装药结构热安全性试验方法及其特点分析

目的 在装药结构的热安全性试验时选择合理的加热方法.方法 从燃料、加热速率、温度范围、温度可控性、温区可控性、对试件影响等方面对开放油池火烧、可控喷射火烧、红外辐射灯阵、电加热带、电加热箱等常用的加热方式进行对比分析.结果 对于快烤加载,红外辐射灯阵兼具开放油池火烧和可控喷射火烧的优势,能够实现温度为800～1200℃、升温速率不低于200℃/s、温度控制偏差不大于5％的模拟火烧温度稳定控制,且具备清洁环保的优势;对于慢烤加载,红外辐射灯阵兼具电加热带和电加热炉加载的优势,能够实现温升速率3.3℃/h～1.0℃/min可调节,加热温度不低于400℃,温度分区不低于4个的分区慢速烤燃温度控制,且不会给试样反应等级带来额外影响.结论 合理选择慢烤、快烤加热方式,避免对装药结构的反应等级产生影响,是装药结构的热安全性试验时需重视的一个问题.     

低成本高效慢速烤燃试验方法研究

目的研究低成本高效慢速烤燃试验方法。方法利用自主研发的一套慢速烤燃试验装置,以1℃/min和3.3℃/h升温程序作为对比试验,设置几种三阶段升温程序,对JBO-9013和JH-14炸药进行慢速烤燃试验,以此获得不同升温程序下试样的响应温度和响应等级。结果 1℃/min、3.3℃/h、三阶段(100/150/193℃)升温程序下,JBO-9013响应温度分别为243.1、199.5、199.8、201.4、193.0℃,响应等级均为燃烧反应;JH-14响应温度分别为211.0、186.0、191.7℃,响应等级均为爆轰反应。结论升温程序对JBO-9013和JH-14响应温度和响应剧烈程度均有影响。与GJB8018—2013中1℃/min升温程序相比,三阶段升温程序与MIL-STD-2105D和STANAG 4439中3.3℃/h烤燃试验结果吻合度较高。因此,三阶段升温程序具有缩短试验周期、提高试验效率和降低试验成本的作用。     

不同升温速率下模块装药的烤燃特性分析

目的 研究不同升温速率下模块装药烤燃特性的变化.方法 基于模块装药结构及其烤燃化学反应机理,提出基本假设,建立二维非稳态烤燃计算模型,通过数值模拟计算分析研究模块装药在不同工况下的烤燃特性.结果 在3.30、5.25、7.20 K/h的加热条件下,模块装药发生烤燃响应的着火温度分别为476.6、473.1、477.1 ...     

炸药缓慢加热条件实验技术进展

为降低炸药装药意外热刺激起爆后对武器平台、后勤系统和人员损伤的严重程度及概率,适应不敏感弹药发展过程中对炸药热危险性综合评定的需要,有针对性地分析了以美国为主的炸药和弹药装药慢烤燃实验相关文献、STANAG 4382《北约弹药缓慢加热测试标准》调查报告以及西安近代化学研究所开展的密闭系统的模拟弹慢速烤燃实验研究成果。分析结果发现,尚需解决的问题为3.3℃/h温升速率条件起源未知,小型模型实验技术是目前开展的重点,可视化/量化反应状态的实验技术及仿真预测试验反应剧烈程度的模型研究是发展重点,试验反应剧烈性抑制技术研究是未来的发展趋势。     

砷超富集植物的热解特征及其与砷含量的关系

不同热解气氛和升温速率的比较研究表明,在空气气氛条件和25℃·min-1的升温速率下,砷超富集植物的热解曲线特征明显且实验速度适中,因此,是适用于砷超富集植物的热解实验条件.在该实验条件下,不同含砷浓度的蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata L.)和大叶井口边草(P.cretica L.)的热解温度主要集中在200～500℃之间.与低砷蜈蚣草相比,高砷蜈蚣草在300℃附近热解减弱,而在450℃附近热解加剧,蜈蚣草体内的砷有促使其热解过程向高温方向偏移的趋势;而大叶井口边草体内的砷则促使其在300℃附近热分解程度加剧,而对450℃附近的热解程度影响不明显.     

