微量元素与人体健康

大自然的一切都是由各种元素组成的。人体也不例外。在组成人体的众多元素中,碳、氢、氧、氮约占体重的96.6％,钙、磷、硫、钾、钠、镁和氯约占3.4％。它们被称为常量元素。其它含量不到0.01％的元素如铁、铜、锌、碘、锰、铅、锶、硼、砷、钒、锡、钼、镉、硅、镍、氟、铬等称为微量元素。     

71年国际油污损害赔偿基金公约的92年议定书缔约国名单(92年基金成员国)

阿尔及利亚。、澳大利亚、巴哈马、巴林、加拿大。、塞浦路斯、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、爱尔兰、意大利、日本、利比里亚、马绍尔群岛、墨西哥、摩纳哥、荷兰、挪威、阿曼、巴布亚新几内亚、韩国、西班牙、瑞典、突尼斯、阿联酋。、英国、牙买加、菲律宾、乌拉圭、新加坡。、格林纳达。、克罗地亚。、拉脱维亚。、新西兰。71年国际油污损害赔偿基金公约的92年议定书缔约国名单(92年基金成员国)@危敬添     

动物界评选先进的故事

评委会成员:孔雀、梅花鹿、金丝猴、大象、狐狸、丹顶鹤、野牛、大白兔。主席是孔雀小姐。评选活动开始,主席发言。主席:今天是我们动物界首次评选消灭害虫、害兽,为人类作出贡献的先进人物。这次由各部门推荐参评的有猫头鹰、大山雀、啄木鸟、乌鸦、麻雀、黄鼠狼、燕子、杜鹃共8名。先进条件是:一作风正派,品德好。二消灭害虫、害兽成绩大。评选方法是:先自报,后     

《环境工程》作者指南

<正>《环境工程》杂志是综合性、应用性的环保科技刊物。重点报道工业污染防治的先进实用技术。一、征稿内容1.工业领域产生的污水、烟尘、有害气体、固废、噪声等的污染防治技术,监测、评价、节能技术等。2.创新或改进工业污染防治的工艺、设备、方法、材料等。3.综合利用技术。     

关于环境质量的评价方法

目前,有关环境质量评价的方法较多,但均存在一定的利弊。笔者就其方法提出如下见解。一、评价参数 1.大气选用SPM、SO_2、NO_x、CO、O3、Pb等。 2.地面水选用pH、DO、COD、BOD_5、挥发酚、CN~-、As、Cr~(6 )、Hg等。 3.土壤选用Hg、Ca、Pb、Cu、Cr~(6 )、Ni、As等。     

化学工业部安全生产禁令

生产厂区十四个不准一、加强明火管理，厂区内不准吸烟。二、生产区内，不准未成年人进入。三、上班时间，不准睡觉、于私活、离岗和干与生产无关的事。四、在班前、班上不准喝酒。五、不准使用汽油等易燃液体擦洗设备、用具和衣物。六、不按规定穿戴劳动保护用品，不准进入生产岗位。七、安全装置不齐全的设备不准使用。／＼、不是自己分管的设备、工具不准动用。九、检修设备时安全措施不落实，不准开始检修。十、停机检修后的设备，未经彻底检查，不准启用。十一、未办高处作业证．不带安全带，脚手架、跳板不牢，不准登高作业。十二、石…     

有机地球化学中质谱分析的简介

有机质在自然界(大气圈、水圈、地壳等)中分布十分普遍。有机地球化学是研究地质体内有机质的组成、结构、性质和它们在地球史中时间、空间上的分布、演化规律的一门科学。有机质的演化直接影响到大气圈、水圈、地壳能量的演化。由于有机质参与地质作用影响到元素分散和富集。有机质是组成可燃性矿产的物质基础,象石油、煤、油页岩等。有机质对沉积放射性铀矿床、沉积有色金属(铜、钴、镍、钒等等)矿床的形成以及对稀有、分散、放射性元素的表生地球化学循环起着重要作用。     

《环境工程》作者指南

<正>《环境工程》杂志是综合性、应用性的环保科技刊物。重点报道工业污染防治的先进实用技术。一、征稿内容1.工业领域产生的污水、烟尘、有害气体、固废、噪声等的污染防治技术及其监测、评价、节能技术等。2.创新或改进工业污染防治的工艺、设备、方法、材料等。3.综合利用技术。4.工矿企业污染防治和运行管理的经验。5.国外的或已引进的先进环保技术及国内示范工程的介绍。6.国内外工业环保技术信息(最新的发明创造或新建工程中采用的新工艺、新设备、新材料、新技术),会讯、展讯的报道。二、对稿件的要求1.格式可参照本刊。一般包括题目、     

重金属污染的生态效应

重金属污染是当前世界上值得重视的一类公害问题。重金属污染主要来源于冶金、电镀、制碱、石油、化工、农药、交通等行业。形成污染的重金属元素主要有汞、镉、铅、钒、镍、锌、铜、砷、碲等。一九七一年国际环境会议认为:在各种环境污染物中,汞、镉、铅、DDT和多氯联苯的危害最为严重。值得注意的是:重金属污染近年来仍有发展的趋势。例如,用于汽油防爆剂的四乙基铅,逐年     

《环境工程》投稿须知

<正>《环境工程》杂志是综合性、应用性的环保科技刊物。重点报道工业污染防治的先进实用技术。一、征稿内容1.工业领域产生的污水、烟尘、有害气体、固废、噪声等的污染防治技术,及其监测、评价、节能技术等。2.创新或改进工业污染防治的工艺、设备、方法、材料等。3.综合利用技术。4.工矿企业污染防治和运行管理的经验。5.国外的或已引进的先进环保技术及国内示范工程的介绍。6.国内外工业环保技术信息(最新的发明创造或新建工程中采用的新工艺、新设备、新材料、新技术),会讯、展讯的报道。二、对稿件的要求     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.