国家公园:区域绿色发展的新平台

按照有关规定,旅游景区的外延在相当程度上与自然保护地重合,地方政府也习惯于将自然保护地打造成大众观光旅游景区或旅游度假区。但两者在管理体制、发展理念和目标、具体工作内容上都有明显区别,尤其在中央明确"建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系"后,这种区别将使两者的发展分道扬镳。虽然不是旅游景区,但国家公园可以发展以国家公园体制和国家公园品牌体系为基础、依托国家公园特色小镇的国家公园旅游,采用三次产业的整合和升级将生态产品的价值可持续地增值变现,实现以旅游景区为定位的传统发展方式向以生态文明建设为宗旨的绿色发展方式的转变。     

基于国家公园亲和力的大黄山国家公园管理机制

旅游亲和力和国家公园亲和力是国际旅游界新晋提出的一对学术概念及其实践指标。培育和提升国家公园亲和力对国家公园及其社区的可持续发展至关重要。而创建具有普遍意义的中国国家公园管理模式,完善博采众长的大黄山国家公园运营机制,均已迫在眉睫。借鉴国内外国家公园的实践经验和研究文献,结合国家公园亲和力的创新实际,提出V类分区管理机制、公众参与机制、社区发展机制、教育与解说系统机制等大黄山国家公园的运营管理机制。     

低碳景区创建中的政府制度设计研究

低碳经济时期,低碳景区的创建是降低旅游业碳排放的重要环节。作为理性经济人,景区只有在低碳景区创建能够增加利润时才会自觉产生该行为。基于成本—收益的分析方法,剖析了低碳景区创建中需要支出的环境成本和可获得的环境收益。在此基础上,提出了政府可以通过适当的制度设计来降低低碳景区创建中的环境成本,放大环境收益,从而实现低碳景区创建行为的自发性和长效性。     

基于规划视角的低碳景区创建研究

在全球变化形势下,低碳理念应运而生,旅游业走低碳发展的道路势在必行。旅游景区是发展旅游业的重要载体,创建低碳景区是发展低碳旅游的关键和核心。创建低碳景区是一个复杂的系统工程,而合理规划是创建低碳景区的重要前置条件。在旅游规划编制过程中,将低碳理念渗透和贯穿其中,可保证景区从初期就按照低碳景区的要求和标准来建设和发展。分析了景区规划内容体系与低碳景区构建的对应关系,从景区规划的理念、功能分区、景区设施、旅游产品和保障系统等方面提出了景区的低碳化规划要求,从而保证景区从前期开发到后期运营都朝着低碳目标迈进,促进低碳景区的有序创建。     

旅游景区的低碳交通模式研究

景区内部交通构成旅游景区碳排放的主体,创建低碳旅游景区必然要走低碳交通之路。旅游景区的低碳交通建设是一个系统工程。从低碳景区创建角度出发,对景区内几种典型交通方式的碳排放情况进行定量分析和初步比较,从交通工具的选择与改进、交通站点的合理设置、景区道路的科学规划、运营管理的技术引入等方面构建旅游景区的低碳交通模式,为相关景区选择低碳化的交通方式提供依据。     

比较视野中的国家公园

美国政府视国家公园为最宝贵的国家财富之一,自1872年建立世界上第一个国家公园以来,一直通过财政拨款对国家公园予以保护,使其管理日趋科学和成熟,同时人们形成了尊重自然、热爱自然、保护自然环境的良好意识。与经济发达国家的国家公园经营管理及开发建设相比,中国国家公园管理体系混乱、规划失范、保护意识薄弱等问题日益凸显,中国生态旅游前景堪忧。     

考爱国家公园旅行记录

考爱国家公园是泰国第一个国家公园,也是泰国的第二大国家公园,是一个以自然保护为主的地方。其良好的管理制度以及对于野生动植物的保护都是非常值得中国的自然保护区借鉴的。     

我国国家公园建设实践及理论思考

党的十八届三中全会提出要把建立国家公园体制作为生态文明制度建设的重要举措,为我国国家公园建设指明了方向。我国的国家公园试点建设取得了不错的成绩,但也暴露出一些问题,如管理体制不顺畅、建设目标偏移、国家公园的公益性被弱化等,利益冲突是导致这些问题出现的深层原因。国家公园建设中的利益冲突是相关利益主体在国家公园建设中利益失衡的反映,必须予以理顺和化解,才能保障国家公园的有效推进。     