含能材料热烤试验用多温区热控装置设计

目的 评估含能材料产品在热烤环境下的热安全性,研制一套热烤环境试验用多温区热控装置.方法 从热烤试验需求出发,制定试验系统功能、指标.进行系统功能分解,重点分析加热方式和加热元件的选型,温区之间的温度耦合及控制.基于试件含能,危险性较大的情况,制定安全策略.基于组态软件实现热控系统的软件设计,考虑了参数及曲线设置、试验过程状态观测、数据存储、报警和安全保护等.结果 利用该多温区热控系统开展了验证性试验,设置的温度为室温～229℃,温变速率为6℃/h,三温区控制,温度误差为±1.5℃.结论 含能材料热烤试验用多温区热控装置可以完成大试件小温升速率热烤试验的要求,为大尺寸含能材料热烤试验提供了试验能力.     

含能材料热安全性研究进展

分析了国内外关于含能材料烤燃试验和烤燃数值模拟的研究进展,主要是炸药和推进剂等烤燃试验研究成果,以及装填含能材料的弹药系统的烤燃数值模拟研究成果。结果发现,小型含能材料烤燃试验技术是目前烤燃试验开展的重点,其中烤燃过程可视化、烤燃响应程度的量化是烤燃试验的关键技术。小型烤燃试验研究结合烤燃数值模拟是评估弹药系统热安全性的重要方法。针对烤燃数值模型的完善(热-机械-化学耦合烤燃模型)是未来的发展趋势。     

圆孔装药固体火箭发动机的慢速烤燃特性研究

目的 研究圆孔装药固体火箭发动机的慢速烤燃特性.方法 针对装填高能推进剂的固体火箭发动机,建立了二维瞬态慢速烤燃模型.其中AP/HTPB推进剂的化学动力学模型为两步总包反应模型.在升温速率分别为3.6、7.2、10.8 K/h的工况下,进行固体火箭发动机的烤燃数值模拟,并具体分析慢速烤燃工况下固体火箭发动机的传热特性和...     

PBT基推进剂热分解特性与慢烤行为关系研究

目的 研究PBT(3,3–二叠氮甲基氧丁环–四氢呋喃共聚醚)基推进剂慢速烤燃响应情况与热分解特性之间的关系。方法 采用差示量热扫描仪和慢速烤燃试验,研究推进剂在不同固含量(通过改变高氯酸铵含量来调整)和不同铝粉含量下的热分解温度变化情况,计算不同组分含量下推进剂的热分解动力学参数,对比分析PBT基推进剂固、铝粉含量变化对热分解特性及慢速烤燃行为影响。结果 固含量从78%下降至75%时,配方中AP(高氯酸铵)的高、低温热分解温度和热分解活化能均会下降。铝粉质量分数从18%下降至5%时,配方中AP的高、低温热分解温度和热分解活化能均会下降。当采用78%的固含量时,配方无法通过慢烤试验,而采用75%的固含量,铝粉质量分数为18%、5%时,均能通过慢烤试验。结论 根据热分析及慢烤试验结果可认为,固含量变化对慢烤响应程度变化有较大影响,Al粉含量变化对配方慢烤响应程度的影响较小。影响配方慢烤响应程度主要由AP高温分解控制,AP高温分解活化能越低,越有利于推进剂通过慢速烤燃测试。     

固体发动机装药热安全性数值分析

目的研究固体火箭发动机遭受火烤时的安全性。方法建立发动机有限元模型,计算推进剂在慢速烤燃和快速烤燃工况下的温度分布和爆炸延迟时间。结果推进剂慢烤47 h后达到临界温度,其值为352℃;快烤推进剂加热697 s后达到临界温度,临界温度为355℃。结论推进剂在快速烤燃模式下的热扩散速率大于慢速烤燃工况下,但是温度梯度则相反。两种工况下推进剂达到临界温度后开始反应的位置不同,推进剂厚度决定了其储热能力。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.