Plumage coloration and nutritional condition in the great tit<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Parus major</Emphasis>: the roles of carotenoids and melanins differ

The size and coloration of some body characters seem to influence mate choice in many species. Most animal colours are either structural or based on melanin or carotenoid pigments. It has recently been suggested that carotenoid-based or structural coloration may be a condition-dependent trait, whereas melanin-based coloration is not; a difference that may be highly relevant when studying the evolution of multiple mating preferences. We tested this hypothesis in the great tit (Parus major). The size of the melanin breast band was not correlated to nutritional condition as estimated by the rate of tail growth (ptilochronology), controlling for locality, age, sex, year and season effects. However, the correlation was significant for the hue of yellow breast (carotenoid-based coloration), and the slopes of the regressions of the two pigments to growth bars differed significantly. These results suggest that the expression of the two traits may be regulated by different mechanisms.     

Carotenoids,immune response and the expression of sexual ornaments in male greenfinches (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Carduelis chloris</Emphasis>)

Allocation trade-offs of carotenoids between their use in the immune system and production of sexual ornaments have been suggested as a proximate mechanism maintaining honesty of sexual signals. To test this idea, we experimentally examined whether carotenoid availability in the diet was related to variation in antibody response to novel antigens in male greenfinches (Carduelis chloris aurantiiventris), a species with extensive carotenoid-dependent plumage colouration. We also measured the cost of mounting a humoral response in terms of circulating carotenoids. Finally, we examined the relationship between plumage colour, immune response and circulating carotenoids. We found that males with carotenoid-supplemented diets showed stronger antibody response than non-supplemented birds. We also found that activation of the immune system significantly reduced circulating carotenoids (24.9% lower in immune-challenged birds than in control birds). Finally, intensity (chroma) of ventral plumage colouration of males, a character directly related to concentration of total carotenoids in feathers, was negatively correlated with the immune response and circulating carotenoids in winter. These results support the idea that carotenoids are a limiting resource and that males trade ornamental colouration against immune response.     

Dietary antioxidants, lipid peroxidation and plumage colouration in nestling blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus

Carotenoid pigments are responsible for many of the red, yellow and orange plumage and integument traits seen in birds. One idea suggests that since carotenoids can act as antioxidants, carotenoid-mediated colouration may reveal an individual's ability to resist oxidative damage. In fact, there is currently very little information on the effects of most dietary-acquired antioxidants on oxidative stress in wild birds. Here, we assessed the impacts on oxidative damage, plasma antioxidants, growth and plumage colouration after supplementing nestling blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus with one of three diets; control, carotenoid treatment or α-tocopherol treatment. Oxidative damage was assessed by HPLC analysis of plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), a by-product of lipid peroxidation. Contrary to predictions, we found no differences in oxidative damage, plumage colouration or growth rate between treatment groups. Although plasma lutein concentrations were significantly raised in carotenoid-fed chicks, α-tocopherol treatment had no effect on concentrations of plasma α-tocopherol compared with controls. Interestingly, we found that faster growing chicks had higher levels of oxidative damage than slower growing birds, independent of treatment, body mass and condition at fledging. Moreover, the chromatic signal of the chest plumage of birds was positively correlated with levels of MDA but not plasma antioxidant concentrations: more colourful nestlings had higher oxidative damage than less colourful individuals. Thus, increased carotenoid-mediated plumage does not reveal resistance to oxidative damage for nestling blue tits, but may indicate costs paid, in terms of oxidative damage. Our results indicate that the trade-offs between competing physiological systems for dietary antioxidants are likely to be complex in rapidly developing birds. Moreover, interpreting the biological relevance of different biomarkers of antioxidant status represents a challenge for evolutionary ecology.     

