centrifugal用热控装置设计

目的 评估飞行器产品在飞行过程对热–离心综合环境的适应性,研制一套热–离心综合环境试验用热控装置。方法 从热–离心试验需求出发,完成综合试验系统总体研制目标及系统方案设计。针对高g值离心环境（离心加速度值≥90g）下的热载荷加载需求,开展基于热传导的热载荷加载方法研究,并完成适用于高g值环境的热控装置硬件布局优化设计。提出基于分段包络思想的产品响应温度梯度分布效应模拟方法及实现,减少过试验考核。结果 利用该热控装置完成了热–离心综合环境功能验证试验,设置最大加速度为92g,保载时间为3 min,最高加热温度为150℃,最大温升速率为3℃/min,3温区控制,升温过程中,温度误差优于±1.5℃。结论 该热–离心综合环境试验用热控装置可用于飞行器产品热–离心综合环境试验的考核。     

某电子设备随机振动故障分析

目的 探究某批次电子设备随机振动环境筛选试验中故障发生原因.方法 首先对电子设备环境试验初步分析,确定设备螺钉点布置合理,结构本身无明显缺陷,但试验夹具可能导致振动载荷放大.通过Abaqus有限元软件仿真分析电子设备失效情况,同时开展试验确定振动夹具的固有频率,并绘制电子设备实际所受随机振动功率谱密度曲线,以该功率谱密度曲线为输入,开展有限元仿真,验证失效模式,并在此基础上完成故障复现试验,制定相应的改进措施.结果 有限元仿真得到电子设备3Sigma应力为22 MPa,在结构强度容许范围内.通过试验确定振动夹具固有频率与电子设备前两阶模态频率重频,发生共振,导致激励被放大,电子设备存在过考核,从而发生破坏.以设备实际所受功率谱密度曲线为输入条件,仿真得到3Sigma应力为52 MPa,超过焊接强度极限,导致焊点失效破坏.为进一步验证失效原因,使用原振动夹具完成故障复现试验,并改进试验夹具开展对比试验.结论 随机振动试验夹具的设计,应避免夹具固有频率与电子设备重频,从而导致设备破坏,合理选择设计夹具能有效避免电子设备遭受过考核.     

空空导弹新研元器件振动试验条件探讨

空空导弹新研元器件是空空导弹重要组成部分,振动试验是考核新研元器环境适应性的一项重要环境试验,目前的问题是如何制定合理可行的新研元器件的振动试验条件。为了研究空空导弹新研元器件开展多个振动试验时是否存在过试验考核或者重复试验考核问题,对空空导弹新研元器件相关标准、规范及空空导弹要求的振动试验条件进行整理、归纳,对比分析了振动量级、振动时间,得出空空导弹新研元器件可以只按照有关标准、规范规定的振动试验条件考核其振动特性即可,可以不开展空空导弹要求的振动试验。     

应用于船舶与海洋工程结构安全监测的应变传感器技术研究

目的 研制适用于船舶与海洋工程结构安全监测的应变传感器,并提出标定方法。方法 针对海洋环境特点,考虑传感器封装技术,通过结构设计与有限元仿真计算,研制以弹性体和电阻应变片为主要组成的应变传感器。设计传感器专用标定梁,并完成标定流程的制定和数据处理方法的研究,开展标定试验,获取传感器的标定数据,得到传感器的转换系数和非线性误差。开展传感器的环境与可靠性试验验证。结果 传感器的转换系数具有较高的一致性,系数最大为0.342,最小为0.335,偏差为2.05%,试验传感器最大非线性误差为1.3%,并通过了9项环境试验与2.56个循环(共1 980 h)的可靠性试验考核。结论 提出的标定方法适用,传感器可承受海洋环境条件中温度、湿度和盐度的长期作用,满足实船监测需求。     

典型船用通导设备低温性能试验研究

目的 建立有效的低温试验检测手段及评估方法,以保障冰区航行船舶在低温环境下的通讯导航能力。方法 在国军标与船标的指导下,针对典型船用通导设备磁罗经与电子罗经,开展包括试前工作测试、–25℃低温贮存试验、–20℃低温工作试验以及附加防寒措施的系列考核试验。结果 试验成功复现了低温环境下磁罗经与电子罗经的性能失效模式。磁罗经经历低温后,磁力指向稳定性大幅减弱,试验前后指向刻度最大偏差可达3.3°;电子罗经经历低温后,指向误差最大可达3.7°,电流最大增长32.8%。通过遮蔽防寒、伴热措施保温后,整个试验过程中温度趋于稳定,磁罗经与电子罗经的刻度示值变化幅度减小。结论 磁罗经内部部件机械阻尼的增大以及自差校正磁棒磁力的改变是引起磁罗经定位精度率波动、定位误差变大的主要原因。电子罗经天线内部电气元件的性能改变是引起指向刻度变化的主要因素。通过采取一定的防寒保温措施,减小温度变化范围,将有利于提高磁罗经与电子罗经低温工作的稳定性。     