多元共治视角下的国家公园管理——法国国家公园管理体制考察报告

2006年,法国国家公园的管理体制在借鉴大区公园经验的基础上进行了全面的改革,10多年来取得了比较明显的成效。其主要做法包括:通过"加盟区"的制度设计,为国家公园所在区域的基层地方政府参与国家公园治理提供了渠道;对国家公园董事会的成员构成有明确的法律规定,保证地方政府和社会组织、农民团体等的代表在其中占多数,体现了多元共治的理念;在法律上为国家公园管委会与地方政府的协作关系提供了明确的依据,使帮助加盟区发展成为国家公园的使命之一。对于我国正在构建中的国家公园体制而言,法国的经验具有重要的借鉴意义:人与自然和谐共生的理念,多元共治、合作共赢的制度设计,民主参与、形成共识的程序正义。     

国家公园环境教育法律制度探析

<正>本文基于近期的实践调查和数据，提出国家公园环境教育法律制度在立法体系、公众参与保障与实施监督机制等方面存在的问题，探析充分保障国家公园环境教育功能实现的制度路径。截至2022年，我国已建成首批五个国家公园，计划到2035年基本完成国家公园空间布局建设任务，基本建成全世界最大的国家公园体系。环境教育作为国家公园的生态文明核心功能之一，迎来了又一个重要的制度发展契机。国家公园作为复合型的生态系统，兼有科研、教育、游憩、社区发展功能，是实施环境教育的重要场所，完善国家公园环境教育法律制度体系，有利于国家公园最大限度发挥其环境教育的功能。随着2023年《国家公园法（草案）》公开征求意见，国家公园立法工作正在加速推进，49个国家公园被遴选为候选区，包括环境教育功能实现在内的，一套统一规范高效的管理体制亟待建立。     

Visitor Assessment of the Mandatory Alternative Transportation System at Zion National Park

Transportation infrastructure in national parks has historically been designed for the automobile. With more vehicles in the parks, visitors found themselves in circumstances more reminiscent of a city than a park. Traffic jams, overcrowding, illegal parking, horn honking, and idling vehicles became common, creating stress and contributing to air and noise pollution, the very things visitors were hoping to get away from. Park managers began searching for alternatives, including shuttle systems. Many national parks have implemented optional shuttle systems, but relatively few have completely closed roads to vehicles, transporting visitors on mandatory shuttles. Zion National Park instituted a mandatory shuttle system in May 2000 to relieve crowding and congestion in the main canyon and to protect natural resources. Taking a longitudinal approach, attributes of the shuttle (e.g., crowding, accessibility, freedom, efficiency, preference, and success) were assessed with experiential park factors (e.g., scenic beauty, naturalness, solitude, tranquility, air quality, and soundscape) in 2000, 2003, and 2010 by surveying shuttle-riding park visitors. While visitors initially reported a few reservations about the shuttle system, by 2003, the majority rated the system successful. Ratings of all shuttle-related variables, except crowding, improved over the decade. Improvements were greatest for freedom, accessibility, and efficiency. Multiple regression found overall shuttle success to be mediated by preference, freedom, accessibility, efficiency, and comfort. Experiential variables assessing park conditions followed a similar pattern, with improved ratings as the decade progressed. Results provide important insights into the visitor experience with mandatory alternative shuttle systems in national parks.     

Title 16 united states code §55 and its implications for management of concession facilities in Yosemite National Park

Yosemite National Park is one of the nation's most scenic and ecologically/geologically important parks. Unfortunately, the park is subject to extensive development of concession facilities and associated high levels of visitor use. Those concerned with preservation of the park's resources have attempted to limit the types and extent of such facilities to reduce adverse impacts. Strictly speaking, resolution of the preservation versus use controversy must be based on whether the National Park Service is adhering to its legislative mandate to regulate development and use in the parks. The common interpretation of legislative mandates for national parks, including Yosemite, is that they call for a difficult balancing between the conflicting goals of preservation and use. Accordingly, although concession developments cause significant impacts, they usually have been interpreted to be within the legal discretion allowed the secretary of the interior. However, the usual interpretations of the meanings of legislative mandates for Yosemite National Park have not considered Title 16 United States Code §55, which is a very restrictive statute limiting concession facilities. Many of the limitations imposed on concession facilities by the plain language of the statute have been exceeded. If it can be shown that 16 United States Code §55 is a valid statute, the policy implications for park management in Yosemite National Park would be considerable — namely, that significant reductions in concession facilities could be required. This article examines whether the statute can reasonably be thought to be valid and encourages others to conduct further examination of this question.     