Assortative mating by carotenoid-based plumage colour: a quality indicator in American goldfinches,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Carduelis tristis</Emphasis>

We investigated the mating patterns in 22 breeding pairs of wild American goldfinches (Carduelis tristis) with respect to their body size, condition, and carotenoid-based, yellow plumage colour. Using reflectance spectrometry, we objectively quantified plumage colours across the bird-visible wavelengths, revealing a unexpected UV peak in the reflectance spectrum from yellow feathers. We summarized our colour measurements using a principal components analysis to create a single variable, carotenoid PC1, that represents the intensity of this carotenoid-based yellow colour, a measure of phenotypic quality in this species. We found no evidence of assortative mating with respect to measures of body size or condition but there was positive assortative mating by carotenoid PC1, such that the yellow plumage colours of males and females were significantly correlated within pairs. We argue that the yellow carotenoid coloration of goldfinches may be important in mutual mate choice and, thus, that sexual selection in this species may act upon female ornamentation, as well as the more obvious plumage signals of males. Because assortative mating results in an increase in genetic variance, we suggest that this might be a mechanism that maintains variance in ornamental traits in spite of the variance-eroding effects of sexual selection.     

Do feather-degrading bacteria actually degrade feather colour? No significant effects of plumage microbiome modifications on feather colouration in wild great tits

Parasites are known to exert selective pressures on host life history traits since the energy and nutrients needed to mount an immune response are no longer available to invest in other functions. Bird feathers harbour numerous microorganisms, some of which are able to degrade feather keratin (keratinolytic microorganisms) and affect feather integrity and colouration in vitro. Although named “feather-degrading” microorganisms, experimental evidence for their effects on feathers of free-living birds is still lacking. Here, we tested whether (i) keratinolytic microorganisms can degrade feathers in vivo and thus modify the colour of feathers during the nesting period and (ii) whether feather microorganisms have a long-term effect on the investment in colouration of newly moulted feathers. We designed treatments to either favour or inhibit bacterial growth, thus experimentally modifying plumage bacterial communities, in a wild breeding population of great tits (Parus major). Our analyses revealed no significant effects of the treatments on feather colours. Moreover, we found that differences in bacterial exposure during nesting did not significantly affect the colouration of newly moulted feathers. Our results suggest that significant feather degradation obtained during in vitro studies could have led to an overestimation of the potential of keratinolytic microorganisms to shape feather colouration in free-living birds.     

The effect of growth rate and ageing on colour variation of European pond turtles

Many chelonians have colourful dots, patches and stripes throughout their body that are made up, at least in part, of carotenoids. Therefore, turtles are very suitable models to study the evolution and functionality of carotenoid-based colouration. Recent studies suggested a close link between colouration and immune system in these taxa. However, more research is needed to understand the role of these colourful stripes and patches in turtle visual signalling. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between growth rate and colouration in European pond turtles. In particular, we wanted to answer the question of whether there is a trade-off between growth and colour expression. We also aimed to explore the effect of body size and age on colour variation. Turtles from a reintroduction-breeding program were recaptured, weighed and measured over an 8-year period to estimate their growth rates and age. We also measured with a spectrometer the reflectance of colour patches in two different body parts: shell and forelimb. We found that turtles with a faster growth rate had brighter limb stripes independently of their age. On the other hand, shell colouration was related to body size with larger turtles having brighter shell stripes and higher values of carotenoid chroma. Our results suggest that fast-growers may afford to express intense colourful limb stripes likely due to their higher intake of carotenoids that would modulate both growth and colour expression. However, shell colouration was related to body size probably due to ontogenetic differences in the diet, as juveniles are strictly carnivorous while adults are omnivorous. Alternatively, shell colouration might be involved in crypsis as the shell is visually exposed to predators.     

Nuptial coloration of red shiners (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinella lutrensis</Emphasis>) is more intense in turbid habitats

Communication is shaped and constrained by the signaling environment. In aquatic habitats, turbidity can reduce both the quantity and quality of ambient light and has been implicated in the breakdown of visual signaling. Here, we examined the relationship between turbidity (quantified with long-term data) and the expression of carotenoid-based nuptial coloration in the red shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis), a small-bodied cyprinid. Males in more turbid habitats displayed redder fins, and an experimental manipulation of adult diet suggested that carotenoid intake alone did not explain among-population color differences. These results run counter to similar studies where signal expression decreased in turbid conditions, and may be explained by the non-territorial red shiner mating system, interactions between the mechanism of coloration and the signaling environment, or reduced cost of color expression in turbid habitats (e.g., reduced predation risk). Our results highlight how the behavioral and ecological contexts in which signals function can shape evolutionary responses to the environment.     

