开都孔雀河流域近20年土地利用/覆被变化及景观破碎化研究

根据开都孔雀河流域1990、2000和2010年Landsat-TM影像数据和中巴资源卫星数据,结合GIS技术,研究其近20 a土地利用/覆被及景观格局的动态变化特征及变化原因。结果表明,1990—2010年开都孔雀河流域土地利用类型变化最明显的是耕地、建设用地和水域湿地,年均变化率分别为4.76%、-1.61%和1.45%,而未利用地年均变化率最小,为-0.29%。草地面积的8.71%和未利用地面积的1.73%均转变为耕地,草地面积的2.41%转变为水域湿地,建设用地的54.74%转变为未利用地;林地面积在2000年前减少,主要转变为耕地,而在2000年后耕地和草地转变为林地,又使其面积增加。整个研究时段耕地、水域湿地分布趋于集中,逐渐成为研究区的优势景观类型;在2000年前林地分布破碎化明显,在2000年后趋于集中;1990—2010年,草地面积减少,景观优势度下降,景观形状趋于简单。认为人口的不断增加以及经济利益的驱动使得流域内耕地面积不断扩大,从而严重危及流域的生态环境安全。     

Estimating abundance without recaptures of marked pallid sturgeon in the Mississippi River

Abundance estimates are essential for assessing the viability of populations and the risks posed by alternative management actions. An effort to estimate abundance via a repeated mark‐recapture experiment may fail to recapture marked individuals. We devised a method for obtaining lower bounds on abundance in the absence of recaptures for both panmictic and spatially structured populations. The method assumes few enough recaptures were expected to be missed by random chance. The upper Bayesian credible limit on expected recaptures allows probabilistic statements about the minimum number of individuals present in the population. We applied this method to data from a 12‐year survey of pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) in the lower and middle Mississippi River (U.S.A.). None of the 241 individuals marked was recaptured in the survey. After accounting for survival and movement, our model‐averaged estimate of the total abundance of pallid sturgeon ≥3 years old in the study area had a 1%, 5%, or 25% chance of being <4,600, 7,000, or 15,000, respectively. When we assumed fish were distributed in proportion to survey catch per unit effort, the farthest downstream reach in the survey hosted at least 4.5–15 fish per river kilometer (rkm), whereas the remainder of the reaches in the lower and middle Mississippi River hosted at least 2.6–8.5 fish/rkm for all model variations examined. The lower Mississippi River had an average density of pallid sturgeon ≥3 years old of at least 3.0–9.8 fish/rkm. The choice of Bayesian prior was the largest source of uncertainty we considered but did not alter the order of magnitude of lower bounds. Nil‐recapture estimates of abundance are highly uncertain and require careful communication but can deliver insights from experiments that might otherwise be considered a failure.     

Denitrification potential in a Louisiana wetland receiving diverted Mississippi River water

Excess nitrate in Mississippi River water entering offshore areas is reported to contribute to low oxygen (hypoxia) conditions in the Gulf of Mexico. Excessive algal growth driven by the excess nitrogen results in a decrease in dissolved oxygen in bottom water. Reintroduction of Mississippi River waters into a Louisiana coastal wetland has the potential to reduce the amount of nitrate reaching offshore waters. In this study, reduction in the concentration of added NO₃^- was determined in sediment-water-columns collected from a wetland site in Breton Sound estuary receiving nutrient inputs from the Mississippi River. The capacity of a wetland to process nitrate in floodwater was determined in the laboratory. The rates of NO₃^- removal (determined from change in nitrate concentration in the floodwater) averaged 97 mg N m^-2 d^-1 over 16 d for a 1750-mg NO₃-N m^-2 addition, and 170 mg N m^-2 d^-1 over 16 d for a 3500-mg NO₃-N m^-2 addition. The total N₂O-N emissions from the 1750- and 3500-mg NO₃-N m^-2 additions were 19 and 54 mg N m^-2 accounting for 1.1% and 1.5% of the applied NO₃-N, respectively. Using the acetylene-inhibition technique, the average denitrification rate was determined to be 57 and 87 mg N m^-2 d^-1 (21 and 32 g N m^-2 yr^-1) during the most active denitrification period of 5 d after incubation for 1750 and 3500 mg NO₃^--N m^-2 of added nitrate in floodwater, respectively. The total N evolved over 11 d as N₂O + N₂ was equivalent to 436 and 921 mg N m^-2 (24.9% and 26.3%, respectively, of added N). Increasing the amount of NO₃^- applied to the overlying water increased the rate of NO₃^- loss and N₂O emission significantly. The thickness of the oxidized surface sediment layer was also influenced by the NO₃^- application to the floodwater with a significant linear correlation between nitrate addition and thickness of the oxidized layer (r = 0.9998, p = 0.01). This study indicates that wetlands receiving diverted Mississippi River water have the potential to process and remove NO₃^- in the river water, reducing the amount of NO₃^- reaching to offshore areas.     