Considerations for preserve design based on the distribution of rare plants in Great Smoky Mountains National Park,USA

Park design principles are proposed on the basis of consideration and analysis of rare plant species in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Rare species richness can be used as a simple measure of preservation success. A semilogartihmic species-area model for the Smokies was used in this analysis. Species richness would increase logarathmically with expansion of the national park area. An analysis of the relationship between species richness and the distribution of geologic and topographic features in the national park was also reported. An asymptotic relation was documented for the accumulation of newly recorded rare and endangered vascular plant species in the Smokies region up to 1978. Several multiple regression linear models predicted rare vascular plant species richness in Great Smoky Mountains National Park from area and topographic variates.Preserve design criteria can be based upon species-area, environmental gradient, and natural features distribution patterns for the specific taxa and biogeographic region under consideration. In addition, natural history characteristics for particular vulnerable species must be assessed. Rather than concentrating on the preservation of undocumented immigration and extinction processes, preserve design should be directed towards protecting geographic components and gradient patterns characteristic of a region.     

Estimating the Recreational-Use Value for Hiking in Bellenden Ker National Park, Australia

The recreational-use value of hiking in the Bellenden Ker National Park, Australia has been estimated using a zonal travel cost model. Multiple destination visitors have been accounted for by converting visitors’ own ordinal ranking of the various sites visited to numerical weights, using an expected-value approach. The value of hiking and camping in this national park was found to be $AUS 250,825 per year, or $AUS 144,45 per visitor per year, which is similar to findings from other studies valuing recreational benefits. The management of the park can use these estimates when considering the introduction of a system of user pays fees. In addition, they might be important when decisions need to be made about the allocation of resources for maintenance or upgrade of tracks and facilities.     

Solving the United States National Park overflight controversy

By mid-1990 the National Park Service (NPS) must present to Congress recommendations for managing overflights of at least ten national parks. The authors examine the potential role of formal negotiation in setting overflight policy in these parks by reviewing the overflight controversy at Grand Canyon National Park (GCNP). Regulations controlling overflights of the GCNP are only now being implemented after a 17-year conflict that culminated in a congressionally mandated solution. The authors review this controversy and find that, contrary to common perception, the number of park visitors bothered by overflights is not small but roughly equals the number of airborne visitors (up to 450,000 per year). On the basis of this investigation, the authors determine that formal negotiation would have been an appropriate policy-making process because of the clearly defined and limited number of parties and issues involved. Considering the number of park visitors that will continue to be affected by this issue, the authors conclude that formal negotiations should be considered for overflight problems involving other parks. Such negotiations should be park-specific. Differences in park size, extent of the problem, and parties involved would prohibit park-wide negotiations.This article has been adapted from Tourist Flights over the Grand Canyon: The Potential for Negotiated Solutions to Similar Problems, Analysis and Management, October 30, 1987. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors; they are not meant to represent the views of the organizations with which the authors are associated.     

Visitor perceptions of rural landscapes: a case study in the Peak District National Park, England

Maintaining national parks is an integral policy tool to conserve rare habitats. However, because national parks are funded by taxpayers, they must also serve the needs of the general public. Increasingly, and thanks to today's diverse society, there is evidence that this creates challenges for park managers who are pulled in two opposing directions: to conserve nature on the one hand and to meet different visitor expectations on the other. This tension was explored in the Peak District National Park, a rural landscape dominated by heather moorland and sheep farming in Northern England where research was conducted to determine how social class and ethnicity shaped perceptions of the park. Results uncovered that social class played a very strong role in shaping perceptions of this region with 'middle class' respondents reacting far more favourably to the park than people from more working class backgrounds. We observed ethnicity playing a similar role, though our results are less significantly different.     