Ornamental comb colour predicts T-cell-mediated immunity in male red grouse <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lagopus lagopus scoticus</Emphasis>

Sexual ornaments might reliably indicate the ability to cope with parasites and diseases, and a better ability to mount a primary inflammatory response to a novel challenge. Carotenoid-based ornaments are amongst the commonest sexual signals of birds and often influence mate choice. Because carotenoids are immuno-stimulants, signallers may trade-off allocating these to ornamental colouration or using them for immune responses, so carotenoid-based ornaments might be particularly useful as honest indicators of immuno-compentence. Tetraonid birds, such as the red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus, exhibit supra-orbital yellow-red combs, a conspicuous ornament which functions in intra- and inter-sexual selection. The colour of combs is due to epidermal pigmentation by carotenoids, while their size is testosterone-dependent. In this study, I investigated whether comb characteristics, and in particular, comb colour, indicated immuno-competence in free-living male red grouse. I assessed T-cell-mediated immunity using a standardised challenge with phytohaemagglutinin. Red grouse combs reflect in the red and in the ultraviolet spectrum of light, which is not visible to humans but that grouse most likely see, so I measured comb colour across the whole bird visible spectrum (300-700 nm) using a reflectance spectrometer. I found that males with bigger and redder combs, but with less ultraviolet reflectance, had greater T-cell-mediated immune response. Comb colour predicted T-cell-mediated immune response better than comb size, indicating that the carotenoid-based colouration of this ornament might reliably signal this aspect of male quality.     

Colour change in a structural ornament is related to individual quality,parasites and mating patterns in the blue tit

Carry-over effects refer to processes that occur in one season and influence fitness in the following. In birds, two costly activities, namely reproduction and moult, are restricted to a small time window, and sometimes overlap. Thus, colour in newly moulted feathers is likely to be affected by the costs of reproduction. Using models of bird vision we investigated male colour change in a free-living population of blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) in three sampling occasions: spring 1, winter and spring 2. We related crown, tail, breast and cheek feather colouration after the moult (winter) to the intensity of infections by blood parasites during reproduction (spring 1). In the following spring (spring 2), we explored mating patterns with respect to changes in feather colour (springs 1 vs. 2). Males that were less intensely infected by the malaria parasite Plasmodium while breeding showed purer white cheek feathers in winter, which may indicate higher feather quality. Increased brightness in the white cheek was associated with better body condition during reproduction. In the following season, males with brighter cheeks paired with females that had noticeably brighter cheek patches compared to the male’s previous mate. These results suggest that the conditions experienced during reproduction are likely to affect moult and thus feather colouration, at least in the white patch. High quality individuals may allocate resources efficiently during reproduction increasing future reproductive success through variation in mating patterns. Carry-over effects from reproduction might extend not only to the non-breeding phase, but also to the following breeding season.     

水田土壤细菌群落对不同重金属污染水平的响应分析——以A县为例

重金属污染问题长期存在于土壤环境中,并对土壤细菌群落结构造成了较大影响,从而引起了广泛的研究.本文选取水田土壤为测试样本,通过高通量测序技术和土壤性质化验对样本进行处理,采用Spearman相关性分析等统计分析方法对不同重金属污染水平下的水田土壤细菌群落进行结构和多样性分析.结果显示,研究区内土壤样点的重金属污染水平可被划分为4个等级,其中,轻度重金属污染水平(LL)区域土壤细菌群落的多样性指数总体上显著低于其他区域,即轻度污染的环境将降低该区域的细菌群落多样性.Nitrospira和Candidatus_Solibacter等菌属在重度重金属污染水平(SL)区域中显示出较强的重金属耐受性.Proteobacteria、Firmicutes和Gemmatimonadetes等菌门在不同等级重金属污染水平区域中表现出一定的耐受性.此外,土壤含水量(SWC)、酸碱度(pH)、速效磷(AP)、有效钾(AK)、总氮(TN)、有机质(OM)、铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)、砷(As)和锌(Zn)等土壤环境因子与细菌群落结构存在显著相关性(p0.05).因此,应该尽快开发利用这些具有重金属耐性和生物修复功能的微生物,为粮食作物的健康生长提供适宜的土壤环境.     

