The epistemic authority of solution-oriented global environmental assessments

The effectiveness and influence of solutions oriented global environmental assessments (SOAs) rests on their legitimacy. Based on the GEA literature this piece reviews the legitimacy of GEAs and discusses its implications, and challenges and for the legitimacy of SOAs. This article is part of a special issue on solution-oriented GEAs.     

Concept of common interests of mankind in the global environmental protection

The concept of common interests of mankind in the environmental protec-tion spurred -by the internationalized and globalized environmental problems are discussed in this paper. While making challenges for many principles and rules of international law and the traditional conception of national security, the concept does play its role in strengthening the environmental protection. However, it cannot be neglected that diflerent national interests pose an obstacle to the realization of the common interests of mankind in the envirormental protection. The article concludes that whether the concept plays its greater role in the environmental protection will depend on many factors, such as the spread of environmental awareness, the revision of the traditional conception and the balanced development of the world economy.     

全球环境变化的系统研究方法浅议

论文总结和分析了数据获取现代技术手段、地理信息系统、数学模型和地学信息图谱的研究进展,从地球信息科学的角度探讨了我国全球环境变化的系统研究方法。     

中国公众环境意识的时空差异及影响因素分析

建设生态文明是中华民族永续发展的千年大计,引导和培育公众牢固树立环境保护意识是构建生态环境治理全民行动体系的根本保障。本文以2003年和2013年中国综合社会调查（CGSS）数据为基础,评估了全国28个省（市、自治区）（不含新疆、西藏、海南及港澳台地区）的公众环境意识,综合运用空间自相关分析、标准差椭圆分析和空间计量模型等方法,揭示了中国公众环境意识的时空差异特征,甄别了主要影响因素及其作用。结果表明：（1）2003—2013年中国公众环境意识水平基本维持不变,环境付费能力大幅下降,但公众对环境意识的关注程度有所提高;（2）中国公众环境意识的总体空间演化形态表现为整体分布规模略微缩小,省域公众环境意识空间差异显著,中西部地区环境意识有所增强,东部地区公众环境意识处于较高水平;（3）公众环境意识水平存在显著的空间正相关性,空间集聚程度不断加剧;空间局部特征以高—高型和低—低型最为显著,各省份空间相似度较高;（4）人口密度、工业污染治理投资、教育经费投入、地区环境污染程度及地区城市设施水平等因素均对公众环境意识产生显著影响。     

全球气候变化对森林生态系统的影响

人类活动所引起的温室效应及由此造成的全球气候变化和对全球生态环境的影响正越来越引起人们的关注。作为全球陆地生态系统一个重要组分的森林对未来气候变化的响应更是人们关注的重点。文中系统地论述了未来气候变化对森林生态系统树种组成、林分结构、分布和生产力的潜在响应,提出了今后需要加强的一些研究领域。     

试论环境意识不同表现形态之间的相互影响

环境意识的不同表现形态中，学术形态作用明确、起先导作用，未来形态作用较固定。政府形态和大众形态之间的相互影响有两种模式：一是大众形态影响政府形态，为自下而上模式；二是政府形态影响大众形态，为自上而下模式。西方国家较多地呈现自下而上模式，而我国较多地表现为自上而下模式。学术形态的代表者知识分子、政府形态的代表者国家行政人员的个体意识对群体和社会环境意识影响较大；大众形态的代表者城市居民主要以群体意识     

中亚与我国西北地区环境蠕变问题的分析

讨论了中亚和我国西北地区环境蠕变问题,分析了环境蠕变与人类活动,环境蠕变与气候变化的关系.结果表明,在近年全球增暖的背景下,由于人类过度开采和利用水资源,引起了环境进一步恶化;气候变暖加速了环境恶化的进程.干旱、半干旱地区,生态脆弱,当人类活动超过自然承载力时,小的气候波动也可能引起大的环境变化.     

Environmental awareness and the contemporary society of China——an analysis and an understanding

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The global climate change and forest prediction in China

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Sustainable development and environmental protection

The focus of this paper is on protecting the environment in resource development and not on economic issues even though many obstacles to sustainability include social, political and economic factors. Many stark examples of past failures in resource development serve as grim reminders for future planning. Most of the options will require an evaluation as to their appropriateness as well as to the economic capability and commitment of developing countries and international development institutions to incorporate them into programs.     

Analysing the influence of visualisations in global environmental governance

Visualisations can highly contribute to the importance and authority of new ideas, concepts, and knowledge claims. Among the many visualisations, few become well-known and influential in environmental governance. Whilst these have been objects of specific research, this study questions what constitutes and underpins their influence. For this, the paper codifies influential visualisations and defines criteria for studying their visual characteristics. The criteria are applied to two case studies, the “traffic light” and the “planetary boundaries” diagrams. To increase the validity of the findings, the study also introduces two “failure cases” as a plausibility check.     

