基于乡村产业空间重构的土地整治研究

为适应乡村转型发展新阶段的形势,立足乡村产业空间结构,系统论述了与之相匹配的土地整治模式对乡村农业、工业和服务业三大产业子空间的重构。逻辑路径是以特色产业为基础,在整治理念上遵循产业融合,在整治目标、重点、技术和运作模式上与乡村产业空间结构和功能相匹配。基于乡村产业空间重构的土地整治实践表明,该土地整治模式有利于村域产业结构的合理调整和产业链的延伸,最终形成以农业景观核心区、旅游景点核心区和居住空间核心区为主的生态景观格局和休闲旅游服务体系。在乡村转型背景下,从人—地—业系统确立产业空间重构的土地整治模式,是激活乡村内生发展动力的重要途径。     

江苏省土地整治时空格局分异及其主控因素

为探索土地整治成效,利用指数分析法、冗余分析法研究了江苏省土地整治时空格局演变及其主控因素。结果表明:①2001—2017年江苏省土地整治建设规模和投资额呈波浪式上升,新增耕地率则持续下降。②空间格局上呈聚集分布,且地域分异显著。③建设规模、投资额和新增耕地面积重心总体上呈由南向北移动趋势。④耕地自然质量等、GDP中"一产"占比、新增耕地潜力、耕地产量和财政转移支付收入是推进土地整治实施的关键因子,其前期受自然条件影响大,后期受经济、政策的影响显著。今后应制定差别化的土地整治政策,以人为本,引导公众参与,完善制度执行框架。     

全域土地综合整治背景下的乡村“三生空间”治理路径——以山水乡旅乡村振兴示范走廊为例

全域土地综合整治是土地整治的发展演变与创新探索，是生态文明背景下缓解土地资源供需矛盾、推进农用地、建设用地集约高效利用，强化生态空间保护与修复的重要手段。三生空间涵盖了乡村发展所需的空间类型，成为推动生态文明建设、优化国土空间格局、实施乡村振兴战略的载体。着力探讨全域土地综合整治与三生空间逻辑关系，并以全域土地综合整治为手段，探索新时期乡村三生空间治理路径，提出以全域整治盘活存量用地、建立用地指标纵向传导体系、强化生态全要素修复和注重“人-地-财-社区”的制度保障设计等规划策略，以期达到优化乡村空间布局、促进资源要素流动，推动全域全要素精细化管理的目的，以期为同类地区乡村发展提供新思路。     

浅谈竹浆原料林基地建设对土壤环境的影响——以四川省合江县、纳溪区竹浆原料林基地为例

土壤有机质和有效养分是评价土壤质量的重要指标,也是陆地生态系统物质循环的重要组成成分。本研究以四川省合江县、纳溪区2个区县12个乡镇的竹林地土壤作为研究对象,通过对土壤剖面的取样分析,对比分析了不同年份竹浆原料林基地与邻近土地的土壤有机质及速效养分含量特征,探讨竹子生长对土质有机含量的影响。结果表明,从土壤肥力情况看,种植竹林对土壤养分有一定的影响。与旱地相比,种植竹林会降低部分区域的土壤肥力,与多年竹林地相比,竹浆原料林基地土壤全磷、速效磷、速效钾明显升高。从土壤物理性质看,种植竹林对土壤团粒结构影响不大,对土壤容重有一定正影响,可在一定程度上改良土体结构。建议在生产实际中应结合土壤肥力监测结果,科学施肥、多施有机肥,尽可能做到平衡施肥,防止土壤养分的过度消耗。     

注意保护和利用表土资源

地表厚约20cm左右的土层是土壤最“活化”的部分,人们称之为“精华”。在人类活动以及生物的综合作用下,表土层富集了丰富的有机腐殖质,成为值物生长发育的最好基质,是十分宝贵的资源。表土是土壤的裸露部分,最易遭到不同程度的水蚀和风蚀,我国土地流失总面积约150万km~2,每年损失土壤约50亿吨,被冲走的氮、磷、钾肥约4000万吨。据估计,长江流域表土年流失量达5亿     

喀什市土地利用对生态环境的影响分析

喀什市土地利用总体规划实施以来,土地利用变化对生态环境的影响显著,文章从土地沙化、土壤盐渍化、水环境情况、土壤地膜污染、土壤肥力、生物多样性、沙尘暴、大气污染物时空分布特征等方面分析了喀什市土地生态环境现状,通过分析土地利用规模、结构和布局及基础设施建设、土地开发整理和重大生态建设工程对生态环境的影响,提出喀什市生态改善目标及用地建议.     