Growth conditions affect carotenoid-based plumage coloration of great tit nestlings

 Carotenoid-based integument colour in animals has been hypothesised to signal individual phenotypic quality because it reliably reflects either foraging efficiency or health status. We investigated whether carotenoid-derived yellow plumage coloration of fledgling great tits (Parus major) reflects their nestling history. Great tit fledglings reared in a poor year (1998) or in the urban habitat were less yellow than these reared in a good year (1999) or in the forest. The origin of nestlings also affected their coloration since nestlings from a city population did not improve their coloration when transferred to the forest. Brood size manipulation affected fledgling colour, but only in the rural population, where nestlings from reduced broods developed more yellow coloration than nestlings from increased and control broods. Effect of brood size manipulation on fledgling plumage colour was independent of the body mass, indicating that growth environment affects fledgling body mass and plumage colour by different pathways. Received: 20 March 2000 / Accepted in revised form: 4 September 2000     

Integument coloration signals reproductive success,heterozygosity, and antioxidant levels in chick-rearing black-legged kittiwakes

Carotenoid pigments are important for immunity and as antioxidants, and carotenoid-based colors are believed to provide honest signals of individual quality. Other colorless but more efficient antioxidants such as vitamins A and E may protect carotenoids from bleaching. Carotenoid-based colors have thus recently been suggested to reflect the concentration of such colorless antioxidants, but this has rarely been tested. Furthermore, although evidence is accruing for multiple genetic criteria for mate choice, carotenoid-based colors have rarely been shown to reflect both phenotypic and genetic quality. In this study, we investigated whether gape, tongue, eye-ring, and bill coloration of chick-rearing black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla reflected circulating levels of carotenoids and vitamins A and E. We further investigated whether integument coloration reflected phenotypic (body condition and fledging success) and genetic quality (heterozygosity). We found that the coloration of fleshy integuments was correlated with carotenoid and vitamin A levels and fledging success but only in males. Furthermore, the coloration of tongue and eye-ring was correlated with heterozygosity in both males and females. Integument colors might therefore be reliable signals of individual quality used by birds to adjust their parental care during the chick-rearing period.     

场地重金属复合污染阻隔技术研究进展

近年来,我国遗留场地重金属复合污染问题日益突出。为有效阻断重金属迁移扩散,阻隔技术成为国内外场地污染控制研究的焦点。通过系统分析阻隔技术在典型重金属污染场地的应用实例,概述阻隔技术先进材料和相关实施现状,发掘不同阻隔技术应用过程中的主要问题,提出了阻隔技术组合式应用和阻隔系统工程决策等研究方向,从技术、经济、土地再利用等多维度综合考量,为复杂情景下的场地重金属污染治理提供理论依据和技术参考。     

Habitat structure is associated with the expression of carotenoid-based coloration in nestling blue tits Parus caeruleus

We investigated how the expression of carotenoid-based plumage coloration (lightness and chroma) in nestling blue tits Parus caeruleus is associated with forest structure in oak forests of central Spain. We found evidence of a reduced expression of carotenoid-based coloration in nestlings growing up in successionally young and structurally simple forest territories. Our results suggest that breast feather coloration can be used as an indicator of nestling quality because nestlings with more intense yellow plumage coloration had larger body size and stronger immune responses to the injection of phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Given the association of forest structural complexity with carotenoid-based plumage coloration, our findings suggest that variation in habitat structure may have a significant impact on forest birds in their first stages of life which has implications for forest management practices.     

湖南东江湖表层沉积物重金属的空间分布、形态及生态风险

为全面了解东江湖重金属污染状况,于2021年9月对表层沉积物重金属含量和形态进行调查研究,对其污染程度和潜在生态风险进行评价.结果表明,ω（Cd）、ω（Pb）、ω（As）、ω（Cu）、ω（Zn）、ω（Ni）和ω（Cr）分别为：0.40~34.1、14.8~1688、6.99~1155、6.89~280、26.2~1739、6.29~55.4和23.3~44.8 mg ·kg^-1;空间分布极不均匀,Cd、Pb、As、Cu和Zn含量最大值均出现在毗邻瑶岗仙钨矿的站位.有效态金属所占比例较高,弱酸可提取态Cd占总量的46.7%~71.5%;可还原态Pb所占比例为46.8%~67.0%;虽然Cu、Zn、Ni和Cr均以残渣态为主要形态,但有效态占比分别为35%~68%、42%~72%、26%~51%和6%~30%.根据地累积指数I_geo,Cd普遍达到中度到重度污染程度,90%站位的Pb处于轻度及以上污染,30%站位的Zn、As和Cu处于轻度污染.潜在生态风险指数E_rⁱ显示,Cd存在较高及以上级别的潜在生态风险,其中80%调查站位的Cd具有极高的潜在生态风险;此外,毗邻瑶岗仙矿区的S7站位的As和Pb存在极高潜在生态风险,Cu存在中等潜在生态风险.综合潜在风险指数RI显示,所有调查站位均存在较高及以上程度的潜在生态风险,50%的调查站位存在极高的潜在生态风险.因此,东江湖表层沉积物存在严重的Cd、Pb、As、Cu和Zn等的复合重金属污染,生物有效性较高,存在很高的潜在生态风险.     

