模糊聚类分析法在声环境功能区划分中的应用

基于聚类分析和模糊数学的基本原理,运用模糊聚类分析的方法在南通市声环境功能区调整中对难以确定功能区的部分单元进行模糊聚类分析。通过分类,将具有共性的单元划归一类。结果表明,类别的划分突出了特性,反映了不同类别功能区的差异,对难以确定功能类别的单元归属起了科学、客观的辅助作用。     

浙江近岸海域环境功能区质量状况分析

根据浙江省舟山海洋生态环境监测站多年资料,对浙江省近岸海域环境功能区达标趋势及影响因素进行分析。结果表明,2009年浙江近岸海域环境功能区平水期、丰水期、枯水期达标面积分别为9541、10715、842km2,全年达标面积7333km2,占所监测海域面积的16.4%。浙江省近岸海域环境功能区水质达标的主要超标指标为无机氮和活性磷酸盐,另有部分区域溶解氧、化学需氧量、pH指标超标。整个杭州湾水体处于严重富营养化水平,象山湾和泗礁-大衢-岱山岛以西的舟山海域处于中度富营养化水平。东经122度以东的舟山海域及浙中南近岸海域处于轻度富营养或贫营养水平,2002年以来浙江近岸海域水体的富营养化程度逐步下降。2001—2004年近岸海域环境功能区达标率均低于3%,达标区主要分布在舟山海域,2005年开始达标区域扩展到温州海域,\"十一五\"以来浙江省近岸海域环境功能区水质达标率呈增加趋势。     

功能区环境噪声自动监测探讨

在对环境噪声常规监测情况调查和了解的基础上,对功能区环境噪声自动监测技术进行分析和探讨,结合实际工作经验,提出开展功能区环境噪声自动监测工作需要注意的问题。     

声环境功能区划分技术方法探析——以新疆奎屯市为例

本文以新疆奎屯市为例,结合奎屯市声环境功能区划分的实际工作情况,对城市声环境功能区划分的原则、主要工作内容、划分方法、方案等进行了阐述。在对奎屯市区域声环境进行普查监测的基础上,结合总体规划、相关技术规范、城市用地现状、声环境污染现状及实地调查等,确定了声环境功能区划分结果并总结出几点声环境功能区划分工作建议,为奎屯市声环境的管理、综合治理及环保执法提供科学依据。     

环境行政违法行为中违法主体的认定

通过对几起环境行政违法行为中违法主体认定的案例分析,指出,随着市场经济的发展,企业的经济行为日趋复杂,企业环境管理模式日渐多样化,对环境行政违法行为中违法主体的认定,必须以事实为依据,以法律为准绳。     

水功能区与水环境功能区划分归一研究

水功能区划分和水环境功能区划分最终目标都是为了水资源的可持续利用,同时使水环境得到有效的保护.但由于两种划分的立足点不同,划分的侧重点、分类体系、功能区名称存在一定的差异,各自划分容易由于使用和管理的不统一造成混乱.通过浙江省水功能区和水环境功能区的舍二为一划分,合理确定了全省各流域水系水体的水质保护目标和使用功能,以保证水资源开发利用发挥最佳经济、社会、环境效益.     

浅谈沈阳市大气环境质量与环境政策

通过介绍沈阳市大气环境质量变化趋势及所制定和实施环境政策的效果 ,阐明有效的环境政策 ,可强化环境管理、增加环境投入、促进环保科技进步 ,进而达到改善环境质量的目的。     

以特殊环境功能区思路突破传统环境功能区划困境——新疆“十一五”环境功能区划新思维

以往的环境功能区划将城市或某一区域作为整个目标范围的功能区划,这种方法划分环境功能区不是过细就是过笼统,使保护目标定的过高或过低。环境功能区划模糊,无法从整体上解决城市结构性污染和布局不合理的现象,达不到“分级管理、分类保护、分区防治”的环境管理目的。针对新疆特殊绿洲环境特征,本文提出新的区划方法,重新对全疆各地环境功能进行特殊环境功能区划,以期明确各类特殊环境功能区的主要特点、主要问题、主导功能和建设要求,在今后的可持续发展过程中,为国民经济和社会发展提供科学的决策依据,将对新疆社会经济的快速、稳定、持续发展具有十分现实和深远的意义。     