玉溪市土地资源利用程度的时空变化特征

通过对2002-2005年玉溪市土地资源分类面积数据的变化分析,利用土地利用程度综合指数模型以及土地利用程度变化模型统计了各地区土地资源利用程度在时间变化、空间分布上的特征.结果表明,玉溪市土地资源利用程度总体上呈现逐年增加的时间变化趋势,表明人类活动对土地资源利用程度的影响在加剧,尤其表现在建设用地的增加和未利用地的减少上.各区域间以玉溪市中心城区红塔区的土地资源利用程度最高;其次为通海县,土地资源利用程度较小的为澄江、江川、华宁等地.土地资源利用程度较高的地区人口密度也较大,表明受自然环境条件、经济社会发展状况的影响,玉溪市土地资源利用程度具有显著的空间差异.     

城市化进程对农村人地关系影响及协调发展的策略

通过对城市化区域不断扩大的分析,揭示了农村人地关系的特征及存在问题。深入探讨了科学地进行城市生态规划,提高对土地管理与环境整治的重要性和紧迫性的认识,并对农村合理利用资源,协调人地矛盾,实现社会经济的可持续发展提出建议     

空间互动视角下的土地集约利用碳排放效应分析北大核心

土地集约利用和碳排放是经济社会可持续发展的重要途径和约束条件,解构两者之间的关系可为土地资源可持续利用和实现“碳中和”目标提供科学依据。通过建立空间杜宾模型,解读空间互动视角下1995—2018年我国省际层面土地集约利用碳排放效应特征。结果表明:①地均碳排放存在显著负向互动影响,省际之间碳减排呈现零和博弈的特点,表现为邻省的地均碳排放每下降1个百分点,将导致本省地均碳排放上升0.232个百分点。②土地集约利用与地均碳排放之间呈“倒U型”曲线关系,因多数省份土地集约利用水平较低,尚未跨越“倒U型”曲线拐点,直接效应表现为本省的土地集约利用水平提升促进本省的地均碳排放量增加,土地集约利用抑制邻省碳排放的空间溢出效应不明显。基于研究结论,提升土地集约利用水平将有利于发挥土地集约利用碳减排效应和空间溢出效应,同时区域联动机制对于土地资源的可持续利用和双碳目标的实现可起到事半功倍的效果。     

村庄整治规划的内涵与协调研究

村庄整治规划是推进新农村建设,解决农村问题,促进农村发展的重要途径。村庄整治规划内涵丰富,包含了村庄发展规划、村庄土地利用规划和村庄建设规划的内容与思想,是多个规划的综合体。通过村庄整治规划案例的总结,阐述了村庄整治规划的涵义、目标与原则,并从整合多个规划的角度重点分析了村庄发展规划、村庄土地利用规划、村庄建设规划之间的关系,找到彼此之间的结合点,为村庄整治规划的编制提供参考。     

结合《土壤污染防治行动计划》探讨中国土壤环境监管制度与标准值体系建设

2016年,中国国务院印发《土壤污染防治行动计划》(简称《土十条》),明确提出对农用地土壤实施分类管理,按照污染程度划分为优先保护类、安全利用类和严格管控类;对建设用地要防范新增污染,针对疑似污染地块,开展土壤环境状况调查评估,保障地块安全再利用;以影响农产品质量和人居环境安全的突出环境问题为重点,制定土壤污染治理与修复规划,组织开展治理与修复。实施严格的土壤环境质量保护、污染土壤的风险管控、高风险污染土壤的治理与修复是落实《土十条》的重要任务,也是建设我国土壤环境监管制度的重要内容。土壤环境标准是实施土壤环境管理的重要依据。本文基于《土十条》重要任务以及当前及今后一段时期国家土壤环境管理需求,以土壤环境管理需求为导向,探讨提出了包括土壤环境质量保护标准值、土壤环境风险管控标准值、污染土壤修复标准值的土壤环境标准值体系,可望为国家土壤环境标准体系的建立和标准制修订方法的发展提供技术参考。     