呼伦贝尔市城郊河岸带土壤与河流沉积物重金属污染现状分析

河岸带类型对河流环境重金属富集具有显著影响,合理规划河岸环境,可以减缓河流周围土地的重金属污染对河流生态系统的影响。随着内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市工矿业、农牧业和旅游业的快速发展,频繁的人类活动会增加对河流周边重金属污染潜在威胁。为揭示呼伦贝尔市河流域环境重金属污染的现状、分布特征以及不同的河岸带类型对河流沉积物重金属污染的影响,在该区域采集了34个河岸带表层土壤和河流表层沉积物样品,并测定了6种重金属（Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb与Zn）含量,采用污染负荷指数法（pollution load index,PLI）对重金属污染情况进行评价。结果显示：6种重金属的平均含量分别为背景值的2.08倍、1.55倍、0.80倍、1.61倍、0.82倍、1.00倍,总体PLI为1.19,属轻度污染;河岸带的重金属污染程度总体高于河流,但是河流的重金属污染变率更大,相比之下重金属含量的最高值多出现于河流中;不同河岸带类型的PLI呈工业型河岸最高（1.535）、自然型河岸次之（1.126）、城市绿化河岸最低（1.030）、工矿业活动是区域重金属污染的主要源头,城市绿化型河岸带与自然型河岸带具有一定的缓解重...     

场地重金属污染土壤固化及MICP技术研究进展

冶炼场地土壤重金属污染是亟待解决的重要环境问题.固化修复技术因其修复时间少、成本低、处理效率高已成为污染场地重金属修复的主流技术之一.总结了近10年来有关固化修复场地重金属污染的最新研究进展,从重金属固化修复机制入手,对比分析了不同固化方式[无机材料固化、有机材料固化、机械球磨和微生物诱导碳酸盐成矿（MICP）]的优缺点及其适用范围.随后,根据文献计量学分析所呈现的研究重点及发展趋势,从MICP在重金属修复中的应用、MICP复合材料在污染场地中的应用和MICP技术应用的影响因素这3个方面对微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀技术固化场地重金属污染的应用前景及限制因素进行了总结和阐述.最后提出了土壤固化研究的前景和挑战,以期为场地土壤固化技术的未来发展提供借鉴参考.     

太原市叶面尘中重金属分布特征及其健康风险评价

微量金属污染普遍存在于城市环境的各个区域,了解城市痕量重金属污染现状,对污染控制和城市发展具有重要的意义.为探讨太原市叶面尘中重金属的污染水平及其对人类健康的影响,以太原市5个不同功能区冬青卫矛（Euonymus japonicus Thunb.）叶面尘为研究对象,采用ICP-MS测定了As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn、Cu的含量,通过地积累指数法和Hankanson潜在风险指数法对重金属的生态风险进行了评价,并采用美国EPA健康风险评价模型对重金属的儿童致癌和非致癌健康风险进行了评估.结果表明,太原市居民区冬青卫矛叶面滞尘量最高为47.18 mg·g^-1,文教区最低为11.92 mg·g^-1,其中,Cd、Cr和Zn为叶面尘的主要污染物,平均含量分别为土壤背景值的8.00、2.69和2.04倍.地积累指数和生态风险因子分析表明,Cd是叶面尘中主要的生态风险因子,其生态风险贡献率在不同功能区的叶面尘中占比为78.47%~87.19%.非致癌风险评价表明,Cr、Cd和As的风险均小于1.0,非致癌总风险值在不同功能区的叶面尘中为1.03~1.77,均超过了阈值1.0,表明对儿童健康存在一定的风险.而儿童致癌风险评价表明,Cr、Cd和As无致癌风险.Pearson相关性分析及主成分分析表明,叶面尘中重金属的来源为煤燃烧、交通排放和金属冶炼.     

