 h内制备了2 162.84 m2/g的高比表面积活性炭,其孔径分布范围为1.1~2.5 nm。应用此吸附剂考察了溶液pH、吸附剂用量、接触时间和初始浓度对Cr(VI)离子吸附效果的影响,并讨论了固定吸附床中不同溶液流量对Cr(VI)去除效果的影响。结果表明:在温度为298 K、溶液pH为1.96、吸附剂用量为0.10 g、铬离子初始浓度为100 mg/L与接触时间为70 min的条件下,活性炭对铬离子具有较高的吸附容量,去除率高达99.32%;铬离子在吸附床中的穿透曲线具有陡峭的传质锋面,但随着铬离子溶液流量的增大脱除果率降低。     

Simultaneous photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) and oxidation of phenol over monoclinic BiVO4 under visible light irradiation

BiVO4 powder with monoclinic structure was prepared and used as a visible-light catalyst simultaneously for the photooxidation of phenol and the photoreduction of Cr(VI). The photocatalytic efficiency was found to be rather low for either single phenol solution or single Cr(VI) solution. However, the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) and photocatalytic oxidation of phenol proceed more rapidly for the coexistence system of phenol and Cr(VI) than for the single process, showing synergetic effect between the oxidation and reduction reactions. For the simultaneous photocatalytic reduction-oxidation process, the first-order kinetic constant of phenol degradation was 0.0314 min-1, being about six times higher than that for the photocatalytic process of single phenol. This result reveals the feasibility of using Cr(VI) as the electron scavenger of mBiVO4-mediated photocatalytic process of phenol degradation, and gives us an enlightenment to employ other semiconductor with a better visible light response but with a more positive band edge to efficiently degrade organic pollutants. This is the first report for simultaneous photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) and removal of phenol under visible light irradiation using photocatalyst mBiVO4.     

Effect of N-hydroxyethyl-ethylenediamine-triacetic acid (HEDTA) on Cr(VI) reduction by Fe(II)

The complexation of Fe(II) with organic ligand results in the decrease of redox potential, and enhances the reduction ability of Fe(II). An important example is the use of Fe(II)-organic complexes to accelerate Cr(VI) reduction. Dissolved O(2) and light can potentially affect Cr(VI) reduction; however, these two factors have not been adequately evaluated. A batch technique was used to investigate the Cr(VI) reduction as influenced by the light and dissolved O(2) using N-hydroxyethyl-ethylenediamine-triacetic acid (HEDTA) and Fe(II) solutions. The oxidation of Fe(II) by dissolved O(2) was rapid in the presence of HEDTA at low pH; nonetheless, the oxidation proceeded slowly when HEDTA was absent. Although Cr(VI) could be reduced by free Fe(II) at low pH, the reaction was considerably slower than that of systems involving HEDTA. The enhancement of Cr(VI) reduction by Fe(II) in the presence of high concentrations of HEDTA was achieved as a result of two processes. First, HEDTA acted as a ligand for expediting electron transfer between Fe(II) and Cr(VI). Secondly, HEDTA served as a reductant for Cr(VI) under illumination.     

Ferric citrate-induced photodegradation of dyes in aqueous solutions

The photooxidation of dye solutions containing Fe(III)-citrate complexes was studied. The photodegradation under near-UV light of the five dyes, C. I. reactive red 2, C. I. reactive blue 4, C. I. reactive black 8, C. I. basic red 13 and C. I. basic yellow 2, in aqueous solutions at pH2.0 containing Fe(III)-citrate complexes was found to follow pseudo-first order kinetics. The photodegradation rates of the dye, C. I. reactive red 2, decreased with increasing the initial dye concentration in range of 20 – 60 mg/L . A comparatively higher photodegradation efficiency of the dye was gained under the condition of pH2.0 and the Fe(III) to citrate ratio 1:2.     

Inhibition of BPA degradation by serum as a hydroxyl radical scavenger and an Fe trapping agent in Fenton process

Identification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contribute to bisphenol-A (BPA) degradation and monitoring of BPA at various concentrations in human serum under Fenton reaction conditions were carried out using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). BPA recovery decreased with increasing Fe concentration and time, both with a Fenton reaction using Fe(II), and with a Fenton-like reaction using Fe(III). In these reactions, BPA dose-dependently decreased the intensity of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO)-*OH, up to 1 microg/ml BPA, and no change in DMPO-O(2)(?-) intensity was observed. The decrease in BPA recovery was inhibited strongly by addition of serum under Fenton-like reaction conditions, and there was a negative correlation between turbidity and BPA recovery. To clarify the mechanism by which serum inhibits BPA degradation, the relationship between BPA recovery and sample turbidity, and characteristics of the precipitates were investigated using spectrophotometry and X-ray analysis. The precipitate formed in the serum-containing sample consisted of C, S, O, P and Fe. BPA degradation was also inhibited under Fenton-like reaction conditions in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and a precipitate consisting of O, P, and Fe appeared. Precipitates also appeared in authentic albumin and gamma-globulin when sulfate was added with Fenton reagents. After precipitate removal, both Fe and protein concentrations in the supernatant of the protein solutions with sulfate decreased with increasing Fe addition. We demonstrate here that hydroxyl radical generation from Fenton or Fenton-like reactions can degrade BPA, and that serum strongly inhibits BPA degradation, not only by competing with BPA for hydroxyl radicals, but also by trapping Fe with oxidative components present in the serum.     

The role of organic ligands in ferrous-induced photochemical degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

Recent studies have shown that hydrogen peroxide is generated in a ferrioxalate-induced photoreductive reaction, but information about the effect of organic ligands on the photochemical behaviour of ferrous species is limited. The degradation of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) by a ferrous-catalyzed oxidation in the presence of various ligands such as formate, citrate, malelate, oxalate, and ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) was studied. The experiments were conducted under either dark or irradiated (350n m) conditions. Forty-two percent and 34% of 2,4-D were removed by the Fe(2+)/oxalate/UV and Fe(2+)/citrate/UV processes, respectively, after 30 min of reaction and oxidative intermediates were obtained in both cases. The presence of hydroxylated intermediates suggests that 2,4-D may be attacked by hydroxyl radicals, which are the products of the photo-Fenton-like reaction. As such, hydrogen peroxide was produced by the photolysis of ferrous oxalate or ferrous citrate, referred to hereafter as photogenerated H(2)O(2). As expected, the total removal percentage of 2,4-D jumped to 97% when 1mM of hydrogen peroxide (so-called spiked H(2)O(2)) was externally added to the reaction vessel to initiate the Fe(2+)/oxalate/UV process. Therefore, the treatment of 2,4-D by the Fe(2+)/oxalate/H(2)O(2)/UV system can be operated in two steps: the photolysis of ferrous oxalate first, followed by adding the spiked H(2)O(2) sometime after the commencement of the reaction. A two-phase model has been developed to describe this tandem ferrous-catalyzed photooxidation, which would help to achieve the mineralization of 2,4-D.