Pesticide in the Mississippi River floodplain and its possible linkage to colon cancer risk in the US

Result of this study shows that elevated colorectal cancer risk in Mississippi River floodplain of the United States is likely linked to historically high pesticide application. Mississippi River basin produces about 80% of major US crops and has about two-thirds of US pesticides used for agriculture. Historically, heavy pesticide application and agricultural irrigation were reported to result in high pesticide residues in surface water, fish and wells of Mississippi embayment. Risk ratio of colorectal cancer incidence in 86 counties of Mississippi River floodplain was about 29% higher than that of other counties in the 48 contiguous states. Risk ratio of colon cancer mortality in 63 counties of Mississippi embayment was 33% higher than that of other counties in the 48 states between 1999 and 2016. Risk ratios of colorectal cancer incidence and colon cancer mortality in Mississippi River floodplain are higher after smoking and diabetes factors were filtered off. Previous studies have linked exposure to pesticide with type-II diabetes and the latter was linked to increasing colon cancer risk by about 27%. Result here suggests that pesticide may be an independent risk factor directly associated with elevated colon cancer risk in Mississippi River floodplain.     

梅江流域鸟类群落结构及其多样性

采用固定样带法和样点法对梅江流域的鸟类群落进行了研究,共记录到201种,隶属16目49科127属,其中留鸟81种、冬候鸟67种、夏候鸟40种、旅鸟13种,分别占40．1％、33．3％、19．9％、6．7％;古北界种类95种（占47．3％）,东洋界种类64种（占31．8％）,广布型种类42种（占20．9％）;国家I级保护种类1种,国家II级保护种类21种（占10％）;《国际湿地公约》指定种类24种（占12％）,《中澳候鸟保护协议》指定种类22种（占11％）,《中日候鸟保护协议》指定种类76种（占38％）,《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》（CITES）指定种类19种（占9％）,有益的、有重要经济价值的、有重要科学研究价值的物种155种（占77％）。该流域的鸟类群落多样性指数3．7617,均匀度指数0．7093。     

塔里木河干流农田排水资源化研究

近几十年分析资料对比表明 ,农田排水对塔里木河干流水质盐化的影响不断加重。在塔里木河干流 ,农田排水资源化利用有如下几个有利条件 :( 1)农田排水有一定数量且渠网的延伸和改造难度不大 ;( 2 )荒漠可作为农田排水资源化利用的场所 ;( 3)农田排水仍可勉强适于耐盐植物生长。根据区域不同 ,利用农田排水拓展乔灌草防沙带、增加盐成土荒漠耐盐植被的盖度、使人工绿洲边缘的荒漠能够生长耐盐植物等都是农田排水资源化利用发展的方向     

论城市河道整治与景观生态设计

针对城市河道整治中存在的一些问题,阐述了城市河道整治的原则,提出城市河道整治要考虑景观生态,设计中要遵循安全性、自然性、生态性、观赏性、亲水性、文化性等原则。在此基础上,重点介绍了河道形态景观、堤岸景观和河道附属景观的设计内容。     

