产酯酶B1海洋枯草芽孢杆菌C5发酵条件优化

为提高芽孢杆菌C5产酯酶B1的能力,采用响应面法对其发酵条件进行优化.首先通过单因素实验筛选氮源、碳源、接种量、起始发酵pH、装液量、发酵温度和转速这7个因素,当酶活达到最高值时,各单因素的值分别为氮源玉米浆30 mL/L,碳源麦芽糖35 g/L,接种量4%(φ),起始pH 7.0,装液量15 mL,培养温度36℃,转速在实验室现有条件下最高选择220 r/min;再通过Plackett-Burman(PB)设计法,评价了这7个因素对酯酶B1产量影响的大小,确定氮源玉米浆的浓度、发酵起始pH和发酵温度为酯酶产生的3个主要影响因素;利用中心组合设计(CCD)及SAS软件分析获得了主要因素的最优条件,即玉米浆浓度28.70 mL/L,起始发酵pH为7.10,发酵温度为35.8℃.预测最高酶活力为139.18U/mL,实验最终酶活达到138.40 U/mL,与原发酵条件相比提高了228.15%.其实验值与预测值基本相符,说明预测模型可应用于酯酶发酵条件的优化.     

产耐温蛋白酶苏云金芽孢杆菌FS140液体发酵条件优化

应用快速有效的数学统计方法对苏云金芽孢菌FS140耐温蛋白酶的发酵条件进行优化.首先采用二水平Plackett-Burman设计对影响产酶的8因素进行筛选,获得培养基成分中3个重要影响的因子:黄豆饼粉、酵母粉、葡萄糖;再利用响应面分析法对该3个因素进行3水平的优化,获得它们的最佳组合:黄豆饼粉1.8%、酵母粉0.36%、葡萄糖0.14%.优化后产酶水平达到837.71U mL-1,与响应面数学模型的预测值只有1.34%的误差.同时进行了发酵温度、初始pH、摇瓶装量与接种量等发酵条件的优化,FS140最终发酵产酶水平达918.91U mL-1.图2表5参14     

产蛋白酶中度嗜盐菌Thalassobacillus sp. SY-7的分离、鉴定及发酵条件优化

为促进嗜盐微生物及其所产蛋白酶的工业应用,采用脱脂奶粉培养基从我国天津近海盐田富集筛选得到产蛋白酶中度嗜盐菌株SY-7.通过对其形态特征、生理生化、16S rRNA基因序列及系统进化树进分析,确定菌株的分类.利用Plackett-Burman(PB)设计和响应面优化法(Response surface methodology)优化其发酵条件.结果表明:菌株SY-7为革兰氏阳性菌,最适生长温度为30℃、最适生长pH 7.5,最适NaCl为10%.16S rRNA基因序列分析显示,菌株SY-7与Thalassobacillus devorans亲缘性最近,16S rRNA基因序列相似性为98.88%.利用PB设计从众多影响因素中筛选出影响较大的3个因素:葡萄糖含量、接种量和装液量;再利用响应面法中的杂合设计进优化,通过拟合得到响应曲面函数,获得了最佳的产酶条件.在该实验条件下酶活从870 U/mL提高到1 390 U/mL,实际酶活力达到理论预测值的98.3%,优化效果较好.     

一株丁二酮高产菌株的鉴定及发酵条件优化

天然丁二酮是一种香精载体,为提高其产量,有必要筛选出丁二酮高产菌株及其最佳发酵条件.从保存的一株丁二酮高产菌株6-1(2)出发,通过分子生物学方法对其进行鉴定,采用单因素试验和最佳单因素组合实验的方法筛选出该菌株的最佳发酵条件.结果表明,实验菌株6-1(2)与植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum的AB326301.1序列同源性最高,初步鉴定为植物乳杆菌;发酵条件经过优化后,丁二酮的产量从初始的38 mg/L提高到167.56 mg/L,提高了340.95%,产量提高显著.优化发酵条件为:牛肉膏10 g/L,柠檬酸氢二胺2 g/L,酵母浸粉15 g/L,磷酸氢二钾2 g/L,乙酸钠2 g/L,葡萄糖20 g/L,蛋白胨30 g/L,吐温-80 1 mL/L,初始pH 6.2-6.4,接种量1.5%,37℃静置培养10 h;该发酵条件下的丁二酮产量提高显著.本研究对丁二酮的工业化生产具有一定的参考价值.     

响应面法优化菌株Bacillus sp.W77酯酶发酵条件

为开发适应性好的工业用酶,从深圳福田红树林自然保护区土壤中分离纯化获得一株产耐高温嗜碱性酯酶的菌株,通过形态学和分子生物学初步鉴定该菌株为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.),命名为Bacillus sp.W77;对所产的粗酶液进行酶活测定,发现该菌产的酯酶的最适反应温度是50℃,最适pH为8.0,且在碱性条件下较稳定;采用响应面法(Response surface methodology)对土壤菌株Bacillus sp.W77的产酯酶条件进行了优化,酵母提取物6.67 g/L,磷酸氢二钾0.56 g/L,硫酸镁0.36 g/L时,此时预测的最大酯酶活力的D405 nm值为1.266,在最佳产酶条件下,优化后酯酶活力的D405 nm值由0.829提高到1.235,实际值达到理论预测值的97.5%.     