Attitudes of stakeholders towards the Podyji/Thaya River Basin National Park in the Czech Republic

In August 2000, a survey of public opinion was carried out among visitors, local residents and representatives of local self-governments in the territory of the Podyji/Thaya River Basin National Park in the Czech Republic. The goal was to obtain stakeholders' opinions and attitudes towards nature conservation, the National Park and tourism within the territory which used to be closed to the public for 40 years due to the Iron Curtain. Without the knowledge of opinions of stakeholders it is not possible to manage nature conservation and development in the protected area properly. Using the method of direct interviews, 646 questionnaires where collected, of which 523 were from visitors and tourists, 115 from local residents and 8 from mayors of towns/villages. The questionnaires were analysed in order to detect differences in attitudes among the respondent groups in the following thematic areas: (a) the National Park, its environment and perception of it by respondents; (b) relationship of respondents to the territory; (c) tourism and attitudes towards recreational activities; (d) the Administration of the National Park and evaluation of its work; and (e) economic impact of tourism for local communities. One section of the study focused on comparing the attitudes between local inhabitants and mayors and the other section presents a collation of opinions from locals, mayors and tourists. Although a positive evaluation of the national park dominated the results, some negative attitudes and experiences were identified among locals. In addition, the situation also differed within communities. Results also indicated a relatively strong relationship to the territory by locals, but low job opportunities and income from tourism. The level of tourism intensity was perceived as an increasing and sometimes disturbing factor for local communities; motoring was observed as being the most negative activity for nature. The Administration of the Podyji/Thaya River Basin National Park was sometimes criticised and the communication with the community was not always evaluated satisfactorily. All groups of respondents identified waste management to be the most pressing issue. Identification of differences in attitudes of interviewed respondents may be effectively used in planning environmental management and sustainable tourism development in the area.     

Water quality standards: Everglades National Park

Water quality criteria were developed for delivery waters to Everglades National Park. The park receives a minimum of 12.34 m³/sec (315,000 acre-ft/yr) of water from controlled sources external to its boundary. These waters often originate from areas that are or potentially are impacted from urban and agricultural developments. When, in 1970, the U.S. Congress guaranteed minimum water deliveries to Everglades National Park, it also required that these waters be of good quality.The Everglades National Park water quality data base was analyzed from 1970 to 1978 at both in-park and water delivery sites to determine the current level of delivery water quality and to select representative delivery sites. It was found that current delivery water quality was sufficiently high to be adopted as criteria against which future water quality could be compared. From the delivery sites S-12C and L-67A all data were combined from 1970–1978 for 36 parameters including macronutrients, heavy metals, and field parameters such as DO, pH, and specific conductance. Mean concentrations and upper limits were computed and tabulated for comparison during future monitoring programs. These criteria were subsequently adopted through a joint memorandum of agreement between the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, South Florida Water Management District and the U.S. National Park Service.     

Issues and impacts of Redwood National Park expansion

In 1968, Redwood National Park was created in an atmosphere of controversy and compromise to preserve remnants of the coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) ecosystems and the streams and seashores with which they are associated. The 1968 boundary included the lower portions of several watersheds in the park, which meant that potential impacts from upstream, privately owned lands might occur. Between 1968 and 1978, controversy continued between preservation and forest industry interests over the impacts of harvesting old growth timber upslope and upstream from the park. In 1978, the southern portion of the park around Redwood Creek was expanded by 48,000 acres, moving the boundary from a narrow, one-half mile riparian corridor to ridgelines, but still leaving two-thirds of the total watershed outside of the park. The park expansion has generated biological and social impacts and opportunities. Meeting the objectives of the 1978 legislation will require close coordination between federal and state government and local communities.     

The Appropriateness of Snowmobiling in National Parks: An Investigation of the Meanings of Snowmobiling Experiences in Yellowstone National Park

The debate over snowmobiling and other types of motorized recreation in US national parks signals the need for a better understanding of the meanings of these experiences. The fundamental issue facing many parks is whether snowmobiling is an appropriate activity. The matter of appropriateness is anchored in two questions: (1) Does snowmobiling in national parks cause unacceptable biophysical and social impacts? (2) Are snowmobiling experiences consistent with the fundamental purposes of national parks? This article particularly addresses the appropriateness issue and presents the findings of an interpretive study of the meanings of snowmobiling experiences in Yellowstone National Park (YNP). Sixty-five semistructured interviews were conducted with winter visitors who used snowmobiles in the park during the winter season of 1999. Overall, the study findings reveal that visitors on snowmobiles view YNP as a place to experience its wildland attributes, such as natural scenery, geothermal features, and, especially, wildlife. Snowmobiling is perceived as a mode of transportation rather than the experience in and of itself. The results challenge the popular image of snowmobiles as thrill-craft and snowmobilers as thrill-seekers. The study demonstrates that snowmobiling in YNP affords highly meaningful recreational experiences, grounded in appreciating the park’s unique natural features and attributes.