氯氟烃替代物的研究与应用现状

臭氧层的破坏是当今世界十大主要环境问题之一。本简述了氯氟烃(CFGs)对臭氧层的破坏机制，介绍了主要氯氟烃的性质及用途，综述了国内外氯氟烃替代物的研究和应用现状。     

绿色电冰箱的CFCs及其替代物的分析研究

本文介绍了绿色电冰箱中制冷剂和发泡剂的ＣＦＣｓ及其替代物的分析研究，建立了分析方法。并对国内十几种绿色电冰箱的ＣＦＣｓ替代制冷剂和发泡剂的成分进行了分析。     

工业与技术现代化——CFC_s和哈龙(Halon)替代技术的发展动向

臭氧层耗损日趋严重,已构成对人类生命与自然生态系统的长期威胁.为了保护臭氧层,世界各国已经为采用减少臭氧层耗损的替代物积极行动起来.目前臭氧层耗损替代物的开发已取得了很大的进展.     

给发展中国家的200万美元赠款

最近芬兰政府向UNEP捐赠200万美元,这笔款项将成为帮助发展中国家寻求CFCs替代物的信托基金的一部分。开发CFCs替代物是一极为费钱的项目,超出了发展中国家财政资源可承受的能力。事     

La-Cu-O/γ-Al2O3催化剂上CO和CH4氧化活性及氧性质研究

用长光路ＦＴＩＲ技术研究氟里昂替代物ＨＦＣ１５２ａ（ＣＨ３ＣＨＦ２）和ＨＣＦＣ２２（ＣＨＣｌＦ２）与ＯＨ自由基的大气光化学反应，研究了反应产物和反应机理，并对它们的环境影响和工业应用前景进行了评价．ＨＣＦＣ２２只能作为过渡性的替代物使用，而ＨＦＣ１５２ａ可以发展成为非常有价值的永久性替代物．     

制冷剂与环境保护关系的动态研究

本文从环境保护角度介绍了制冷剂发展经历的三个阶段，分析了20世纪广泛使用的CFCs及HCFCs制冷剂对臭氧层的破坏及产生温室效应等危害，介绍了国际上限用此类物质情况，指出了寻求绿色环保制冷剂必须适应环保及节能等具体要求，对比了CFCs、HCFCs制冷剂及其目前替代物在环保方面的主要性质及未来发展趋势。     

制冷剂与环境保护关系的动态研究

本文从环境保护角度介绍了制冷剂发展经历的三个阶段 ,分析了 2 0世纪广泛使用的CFCs及HCFCs制冷剂对臭氧层的破坏及产生温室效应等危害 ,介绍了国际上限用此类物质情况 ,指出了寻求绿色环保制冷剂必须适应环保及节能等具体要求 ,对比了CFCs、HCFCs制冷剂及其目前替代物在环保方面的主要性质及未来发展趋势     

Halong灭火剂替代物研究的现状

Ｈａｌｏｎｇ灭火剂替代物研究的现状天津大学化学系张金玲公安部天津消防科研所郑观雄Ｈａｌｏｎｇ（哈龙）灭火剂被淘汰的对象，是指１９８７年蒙特利尔协定书规定的Ｈａｌｏｎｇ１２１１，Ｈａｌｏｎｇｌ３０１和Ｈａｌｏｎｇ２４０２三种。虽然，哈龙灭火剂替代物的研...     

非磷洗涤剂助剂4A沸石的开发

无磷洗涤剂是今后洗涤剂发展的必然趋势．然而作为洗涤剂中普遍使用的增洁剂三聚磷酸钠，由于其对环境水体造成严重污染．开发合适的替代物愈来愈为人们所重视，经过对５００多种新型增洁剂的筛选，认为４Ａ沸石是取代三聚磷酸钠的理想替代物．文章根据我国的现有状况，比较了几种生产４Ａ沸石的制作工艺．化学合成法应列为优先发展的方法．     

氯氟烃及其替代物

近年来,臭氧衰竭比原先预料的更严重,对人类健康和环境构成了严重威胁。“蒙特利尔议定书”和“大气清洁法案”要求2000年要完全清除致臭氧衰竭物质——氯氟烃(CFCs)的生产和使用。目前,世界各地积极开发CFCs的替代物,以加速转换。虽然已开发的氧氯氟烃(HCFCs)、氢氟烃(HFCs)等替代物与CFCs相比还有一定缺点,但最终一定会实现替代转换。     

环境评价中的替代方案分析

替代方案主要指项目的选址，规模，实施等的替代方案，包括项目环境保护措施的多种方案比较。文章浅析了环境评价中的替代方案，以环境评价中替代方案分析步骤为主线。从替代方案的识别，资源需求，替代方案的筛选与比较等方面进行论述，并结合上海港重建与开发工程的实例，选择合适的替代方案，最后对“不上项目”的替代方案作一概括介绍。     

Water,wastewater and waste management in brewing industries

Water and wastewater management constitutes a practical problem for the food and beverage industry including the brewing industry. In spite of significant improvement over the last 20 years, water consumption and disposal remain critical from an environmental and economic standpoint. This paper gives an overview of the world beer market in order to highlight the heterogeneity in capacity of global beer production. From a synthesis of existing literature, water consumption is analysed and the most common treatments and the associated costs are reported. Finally, biological and technical alternatives including membrane operation processes and economic reality are described.     