Streptomyces sp. WJS-825产谷氨酰胺转胺酶发酵条件优化及中试

应用五因子二次正交旋转回归试验设计,建立了微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶 (TG)发酵生产过程中以酶活力和菌体细胞生长量作为目标函数的数学模型,并以此模型对链霉菌 (Streptomycessp. )WJS-825菌株发酵生产TG的培养条件进行优化,确定了影响TG生产的主要因子及其最适取值为多价胨 2. 1%、可溶性淀粉 1. 5%、初始pH 7. 0及培养温度 30℃.以该优化工艺条件进行了 5L发酵罐小试和 200L发酵规模的中试生产.结果表明,在中试发酵生产中使用以豆饼粉部分替代多价胨的经济性发酵优化培养基,以及发酵过程中在线监控pH、溶氧系数等多项发酵调控参数,并分段控制pH、温度、通气量和搅拌转速以及进行适时的流加补充碳源,该菌株生长繁殖能力强、产酶效果好,TG活性达 3. 2u/mL,而且连续重复的中试发酵生产试验的TG产量均稳定在 3. 2u/mL以上. 图 2表 3参 15     

卵孢菌素产生菌株角毛壳菌(Chaetomium cupreum)CH21-20发酵培养条件优化

卵孢菌素(Oosporein)是具有广谱抗菌活性的二联苯醌类化合物;角毛壳菌(Chaetomium cupreum)CH21-20为本实验室通过遗传改良获得的卵孢菌素高产菌株.利用该菌株进行发酵条件研究,获得其最适发酵条件为接种量(体积分数)3%、初始p H 7.0、装液量60 mL/250 mL、摇床转速180 r/min、培养温度24℃.培养基碳氮源和无机盐筛选结果表明,15.0 g/L蔗糖、5.0 g/L蛋白粉及0.5 g/L氯化钠能显著提高卵孢菌素产量.以卵孢菌素为响应值,对蔗糖、蛋白粉、氯化钠进行三因素三水平的Box-Behnken实验设计及响应面法优化研究,得到蔗糖、蛋白粉及氯化钠的最佳配比分别为15.63 g/L、5.22 g/L、0.53 g/L,预测在此发酵条件下卵孢菌素最高产量可达2 547μg/mL,实验验证得到卵孢菌素产量为2 478μg/mL,与预测值接近;发酵条件优化后,卵孢菌素产量提高了56.14%.本研究获得了卵孢菌素稳定高产的摇瓶发酵技术参数.     

氮源对枯草芽孢杆菌WSHDZ-01合成过氧化氢酶的影响

为提高枯草芽孢杆菌WSHDZ-01合成过氧化氢酶的水平,尝试了不同种类氮源的添加.结果表明,硝酸钠(NaNO3)为适宜氮源,虽然生物量仅1.25 g/L,但过氧化氢酶活力最高可达3 200 U/mL.在添加NaNO,的基础上,研究了添加其它氮源麦芽汁、酵母膏、玉米浆对提高wsHDz.0l生物量的影响,发现适宜浓度的麦芽汁不仅可以提高生物量,并且能够缩短发酵周期.经进一步优化,在3 L发酵罐中,WSHDZ-01生物量提高到6 g/L,过氧化氢酶活力达到11 000 U/mL,与优化前相比,发酵周期缩短了近60%,生产强度提高了3倍.     

利用豆粕和小麦秸秆生产多肽的固体发酵工艺条件优化

以豆粕、小麦秸秆和糖渣为主要原料,以产脂肽细菌解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)XZ-173为接种剂进行一系列固体发酵试验.通过基质筛选和单因素试验研究固体发酵基质组成、装料量、发酵温度、初始pH、发酵时间、含水率和接种量对多肽产量的影响,通过响应面优化法优化氮源和碳源及二者比例.结果表明:(1)固体发酵产多肽最佳基质组成为豆粕63.03%,小麦秸秆粉33.00%,糖渣1.93%,酵母提取物2.04%,外加无机盐溶液10.18%(V/m);(2)最佳发酵条件为含水率50%(用pH 7.5的去离子水配制),接种量10%(V/m),发酵温度30℃,恒温发酵48 h;(3)在最优条件下多肽实际产量为110.06 mg/gds(gds表示每克初始干物质),与预测值109.85 mg/gds吻合(R~2=0.9742).本研究在实验室水平上得到的以农产品加工副产品和作物秸秆为主要原料生产多肽的固体发酵优化工艺可为农业废弃物的资源化和多肽的工业化生产奠定基础.     

均匀设计法优化高效杀藻菌Microbulbifer sp.BS03培养基及发酵条件

采用均匀设计法设计和二次多项式逐步回归分析,对一株高效杀塔玛亚历山大藻微泡菌BS03(Microbulbifer sp.)产杀藻活性物质的发酵培养条件进行优化.通过单因素实验筛选出碳源、氮源、pH、培养时间和接种量为显著影响因子,并对5个显著影响因子采用U15(155)水平对培养基进行优化.结果表明BS03最适发酵培养条件为:蔗糖8 g/L,蛋白胨10.50 g/L,初始pH值7.5,培养时间32 h,接种量3.00%.验证试验结果显示,在此条件下该菌发酵液的干重为4.725 g/L,较优化前增加了31.35%,LD50为0.768%,较优化前降低了25.14%.研究结果为杀藻活性物质以及杀藻机理的研究奠定了理论基础.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.