Cost‐benefit analysis of soil remediation in Israeli industrial zones

Industrial zones are the main source of soil pollution in Israel. Due to the upcoming approval of the bill on soil contamination and remediation in Israel, it is important to assess the economic feasibility of soil remediation. This study examines the economic feasibility of an extensive remediation project of all contaminated industrial zones in Israel. The estimated economic benefits include both direct benefits, resulting from the increase in the land value of the contaminated site, and indirect benefits, arising from the increase in nearby property values. A cost‐benefit analysis showed a cost benefit ratio of 1:14. Nonetheless, the direct benefits were found to be lower than the costs. Thus, the question of funding requires collaboration between government and the private sector.     

我国土壤环境修复咨询服务业发展研究

2019年是《中华人民共和国土壤污染防治法》实施的第一年,2020年我国迎来了《土壤污染防治行动计划》的大考,“十三五”期间我国土壤环境修复产业市场规模接近6900亿元,下达中央土壤污染防治专项资金259.13亿元,主要用于示范性农田和工业场地修复、全国土壤环境调查以及土壤污染防治先行区建设等,资金整体落实情况较好。土壤环境修复产业是支撑我国土壤污染防治目标指标和各项任务完成的重要支撑和物质保障,产业发展状况和水平直接决定了目标和任务的完成水平。本文基于土壤环境修复政策指南和招投标数据库,从政策、市场、队伍、项目、模式、问题、展望等方面系统分析了2019年我国土壤环境修复咨询服务业发展状况、水平与特点,提出了修复咨询服务业发展中存在的主要问题,对未来发展趋势进行了预测分析,以期为全面了解我国土壤环境修复咨询服务市场、开展土壤环境管理和社会投资提供参考。     

我国土壤污染防治立法探究

随着土壤污染防治专门立法的启动,我国土壤污染防治的相关制度也将逐步建立,这对于指导土壤污染防治的实践工作具有重要意义。然而在立法过程中各方争议较大且亟待解决的几个关键问题有必要深入探究,主要涉及立法模式的选择、土壤环境管理模式的选择、污染土壤修复目标的确定及特殊污染土壤责任主体的认定。通过探析各争议问题对立法的核心价值及其背景和实质,并基于国情和我国土壤污染的现状,得出结论即应坚持防治并重,建立综合性土壤立法。采取风险管控的方式进行土壤管理。对受污染土壤的修复目标应结合未来土地用途具体分析。特殊历史遗留污染土壤责任主体的认定,则要坚持污染者负担为基本原则,其他相关原则为补充。     

土壤环境监测技术规范中的土壤环境质量评价问题

近年来,场地和土壤污染勘查评价与修复逐渐发展成为环境科学和土木工程领域的热点,场地和土壤修复业务随之愈来愈多。但土壤修复理论和技术发展相对缓慢,无法满足土壤修复行业发展的需要。实践中,在场地和土壤污染勘查与评价的现行标准中,对土壤环境质量评价仅考虑了土壤中某物质成分的人为超标问题,而忽视了土壤中自然异常而导致土壤中某物质成分超标问题的评价,且误将土壤中某物质成分的超标等级定为土壤污染程度等级的全部。针对这些问题,本文通过研究,在深入分析各领域土壤污染评价差异的基础上,提出了土壤污染评价的一般过程、方法和标准,供标准修订参考。     

叙永县落卜硫铁矿矿山土壤环境治理效果研究

川南地区广泛分布无序开采的硫铁矿矿山,早期开采方式导致土壤酸化、重金属含量高等环境问题出现,2012年政府集中治理连片矿山地质环境恢复问题.研究了落卜硫铁矿矿区的土壤使用石灰和零散坡耕地整治对土壤酸化、重金属钝化修复效果.通过野外调查、采样分析测试、对比综合评价等方法证明,向土壤中投放石灰可以有效改善土壤酸化.在治理区...     