国家重点生态功能区县域地表水环境质量评估分析

评估国家重点生态功能区县域的水环境保护成效,对国家生态环境保护与修复决策具有重要意义。基于2012—2020年地表水监测数据及污水排放和气候数据,评估并分析了国家重点生态功能区县域的地表水环境状况。研究表明,2012—2020年国家重点生态功能区县域地表水水质持续改善,Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面的比例从89.14%上升到93.47%,但部分地区地表水环境质量仍有待提升,尤其是内蒙古北部、山西西部、陕西北部和京津冀地区。4类生态功能区中,生物多样性维护区地表水水质最好,其次为水源涵养区,再次为水土保持区,防风固沙区最差。化学需氧量和高锰酸盐指数是国家重点生态功能区县域地表水的主要超标项,2012—2020年该两项指标超标断面占总超标断面的比例的多年平均值分别为24.22%和17.29%。县域年化学需氧量排放量及年降水量是影响相关地区地表水环境质量的重要因素。建议增加总氮作为国家重点生态功能区县域地表水质量评价指标,并在进行水环境评价时充分考虑当地的背景情况。     

基于可持续发展的西北少数民族贫困县主体功能区划分初探

西北贫困县中,少数民族县占了很大比例。这些少数民族贫困县大都地处偏远、生态环境脆弱、资源承载能力较弱,可持续发展水平低。进行主体功能区规划是增强可持续发展能力、促进区域协调发展的重要手段。本研究依据国家和省级主体功能区规划的要求,结合西北少数民族贫困县现状,构建主体功能区划分指标体系;以新疆木垒哈萨克自治县为例,在整个...     

Environmental Monitoring in The Netherlands: Past Developments and Future Challenges

During the past three decades environmental monitoringsystems covering an immense variety of environmentalproblems emerged rapidly throughout the world. In The Netherlands the entire spectrum of monitoring systemsis present. Their development is especially interesting because of the Dutch complex environmental landscape: a result of the combination of a natural setting with a high small-scale variation and an intense use of the available space by both industry and agriculture. This necessitates a well balanced environmental policy wherein monitoring ofboth environmental compartments and environmental policy itself plays an important role. In this article we focus on abiotic systems, whereby the development of monitoring will be related to that of environmental policy in general. Some general lines emerge: from quantity towards quality, from single pollutants towards environmentally harmful processes as a whole, and from a focus on human health and safety towards integrated environmental management. Because The Netherlands is a highly organized and highly educatedsociety, reacting fast and flexible to new problems, this progression has happened quickly. However, still much remains to be desired and flexibility not necessarily guarantees optimal routes of development. Paramount is the development of sophisticated and robust monitoring systems that truly support integrated environmental management. This asks forclear objectives based on solid scientific insights.     

环境监测技术服务社会化的政策文本研究

以部分省(市)颁布的29份环境监测技术服务社会化政策为研究样本,将市场准入、监测领域、运行管理和监督制裁作为政策文本的分析框架进行计量分析。部分省(市)相关规定具有一定的创新性,使以往混乱的社会环境监测技术服务市场进一步规范化;但多数省(市)的环境监测技术服务社会化政策存在市场准入条件苛刻、监测领域有待放开、运行管理模式僵化、监督制裁手段单一等难题。最后提出放宽市场准入条件、有序开放监测领域、构建多元管理模式、完善监督制裁体系等4项建议对上述难题予以回应。     

欧盟优先水污染物与环境质量标准制定及其对我国的借鉴作用

综述了欧盟水框架指令和水政策环境质量标准指令框架下,水环境优先污染物和优先危害物质的确定方法、程序和清单,以及地表水质量标准与生物体质量标准的制定方法及监测要求。提出,我国可借鉴欧盟水框架指令和水政策环境质量标准指令,明确水环境管理和污染物控制目标,制定优先污染物筛选评估技术规范及质量标准,持续评估确定地表水优先污染物,同时,建立潜在高风险物质监测监控制度,进一步完善地表水环境质量标准的指标体系,使得水环境的保护更加科学合理。     

我国环境应急监测车的现状与发展趋势

根据国家对突发环境事件应急处置的要求,结合我国环境应急监测车的发展现状和存在问题,对环境应急监测车在环境事件应急指挥系统、应急监测仪器和设备、污染物扩散模拟系统、危险化学品应急处置专家库、现场视频无线传输和通讯系统、气象系统、监测车辅助系统、个体防护器材等方面的配置和研发提出建议。     

Can health feasibly be considered as part of the planning process in Scotland?

