微生物絮凝剂的研制及其絮凝条件

用ＧＣＩ培养基从曲阳污水厂污泥和俞泾浦底泥中分离出３株产生高絮凝活性的微生物,所研制出的微生物絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液、土壤悬浊液和碱性染料废水均有良好的净化效果．在对微生物絮凝剂的助凝作用上,ＣａＯ的效果明显优于ＣａＣｌ₂．微生物絮凝剂（液体）适宜的投加量为１．０％ ,相应的助凝剂ＣａＯ（１．０％ 浓度）适宜投加量为2.0％．在研制微生物絮凝剂的过程中,适宜的摇瓶培养时间为７２ｈ,絮凝剂分离时适宜的离心条件为中高速（５０００～１００００ｒ／ｍ ｉｎ）．离心速度太高、时间太长不仅造成离心设备投资和能耗的增加,而且会减少离心上清液中絮凝物质的含量,从而导致絮凝效果的降低     

Fe~（2＋）－H_2O_2法处理DSD酸生产氧化母液的研究

为改善ＤＳＤ酸氧化母液的可生化降解性，将废液先用有机絮凝剂ＴＳ－１（一种季胺盐）处理，ＴＳ－１的投加量为３ｇ／Ｌ，其后用Ｆｅ２＋－Ｈ２Ｏ２法氧化，Ｆｅ２＋和Ｈ２Ｏ２的量分别为１５０ｍｇ／Ｌ，７ｇ／Ｌ，废液ＣＯＤ和色度的去除率分别可达６４％和６２％。经处理后的废水，其ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤ≈０．３，可以认为已达到生化处理的要求。当Ｈ２Ｏ２的投量为２ｇ／Ｌ，经Ｆｅ２＋－Ｈ２Ｏ氧化处理后的废液，再用ＦｅＣｌ３进行两级混凝处理（ＦｅＣｌ３的投加量分别为ｓｇ／Ｌ和２ｇ／Ｌ），则ＣＯＤ和色度的去除率可达９０％和９５％。     

微生物絮凝剂对微颗粒高岭土悬浊液的絮凝特性

从活性污泥和土壤中分离、筛选得到66株微生物絮凝剂产生菌,研究分析了其中具有较好絮凝性的8株菌种所产絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液中粒径小于1 μm的高岭土颗粒粒度分布的影响情况,并且研究了微生物絮凝剂投加量和助凝剂CaCl2对高岭土悬浊液粒度分布的影响.研究结果表明微生物絮凝剂对于粒度大小为0.200～0.300 μm的高岭土悬浮颗粒的絮凝效果最佳,絮凝剂投加量的变化对高岭土悬浊液粒度分布有一定的影响,助凝剂在一定的投加浓度范围内对微生物絮凝剂絮凝有明显的促进作用.     

华北地区旱田土壤氧化亚氮的排放

在１９９１－１９９３年间用封闭罩测定了对照田、施肥田Ｎ２Ｏ的排放量。结果表明，Ｎ２Ｏ通量显示出、空变化规律。对照田，施尿素田和施混合肥田（尿素加有机肥）Ｎ２Ｏ排放量分别是１．０３±０．４ｋｇＮ／ｈｍ＾２ａ；１．９１±０．６ｋｇＮ／ｈｍ＾２ａ和２．１１±１．０ｋｇＮ／ｈｍ＾２ａ，尿素和混合肥释放Ｎ２Ｏ系数分别为０．２９％和０．３５％。由土壤含水量，土壤温度和速效氮浓度等土壤变量建立了Ｎ２Ｏ排放的统计     

化学絮凝法处理PVC生产废水

用９种无机絮凝剂（包括无机高分子）对ＰＶＣ生产废水的絮凝效果进行了比较和选择：选用聚合硫酸铝（ＰＡＳ）为絮凝剂，用以取代进口药剂对ＰＶＣ废水的絮凝沉淀处理，进行了实验室工艺条件试验，确定其使用的最佳工艺条件。结果表明，当废水进水ＰＨ值为６．０－７．０时，ＰＡＳ的投加量最小，而ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率＞９０％，这表明用国产ＰＡＳ取代进口药剂处理ＰＶＣ废水是完全可行的。     