Long-Term Landscape Change and Bird Abundance in Amazonian Rainforest Fragments

Abstract:  The rainforests of the Amazon basin are being cut by humans at a rate >20,000 km²/year, leading to smaller and more isolated patches of forest, with remaining fragments often in the range of 1–100 ha. We analyzed samples of understory birds collected over 20 years from a standardized mist-netting program in 1– to 100-ha rainforest fragments in a dynamic Amazonian landscape near Manaus, Brazil. Across bird guilds, the condition of second growth immediately surrounding fragments was often as important as fragment size or local forest cover in explaining variation in abundance. Some fragments surrounded by 100 m of open pasture showed reductions in insectivorous bird abundance of over 95%, even in landscapes dominated by continuous forest and old second growth. These extreme reductions may be typical throughout Amazonia in small (≤10 ha), isolated fragments of rainforest. Abundance for some guilds returned to preisolation levels in 10- and 100-ha fragments connected to continuous forest by 20-year-old second growth. Our results show that the consequences of Amazonian forest loss cannot be accurately described without explicit consideration of vegetation dynamics in matrix habitat. Any dichotomous classification of the landscape into "forest" and "nonforest" misses essential information about the matrix.     

A Decision-Support System for Prioritizing Restoration Sites on the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain

Conversion of forested wetlands to agricultural use and the resulting fragmentation of the landscape has led to concerns for the functional integrity of the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain ecosystem. We describe an effort spearheaded by The Nature Conservancy to initiate a multi-decade partnership dedicated to creating and implementing a viable, cooperative, landscape-level restoration project in the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain. Important phases of the process during the first 5 years were (1) initiation of the development of an extensive network of partners, including state and federal agencies, private land owners, conservation groups, academicians, and other interested citizens; (2) development of a geographic information system (GIS) for the entire extent of the ecosystem; and (3) for one watershed, the Tensas basin in northeastern Louisiana, refinement of a high resolution GIS to generate more detailed land-use conversion statistics to demonstrate the feasibility of a semi-objective, landscape-scale restoration planning procedure, including methodology for prioritization of existing wetland forest patches and areas most suitable for reforestation and connection via corridors.     

乌江流域水沙特性变化分析

对乌江流域水沙特性变化进行分析,是解决长江上游泥沙问题、提高水资源利用率和防灾减灾的根本出发点,同时可为喀斯特地区水土流失治理和生态恢复提供理论依据.文章通过对乌江流域主要水文站鸭池河站、乌江渡站和思南站的降雨-径流-泥沙随时间的变化、降雨-径流和径流-泥沙的相关性和双累积曲线进行分析,研究结果为:降雨量、径流模数和输沙模数随时间的变化无明显趋势,历年输沙模数是鸭池河>乌江渡>思南.1980年以后由于实施了大量水土保持工程使得输沙模数大量减少.在年均径流模数相同的情况下,1971-1979年这一时期的产沙量要高于1961-1970年.从1971年开始输沙模数相对于径流而言出现趋势性增多,这主要是由人类活动造成.三个站点的双累积曲线变化趋势相似,说明人类活动对河流泥沙的影响,既取决于人类活动的方式、程度,也受制于流域环境条件.     

Sediment nutrient flux in a coastal lake impacted by diverted Mississippi River water

The internal nutrient load from bottom sediment to the water column of a Louisiana Barataria Basin lake (Lake Cataouatche) receiving diverted Mississippi River water was determined. Dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), ammonium (NH₄-N) and nitrate (NO₃-N) flux from sediment to water column were measured. The DRP flux averaged-0.22 mg m^-2 d^-1 under aerobic water column conditions, as compared with that 3.29 mg m^-2 d^-1 under anaerobic conditions. The average NH₄-N released under anaerobic conditions (1.42 mg m^-2 d^-1) was significantly greater than rates under aerobic conditions (-0.02 mg m^-2 d^-1), indicating a strong relationship between nutrient flux and oxygen availability in the water column. The average NO₃-N flux was 2.13 mg m^-2 d^-1 under aerobic conditions as compared with-0.24 mg m^-2 d^-1 under anaerobic conditions in the sediment-water column. When the water column maintained under anaerobic conditions was switched to aerobic conditions, the DRP, NH₄-N, and NO₃-N concentrations in overlying water decreased rapidly over a short period of time. The mean annual internal DRP and NH₄-N load from the sediment to the overlying water was estimated to be 69.26 and 29.9 tonnes (Mg) yr^-1 respectively, which represents a significant portion of the total nutrient load to the Lake. Results demonstrate that the internal flux of nutrients from sediments can contribute a significant portion of the total nutrient load to the water column and should be considered in decisions on impact of nutrient in diverted Mississippi River on water quality of Barataria Basin.     