Effects of Land Management Change on Spatial Variability of Organic Matter and Nutrients in Paddy Field: A Case Study of Pinghu,China

The Household Responsibility System initiated in the late 1970s in China has brought a profound change to its rural economy. The shift from the collective farming system to individual family farms has changed land management. The change, including fertilization and crop systems, may have significant effects on soil quality and agro-environmental sustainability. However, very little research is being carried out on the impact of reformed land tenure systems on the spatial variability of soil nutrients. In this study, geostatistics was applied to analyze changes in the spatial variability of soil organic matter and nutrients in paddy fields in Pinghu County, China after 20 years of land management change. In 1984 and 2002, 617 and 131 locations were selected, respectively, for collecting surface soil samples to analyze soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK). From 1984 to 2002, variability of the SOM and TN changed from strongly to moderately spatial-dependent, and the variability of AP remained weakly dependent on space, but that of the AK changed from moderately to weakly spatial-dependent. That the trend of the variability of four soil properties in 2002 became weaker than that in 1984 showed that the extrinsic factors (soil management practices, such as fertilization) weakened the effect by intrinsic factors (soil formation factors, such as soil parent materials) owing to a long period of land management change. The temporal geographic maps of the SOM and nutrients spatial distributions suggested that the concentrations of the SOM and nutrients had been changed to different extents during the period. Significant increase in AP and decrease in AK were noted. The changes were likely due to the imbalance between N, P, and K fertilizers and increased grain yield.     

Decision making under uncertainty in case of soil remediation

Decisions on soil remediation are one of the most difficult management issues of municipal and state agencies. The assessment of contamination is uncertain, the costs of remediation are high, and the impacts on the environment are multiple. This paper presents a general, transparent, and consistent method for decision making among the remediation alternatives. Soil washing, phytoremediation, and no remediation are exemplarily considered. Multi-criteria utility functions including (a) the cost of remediation (b) the impact on human health and agricultural productivity, and (c) the economic gain after remediation are constructed using probability density functions representing contamination for all site coordinates. Herewith, the probability of different types of (i) correct decisions such as a hit or a true rejection and (ii) erroneous decisions such as a false alarm or miss are examined. The decision theoretic model is applied to a case study on heavy metal contaminated soil. This case study reveals the non-linear structure of multi-criteria-decision making. The case study shows that the geostatistical uncertainties of the log-normal distributed soil contamination must be taken into account: When uncertainties are not considered and the utilities are assessed according to the estimated value for a spatial unit, only few (N=26) spatial units result where the utility score of the alternative soil washing are higher than the utility score to the no remediation alternative. However, when taking into account geostatistical uncertainties of the log-normal soil distribution this number is about ten times greater (N=237). Furthermore, the use of 'maximizing expected utility' as decision rule is critical in that it may lead to a high probability of misses.     

气候变化视角下的污染场地绿色可持续修复新方向

全球气候变化背景下,绿色可持续修复已成为修复领域的必然趋势。极端天气频发和水文条件改变等气候变化会影响污染场地修复工程实施和修复技术适用性等,绿色可持续修复亟待进一步发展和完善。弹性修复是在绿色可持续修复的基础上,进一步应对和适应气候变化的新兴修复方向。英美等发达国家已经初步发展了弹性修复的理论和实践,本文通过探究污染场地修复与气候变化的交互作用,借鉴发达国家的相关经验和实践案例,为我国污染场地绿色可持续修复适应气候变化提出发展建议。     

Estimating Root Zone Soil Moisture at Continental Scale Using Neural Networks

This study investigates the feasibility of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to retrieve root zone soil moisture (RZSM) at the depths of 20 cm (SM20) and 50 cm (SM50) at a continental scale, using surface information. To train the ANNs to capture interactions between land surface and various climatic patterns, data of 557 stations over the continental United States were collected. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the ANNs were able to identify input variables that directly affect the water and energy balance in root zone. The data important for RZSM retrieval in a large area included soil texture, surface soil moisture, and the cumulative values of air temperature, surface soil temperature, rainfall, and snowfall. The results showed that the ANNs had high skill in retrieving SM20 with a correlation coefficient above 0.7 in most cases, but were less effective at estimating SM50. The comparison of the ANNs showed that using soil texture data improved the model performance, especially for the estimation of SM50. It was demonstrated that the ANNs had high flexibility for applications in different climatic regions. The method was used to generate RZSM in North America using Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) soil moisture data, and achieved a spatial soil moisture pattern comparable to that of Global Land Data Assimilation System Noah model with comparable performance to the SMOS surface soil moisture retrievals. The models can be efficient alternatives to assimilate remote sensing soil moisture data for shallow RZSM retrieval.