Helping small businesses implement toxics use reduction techniques: dry cleaners, auto shops, and floor finishers assisted in creating safer and healthier work places

The Toxics Use Reduction Institute (TURI), Boston Public Health Commission (BPHC), and Vietnamese American Initiative for Development (Viet-AID) have worked with small business sectors to reduce their use of toxic chemicals. Three cases, described here, in dry cleaning, auto shops and floor finishing share common approaches for creating successful models of effective dissemination of toxics use reduction in small businesses. These include direct business support, peer-to-peer training and promotion of alternatives, and collaborations with stakeholders to achieve greener businesses. These results were achieved despite predictable barriers of lack of resources, suspicion of safer alternatives, and language and cultural barriers.     

A fuzzy linear programming extension of the general matrix-based life cycle model

A fuzzy linear programming extension of the general life cycle model is described. The model is suitable for applications involving system design and optimization wherein fuzzy target levels for environmental flows or impacts are specified, and wherein multiple technological alternatives capable of providing equivalent products or services are present within the life cycle boundaries. Solving the model results in an optimal mix of technologies that embodies the best compromise of the fuzzy environmental targets specified. The model formulation is concise and consistent with the generalized matrix-based LCA model; its linearity also makes identification of the optimal solution straightforward. Applications of the model to two illustrative case studies are also given.     

Safer alternatives assessment: the Massachusetts process as a model for state governments

In 2006 the Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Institute conducted a study to determine if states could identify safer alternatives to five chemicals of concern. The chemicals investigated included di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), formaldehyde, hexavalent chromium, lead and perchloroethylene. First, the Institute developed a methodology for assessing alternatives to these five chemicals that allowed it to quickly determine priority uses and alternatives to assess and to research the pertinent decision criteria, which included performance, technical, financial environmental and human health parameters. The methodology included important feedback from stakeholders in the state, which helped to focus and enhance the value of the work. Second, the Institute implemented the methodology over a ten month period. Based on the activities conducted by the Institute, safer alternatives were identified for each of the priority uses associated with the five chemicals studied. This report summarizes the methodology employed and provides examples of the results for one of the five chemicals, namely DEHP. The experience of the Institute and the information contained in this report indicates that alternatives assessment was a useful approach to organizing and evaluating information about chemicals and alternatives.     

Cleaner production alternatives: Biomass utilisation options

The increasing price of energy, the security of supply, the reduction of green house gases, and the scarcity of oil and gas urge the use of more and more renewable energy. An important renewable energy source is the biomass which can be applied for heat, electricity, and transportation fuel production. The heat and electricity production are the so called “direct utilisation” alternatives and the transportation fuel production alternatives are the “indirect utilisation” alternatives of biomass energy. If efficient land use is considered, the alternatives can be compared on the basis of the utilisable energy produced from the biomass per hectare. It is shown that the bioethanol production from corn has about 89–99% less energy production capability than that of the direct utilisation alternatives. The cellulosic type bioethanol production technologies, since these partially directly utilise the biomass energy, have better energy utilisation potential, that is about 40–50% of direct alternatives.     

随机性混合数据评价技术的方法研究

在城市和环境规划等方案评价中,如何综合利用定性和定量信息是人们较为关注的问题。本文首先将方案评价中常见的定性信息分为三大类,并用数学式来描述各类定性信息,在此基础上,运用随机处理的方法对定性信息进行处理后与定量信息进行综合,以求得各个方案的优劣排序概率,并由此概率确定最优方案。这种方法克服了以往同类方法只能利用定性信息中的排序信息的缺点,从而使得方案评价更客观。最后,本文给出了方法应用的实例。     

对城市交通规划EIA替代方案的思考

阐述了替代方案的内涵和作用，分析了城市交通规划EIA的重要性，对城市交通规划EIA中替代方案的确定程序与分析比较方法、公众参与替代方案确定和分析过程中的作用等内容进行了探讨。     

挥发性有机物污染控制方案的运行费用效能比较

当前,中国挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)的污染控制工作已进入深水区,VOCs污染控制措施费用效能的高低将决定其减排工作的环保意义,筛选出费用效能高的措施也是VOCs减排工作能够持续稳定进行的必要基础.本文从排放浓度、排放风量及连续还是间歇排放等污染源排放特征角度确定出12种典型的VOCs排放情景,针对这些典型情景估算了目前主流减排方案的运行费用,并以减排单位质量VOCs的运行费用(unit abatement cost,UAC,元·kg^-1,以VOCs计)为费用效能指标进行了技术经济比较,以期为依据VOCs排放特征选择适宜的减排方案提供参考.分析结果表明,对于低浓度VOCs排气,其减排UAC总体达8元·kg^-1以上,浓缩工序可有效减少UAC,通过合理地气体收集方式减少排放风量并提高排气浓度对后续处理的费用效能影响巨大.强化VOCs排放过程的按质分类收集以提高得到VOCs液体的资源化属性,也是今后提高VOCs控制费用效能的有效途径之一.