长江上游水土流失主要成因与防治对策

长江上游水土流失面积广 ,侵蚀强度大 ,是其生态环境退化的重要标志。水土流失加剧是人类不合理活动 ,主要有陡坡种植、森林砍伐、草场退化、工程破坏等所使然。当前严重的水土流失状况是自然因素与人为因素综合作用的结果。防治长江上游水土流失关键是通过改变人类不合理的生产方式和开发方式 ,引导人类活动向与自然协调、与水土保持相一致的方向发展 ,并对退化生态系统进行恢复与重建。     

淮河流域水污染防治与生态经济思考

淮河流域水环境严重污染的形成,既有历史社会经济发展中忽视环境保护、欠帐过多的问题,也有水资源条件差、环境容量较小的问题。淮河流域水环境污染多种多样,既有工业点源,又有农业和农村面源,还有人口迅速膨胀及城镇迅速发展所带来的污染。淮河流域水环境污染是生态经济问题。因此,解决淮河流域水环境污染问题,仅仅做到治理工业污染源、建立城市污水处理厂,是远远不够的。要从根本上解决淮河流域水环境问题,则应当在１９９５ 年淮河流域对工业污染源和城市生活污水治理进行规划的基础上,就人口、资源、环境、社会、经济进行综合考虑,从生态经济角度进一步做好全面的水环境规划。在规划中尤其要突出可持续发展,并在实施可持续发展中解决污染问题,要在工业、农业中普遍实行清洁生产,要注意节约水资源和合理利用水资源,注意控制人口增长并提高人口素质,在农村城镇化水平迅速提高的同时做好城镇生活污水利用和处理。     

闽江流域畜禽粪便的污染负荷及其环境风险评价

从闽江流域畜禽养殖业现状分析入手,根据作物所需畜禽粪尿肥的最大量,估算流域各县市的畜禽污染物产生量和农田畜禽粪便负荷量,对各县市畜禽养殖粪便污染进行潜在的环境风险评价.结果表明:闽江流域大多数集约化养殖场集中分布于中上游,并有向下游扩散的趋势;流域农田畜禽粪便负荷量平均达22.95 t·hm-2·a-1;整个流域的畜禽污染已对环境产生风险,尤其是富屯溪、沙溪流域更为突出.     

小尺度流域河湖水质关联性分析

选取巢湖潜溪河流域和六叉河流域作为江淮农业小流域代表,采用灰色关联分析(GRA)方法,对比研究小尺度流域入湖河流对河湖交汇区水质的影响.河水及河湖交汇区水质周年变化状况监测结果表明,巢湖水质1 a中富营养化最为严重时段是10-12月,营养元素N、P和溶解性金属离子Mn、Fe、Al含量也达到年内最高.河湖水质灰色关联分析结果表明,2个流域河流水质与河湖交汇区水质高度关联,灰色关联度为0.687～0.896.对于小尺度流域而言,湖泊水质对于流域河流水质变化响应迅速,农业流域面源污染对湖泊水体污染的贡献明显.     

滹沱河流域湿地植被优势种群生态位研究

采用Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度指数和Petraitis生态位重叠指数测定了滹沱河流域湿地植被20个优势种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠.结果表明,浮叶眼子菜、莎草、藨草等占据较窄的生态位,生态位发生明显特化.苔草、海乳草、黄花蒿、赖草等占据较宽的生态位,生态位泛化比较明显.根据生态位宽度指数将湿地植物分为4个生态类群.在20个优势种群构成的380个种对中,有71个种对间表现出生态位重叠,占整个种对的18.68%.说明优势种群间生态位重叠现象并不普遍,各种群间生态位明显分离,因此不同种群利用资源的方式具有较为显著的差异性.图1表3参15     

辽河三角洲湿地景观空间格局变化分析

以1988年和2001年2个时相的Landsat-TM/ETM影像为信息源,选取斑块数量、斑块平均面积、边界密度、斑块密度、形态指数和斑块分维数等6个代表性格局指数,对辽河三角洲湿地景观格局变化进行了定量分析。结果表明,1988~2001年,水田、内陆水体和养殖用地呈现明显的增加趋势,苇田、光滩、河口潮间带水域和碱蓬面积呈减少趋势。受人类的区域综合开发活动的影响,研究区斑块数量和边界密度分别增加了32.76%和21.4%,而斑块平均面积减小了30.2%,平均斑块密度由17.43个/km2增加至24.21个/km2,斑块形态指数由84.03增至103.20,斑块分维数由1.057增至1.059。     