The planning system is significant because of its capacity to determine the quality of the built environment as well as the health, well-being and quality of life of the individuals and communities therein. Development planning is especially important because of the long-term impact of the decisions. This paper was developed in response to increasing recognition amongst HIA practitioners in Scotland of the importance of planning for health. It focuses on the relationship between the planning system in Scotland, specifically the Development Planning element of it, and population health and considers how the health impact assessment (HIA) approach can facilitate and support joint working with planners. In particular, consideration is given to the potential impact of the introduction of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) on the linkages between health, HIA and planning.     

Optimal Timing to Adopt an Environmental Policy in a Strategic Framework

In this paper, the problem of optimal timing, when to adopt an environmental policy in a strategic framework is considered. Using real options theory and some basic tools of game theory, we show that, under certain assumptions, a country behaving strategically should wait longer before adopting such a policy than if it behaves unstrategically or within a larger entity. Such a postponed decision is sub-optimal as regards to the environment protection.     

Environmental Management in the Industrial Enterprises of the South of Spain

The eighties were notable for awareness of the need to prevent defects and for orientation towards the client to improve the competitiveness of industrial enterprises. This objective of zero defects has meant for many enterprises a management orientation to zero environmental impact. In this article we analyse the special situation of industrial enterprises in Andalusia (Spain) in the establishment of environmental management systems, proposing a matrix of strategies for their development based on the analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.     

石油化工园区周边土壤中多环芳烃的分布研究

采集锦州市石油六厂工业区、交通运输区及农业区土壤,采用高效液相色谱/质谱联用仪分析测定土样中16种PAHs的总含量(∑PAHs):工业区均值为386.19μg/kg、交通运输区均值为328.54μg/kg、农业区均值为192.64μg/kg;致癌性PAHs的总含量(∑PAHscare):工业区均值为147.97μg/kg、交通运输区均值为131.52μg/kg、农业区均值为73.83μg/kg;不同功能区PAHs成分组成规律基本一致,PAHs以3环和4环为主,土壤中PAHs成分比例规律为4环>3环>2环>5环>6环;无论是土壤中∑PAHs还是∑PAHscare含量规律,都为工业区>交通运输区>农业区。工业区石油类污染较为严重,交通运输区及农业区土壤中PAHs污染主要来源于化石燃料的燃烧及农业用品的施用。     

The Environmental Implications of Soil Erosion in the United States

Soil erosion has both on-farm and off-farm impacts. Reductionof soil depth can impair the lands productivity, and thetransport of sediments can degrade streams, lakes, and estuaries. Since 1933, soil conservation policies have existedin the United States. Originally they focused on the on-farmbenefits of keeping soil on the land and increasing net farmincome. Beginning in the 1980s, however, policy goalsincreasingly included reductions in off-site impacts of erosion.As a consequence of conservation efforts associated withexplicit U.S. government policies, total soil erosion between1982 and 1992 was reduced by 32% and the sheet and rillerosion rate fell from an average of 4.1 tons per acre per yearin 1982 to 3.1 tons per acre in 1992 while the wind erosion ratefell from an average of 3.3 tons per acre per year to 2.4 tonsper acre per year over the same period. Still, soil erosion isimposing substantial social costs. These costs are estimated tobe about $37.6 billion annually. To further reduce soil erosionand thereby mitigate its social costs, there are a number ofpolicy options available to induce farmers to adopt conservationpractices including education and technical assistance, financial assistance, research and development, land retirement, andregulation and taxes.     

Syndromes of Global Change: a qualitative modelling approach to assist global environmental management

A novel transdisciplinary approach to investigate Global Change (GC) is presented. The approach rests on the decomposition of the intrigue dynamics of GC into patterns of civilization–nature interactions (syndromes) by an iterative scientific process of observations, data and system theoretical analyses, and modelling attempts. We illustrate the approach by a detailed analysis of the Sahel Syndrome, which describes the rural poverty driven overuse of natural resources. The investigation is performed by (i) identifying relevant symptoms and interlinkages which are characteristics for this pattern, and (ii) a qualitative model representing the internal dynamics of the essential flywheel. The geographical patchwork of the regions affected by the syndrome which is obtained by global data analysis, proves the high global relevance of this pattern. The qualitative model is employed for an evaluation of basic policy strategies debated in the context of rural poverty driven environmental degradation. It turns out that a mixed policy of combating poverty and introducing soil preserving agricultural techniques and practices is most promising to tackle the syndrome dynamics.