Solution-oriented global environmental assessments: Opportunities and challenges

This article provides an introduction to the Special Issue dedicated to “Solution-oriented Global Environmental Assessments: Opportunities and Challenges”. In the follow-up to the Paris climate agreement and the adoption and early implementation of the global Sustainable Development Goals involving many synergies and trade-offs, the need to shift the focus from environmental problem analysis towards the exploration of specific solution options can be observed in international environmental governance debates. To remain policy-relevant, credible and legitimate, global environmental assessments (GEAs) must carefully adapt to a rapidly evolving governance landscape. This Special Issue sheds light on the potential utility and implications of increased solution-orientation of GEAs. It builds on the research project “The Future of Global Environmental Assessment Making” that was jointly initiated in 2013 by UN Environment and the Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change. The article collection includes research on the coevolution of GEAs and the increasingly solution-oriented governance context; conditions of success for contemporary GEAs; the treatment of divergent viewpoints, stakes and stakeholders in solution-oriented GEAs; knowledge aggregation; and the enhanced measurement of GEA effectiveness in the emerging governance landscape.     

Marine environmental quality, pollution monitoring and environmental management

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环境成本内在化的数学模型及其对贸易与环境的影响

论述了环境成本内在化的理论依据,建立了数学模型。环境成本P等于自然资源价值P₁与人类劳动产生新价值P₂和恢复环境的价值P₃之和。总的来看,环境成本内在化有利于环境保护工作,但要防止发达国家利用＂环境＂问题反对发展中国家的发展。     

从环境类学术文献看中国环境教育存在的问题

根据我国环境科学类期刊上刊登的环境教育文献的比重和内容的调查结果来看，我国环境科学界对环境以重视程度与环境教育的重要性不成比例，环境教育研究的落后已成为制约我国环境教育可持续发展的关键问题。     

民众环境意识是环境教育的核心与目的

当前“低碳经济”、“低碳生活”等理念在众多媒介有大量的表述和宣传报道。但抽样调查显示,实际上广大公众对于“低碳”的认知却颇有一些不甚清晰明了。概念的模糊性及不确定性,势必影响并阻碍我们积极倡导和实践推进生态文明建设,努力实现清洁发展、安全发展、绿色发展及可持续发展。     

40 years of global environmental assessments: A retrospective analysis

This paper provides a retrospective analysis of global environmental assessment (GEA) processes and their changing character, focus and political context over the past 40 years. We examine how and why elements of organizational design, objectives, and the evolving political landscape have interacted and changed, with a view of informing the design and conduct of future processes. We find that the historical genesis of GEAs is closely connected to the emergence of environmental multilateralism. However, the prevailing conditions and assumptions which originally gave rise to the GEA concept have changed significantly over time, giving rise to an increasing demand for a focus on response options and policies. We also find that the epistemic and process complexity of GEAs has increased substantially, without a corresponding expansion in the magnitude and composition of GEA management teams. We suggest that developing analytical capacities for policy assessment as well as ensuring sufficient resources and tools to manage increasingly complex GEAs is essential to ensure their future relevance and success. This article is part of a special issue on solution-oriented GEAs.     

环境犯罪的构成要件

环境犯罪是一种新的犯罪类型,其构成要件有自己的特点,与传统犯罪构成要件有很大不同。本文对此进行了探讨,并提出了自己的观点。首先,在环境犯罪中,犯罪主体有自然人和法人两种;其次,大多数环境犯罪是过失犯罪,其过失将依据这样一个标准来确定,即行为人是否采取了有效防治措施以力图避免损害结果的发生,如果没有,应认定过失成立;再次,环境犯罪之客观要件主要指犯罪行为以及犯罪行为与危害后果的因果联系。在确定犯罪行为时,利益衡量原则将起非常重要的作用。鉴于具体、明确的因果联系难以证明,因果关系必须采用推定因果关系的原则确定。     

环境保护和环境容量产权的合理界定

环境容量是经济增长和环境保护兼顾的结合点．通过环境容量资源产权的双重界定,即用在地方政府层面上的界定和企业层面上的界定来实现经济和环境的协调发展．     

降尺度与融合化：环境空间管控转型与体系优化——代“环境空间管控研究”专栏序言

由于经济增长与污染物排放增加尚未脱钩，当前中国环境保护与污染防治的结构性、根源性压力尚未根本缓解，在生产生活污染源头治理上仍然面临排污基数大、溢出效应强、空间跨度广等难题，亟需强化污染源管控精准落地、建立健全面向污染源头的环境空间管控体系，以降尺度与融合化空间管控形成更加精准、严格、高效的环境空间管控制度，系统提升环境空间治理效能.本文基于区域环境功能和环境承载力视角分析了环境空间管控体系的科学基点及优化逻辑，从降尺度建立分区分级管控体系、形成融合化环境管理机制、嵌入多层级国土空间规划体系、夯实环境空间管控信息化支撑等方面提出新时期环境空间管控转型与体系优化路径.此外，研究团队结合典型城市化地区和重点生态功能区的案例实证，从人类生产生活污染物排放过程和格局入手，按照"驱动机制解析—分区分类管控—环境效应评估"的主线设置了"环境空间管控研究"专栏，以期为污染物源头减排及环境空间管控技术方法探索、环境综合治理策略制定提供参考依据.