七里海湿地土地利用变化及其景观格局演替分析

通过遥感手段,利用大量的ETM、TM、MSS遥感影像,从土地覆盖变化、景观格局指数等角度,分析了近30年七里海湿地的土地利用变化特点及景观演替趋势特征。详细分析了七里海内水域、芦苇等用地类型的转化趋势与成因,并通过多年来景观指数对比的方法揭示了该区域景观连通性和破碎化程度的变化趋势。研究结果表明：由于入境水量减少,1976到2009年期间七里海湿地水域面积减少了80％,之后由于保护区的建立,水域面积持续增长。期间以保护区建立为节点,主要的土地利用类型变化趋势是水域-芦苇-水域。1976到2009年期问七里海总体聚集度指数从95．75下降到87．54、水面的破碎化指数从6．42上升到10．74,反映出区域景观连通性变差,破碎化程度在加剧,人类活动对环境影响越来越深刻。     

Local and Landscape Correlates of Primate Distribution and Persistence in the Remnant Lowland Rainforests of the Upper Brahmaputra Valley,Northeastern India

Habitat fragmentation affects species distribution and abundance, and drives extinctions. Escalated tropical deforestation and fragmentation have confined many species populations to habitat remnants. How worthwhile is it to invest scarce resources in conserving habitat remnants within densely settled production landscapes? Are these fragments fated to lose species anyway? If not, do other ecological, anthropogenic, and species‐related factors mitigate the effect of fragmentation and offer conservation opportunities? We evaluated, using generalized linear models in an information‐theoretic framework, the effect of local‐ and landscape‐scale factors on the richness, abundance, distribution, and local extinction of 6 primate species in 42 lowland tropical rainforest fragments of the Upper Brahmaputra Valley, northeastern India. On average, the forest fragments lost at least one species in the last 30 years but retained half their original species complement. Species richness declined as proportion of habitat lost increased but was not significantly affected by fragment size and isolation. The occurrence of western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) and capped langur (Trachypithecus pileatus) in fragments was inversely related to their isolation and loss of habitat, respectively. Fragment area determined stump‐tailed (Macaca arctoides) and northern pig‐tailed macaque occurrence (Macaca leonina). Assamese macaque (Macaca assamensis) distribution was affected negatively by illegal tree felling, and rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) abundance increased as habitat heterogeneity increased. Primate extinction in a fragment was primarily governed by the extent of divergence in its food tree species richness from that in contiguous forests. We suggest the conservation value of these fragments is high because collectively they retained the entire original species pool and individually retained half of it, even a century after fragmentation. Given the extensive habitat and species loss, however, these fragments urgently require protection and active ecological restoration to sustain this rich primate assemblage. Correlaciones Locales y de Paisaje de la Distribución y Persistencia de Primates en los Bosques Lluviosos Remanentes en el Valle del Alto Brahmaputra, Noreste de India     

Vertical distributions of soil carbon and nitrogen fractions as affected by land-uses in the Ili River Valley

In this study, soil samples were collected to a depth of 100?cm from different land-uses, including maize field (MZ), wheat field (WT), paddy field (PD), apple orchard (OC), grassland (GL) and wetland (WL) in the Ili River Valley in northwest China, to investigate the effects of land-use on vertical distributions of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fractions, and examine whether such effects were different between topsoil (0–40?cm) and subsoil (40–100?cm). The results showed that soil organic C, water-extractable organic C, microbial biomass C, total N and microbial biomass N of croplands (MZ, WT, PD and OC) were significantly lower than those of natural lands (GL and WL) in both topsoil and subsoil, indicating that contents of soil C and N fractions can be reduced by agricultural land-uses, and the reductions are not limited to topsoil. However, the contents of soil ammonium N and nitrate N showed complex trends under different land-uses, possibly due to that the plant species and agricultural practices (e.g. application rate of fertiliser and irrigation) are considerably different among land-uses. Therefore, we suggest that more nutrient inputs should be applied to croplands to improve soil fertility in the Ili River Valley.