基于响应面模型的区域大气污染控制辅助决策工具研发

基于CMAQ模型结果,利用高维克里金插值算法,建立了排放控制因子与污染物环境浓度的响应面模型(RSM),实现了大气污染可控源排放与复合污染水平的实时函数响应.研究结果显示,RSM对PM2.5的预测结果与CMAQ实际模拟结果的误差在容许范围内(最大误差小于0.20μg.m-3,3.89%).基于所建立的RSM,开发了RSM-VAT区域大气污染控制可视化辅助决策工具.使用RSM-VAT对美国8个典型城市的PM2.5污染状况进行了控制情景分析,通过"可视化展示"和"图表分析"二大模块,输出不同控制情景下的环境污染物浓度的实时响应图、可视化展示和数据分析图表等结果.     

改变连接特性提高振动台冲击响应谱模拟能力

目的提高振动台冲击响应谱试验模拟能力。方法分析影响振动台冲击响应谱模拟能力的原因,提出通过改变连接特性提高振动台冲击响应谱模拟能力的方法,并对该方法进行理论分析和试验验证。结果利用具有谐振效应的台面能够将160 k N振动台冲击响应谱量级由原来的1000g提高至2000g,并能够实现负载情况下1600g的冲击响应谱试验,提高了振动台冲击响应谱模拟能力。结论通过改变连接特性可以提高振动台冲击响应谱模拟能力,同时应尽量避免使用振动试验夹具进行冲击试验,针对产品试验要求设计冲击试验夹具,能够获得更理想的冲击试验效果。     

航天器火工冲击载荷减缓设计及验证

目的研究航天器火工冲击缓冲方案,降低火工冲击对航天器上设备的影响。方法根据火工冲击环境防护设计原则设计3种系统级缓冲方案,由NASTRAN软件进行响应预示,用星箭分离局部结构解锁分离试验数据进行验证及模型修正。结果在星箭连接界面增加间断面的加速度响应最大衰减量为62%,增加复杂构型结构的加速度响应最大衰减量为82%,采用冲击隔离的加速度响应最大衰减量为60%。结论在星箭连接界面增加间断面、复杂构型结构或减小星箭界面接触面积均有一定的缓冲效果,系统缓冲设计时应综合考虑质量、结构连接刚度、缓冲效果、卫星状态、运载火箭状态约束等条件。冲击响应预示计算结果与试验结果基本吻合(在±6 d B内),表明这种预示方法能够较准确预示某卫星结构火工冲击响应。     

基于PANDA平台的飞行器脉动压力激励随机振动响应分析

目的形成自主再入飞行数值模拟预测技术。方法采用模态叠加法开展自由结构的多点脉动压力激励随机振动响应分析,基于PANDA高性能力学分析平台进行并行实现研究,构建相应的求解模块。针对飞行器再入过程,基于自主研发的软件模块,分析飞行器自由状态的模态特性及其在实测脉动压力载荷下的振动响应,并与商业软件分析结果进行比对。结果模态振型的误差小于0.2%,位移均方根响应云纹分布一致,最大值和最小值的误差分别为1.93%和6.14%。结论验证了相关功能的正确性,证明PANDA平台可以用于实际工程的结构分析中。     

系统电磁脉冲效应摸底试验初探

目的研究武器装备系统的电磁脉冲效应。方法采用系统理论计算和部件摸底试验相结合的方法,以某装备的信息处理模块为测试对象,开展电磁脉冲近场辐照和电流注入试验,通过改变场强、注入电流等试验条件,探讨电磁脉冲对该模块的电磁效应。结果得出了工作状态下该模块的电磁脉冲干扰效应试验数据,该模块在310 V/m的辐照场强或电缆耦合电流为4.3~6.4 A时会出现敏感状态,多次测试时百分之百敏感阈值略高。结论对部件开展近场辐照和电流注入的电磁脉冲摸底试验方法可行,为进一步研究系统装备电子部件的电子脉冲效应提供了借鉴。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.