长江中游近岸表层沉积物重金属污染特征分析及风险评估

为了探究长江中游近岸沉积物中重金属污染情况,2020年6月对长江中游14个采样断面的沉积物进行样品采集并测定沉积物中汞（Hg）、镉（Cd）、砷（As）、铜（Cu）、铅（Pb）、铬（Cr）和锌（Zn）等7种重金属元素的含量.首先分析了长江中游近岸表层沉积物重金属含量的空间分布特征,然后采用相关性分析方法（CA）、主成分分析法（PCA）和正定矩阵因子分解法（PMF）相结合的途径分析表层沉积物中重金属的来源,最后采用地累积指数法（I_geo）、潜在生态风险指数法（RI）和沉积物质量基准法（SQG）对重金属进行了风险评价.结果显示,Hg、Cd、As、Cu、Pb、Cr和Zn的平均含量分别为0.13、0.77、11.20、36.45、36.40、83.99和124.21 mg·kg^-1,其中Cd和Pb的平均含量超过背景值的1.72和1.35倍;PCA提取了前3个主成分（累积贡献率85.16%）,结合CA结果显示重金属Cd、As、Cu、Pb和Zn来源一致,Hg和Cr来源一致;PMF模型将7种重金属元素的污染源分成3个因子并得到因子的贡献率,并且工业和生活废水、煤炭燃烧、采矿业3个因子的综合贡献率为41.96%、32.48%和25.55%;地累积指数法（I_geo）评价结果显示,Cd是主要重金属污染物,处于轻度污染程度等级,Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr和Zn等6种重金属元素处于无污染等级;潜在生态风险指数法评价结果显示,Hg的最高风险等级为中等生态风险等级,位于城陵矶和新厂采样点,Cd的最高风险等级为强生态风险等级,位于牯牛沙水道和武汉上采样点,As、Cu、Pb、Cr和Zn在14个采样断面均属于低生态风险等级.综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）为62.59~138.59,其中处于低微和中度风险等级的采样点分别占总采样点的71.43%（10个采样点）和28.57%（4个采样点）,整体上长江中游干流污染不严重;沉积物质量基准法（SQG）评价结果显示,长江中游沉积物等级为Ⅰ级,定性评价为优,显示长江中游14个采样断面的沉积物对底栖生物没有毒性作用.综合以上结果,长江中游重金属污染不严重,Cd为重点防治的重金属元素.     

白洋淀水体富营养化和沉积物污染时空变化特征

雄安新区成立以后,在白洋淀流域实施了一系列污染综合整治措施.为评估白洋淀污染状况并识别主要污染来源,本文在淀内采集了30个水体样品和29个沉积物样品,分析了水体中的COD、TP、TN、NH~+_4-N和Chla这5项指标和沉积物中TN、TP和重金属(Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb、Ni、As和Cr),结合历史监测数据分析了白洋淀污染时空分布特征及其影响因子.结果表明, 2019年白洋淀淀内水体整体处于富营养化状态, 30个采样点中"轻度富营养化"点位8个,"中度富营养化"16个,"重度富营养化"6个,与1991～2017年相比,淀区北部地区多数点位的营养程度明显下降,污染整治措施基本上遏制了水体污染加重趋势.沉积物营养盐污染依然严重,TN含量在1 483.7～14 234.1 mg·kg~(-1)之间,平均值为5 054.9 mg·kg~(-1),变异系数高达46.5%,TP含量在360.3～1 964.4 mg·kg~(-1)之间,平均值为925.4 mg·kg~(-1),变异系数为25.7%.重金属地累积指数计算表明沉积物中I_(geo)平均值均小于1,属于清洁或轻度污染,主要污染物为Cd、Zn和Cu.重金属生态风险除部分点位(L3、L21、L28和L29)处于重度和严重生态风险等级外,淀区整体处于中等风险水平.整体上,白洋淀水体污染区域正在从北部向南部转移,主要影响因素从外源污染向淀中村和沉积物污染引起的内源污染转变.