微生物絮凝剂净化废水实验研究

采用微生物絮凝剂（ＭＢＦ）对于多种康２进行了净２化实验研究，结果表明，从活性污泥中分离出的Ｑ３－２菌株，由其产生的絮凝剂较曲霉产生的絮凝剂有更好的净化效果，最高絮凝率可达到９９．５％。将传统的无机絮凝剂碱式氯化铝与微生物絮凝剂配合使用不仅可以降低絮凝剂的总投加量，而且还可减少污泥量及污泥中铝残留量，这有利于絮凝后废渣的综合利用。     

废线切割液絮凝破乳的研究

针对废线切割液乳化稳定性高、ＣＯＤ值高及采用单一絮凝剂处理难以达到破乳目的等特点，通过筛选复配出了最佳破乳絮凝剂，并得出复配剂适用的ｐＨ值、投药剂量和顺序等最佳絮凝条件。试验结果表明，在ｐＨ＝６．５～８．０，投量为２．８～３．０ｇ／Ｌ的条件下，用复配药剂处理ＣＯＤＣｒ为５６３０００ｍｇ／Ｌ的废线切割乳液，油水分离较完全，ＣＯＤＣｒ的去除率达９８．８％以上，其处理效果明显优于常规絮凝剂。     

混凝法预处理糖精钠废水研究

无机混凝剂硫酸铝，硫酸铁分别与有机絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺配合使用处理糖精钠废水，并进行处理效果比较，结果表明，硫酸铝和聚丙烯酰胺配合使用的处理效果好，当硫酸铝投加量为３．２ｇ／Ｌ，聚丙烯酰胺投加量为８ｍｇ／Ｌ，ｐＨ为６时，废水ＣＯＤｃｒ可从４１３００ｍｇ／Ｌ减小到１６８００ｍｇ／Ｌ，去除率达６１％；Ｃｕ＾２＋浓度从３２．７３ｍｇ／Ｌ降至３．１７ｍｇ／Ｌ，去除率达９０．３％，且提高了ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤｃｒ值     

热处理对含氮活性碳纤维脱除SO_2能力的影响

考察中高温热处理对含氮沥青基活性碳纤维［ＰＡＣＦ（ＮＨ３）］脱除ＳＯ２的能力的影响结果表明，在９００—１１００℃尤其是在１０００℃下热处理可显著提高ＰＡＣＦ（ＮＨ３）脱除ＳＯ２的能力．当在３０℃下模拟烟气中ＳＯ２、Ｏ２和Ｈ２Ｏ的浓度分别为０．００２ｍｌ／ｍｌ、０．１ｍｌ／ｍｌ和０．１ｍｌ／ｍｌ，气体流动速率为１００ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ时，０．２５ｇ的３种不同比表面积的ＰＡＣＦ（ＮＨ３）完全除去ＳＯ２的时间分别从热处理前的０．２５ｈ、１ｈ和１ｈ延长到热处理后的１ｈ、２ｈ和３．５ｈ，ＳＯ２穿透后的稳态浓度从热处理前的７３％、５４％和３８％下降到热处理后的３２％、２４％和１０％．脱硫活性的提高主要是由于热处理增强了ＰＡＣＦ（ＮＨ３）对ＳＯ２和Ｏ２的吸附作用，加速了ＳＯ２的氧化反应．     

利用轧钢废渣制取净水剂的研究

研究了酸溶轧钢废钢渣制取铁盐净化剂的工艺条件。结果表明，废渣在１６％Ｈ２ＳＯ４￣１１．１％ＨＣｌ混倒中加热加流１ｈ，铁的溶出率达９２．４％，废渣与碳粉按５：１混合，于１０００℃灼烧１ｈ，而后在１６％Ｈ２ＳＯ４中加热回流１ｈ，铁的溶出率为７３．６％，此净水剂在投加量为１‰时，对实际水样的浊度和ＣＯＤ去除率分别为８９．５％和７１％，净水效果优于硫酸亚铁。     

A/O生物脱氮工艺处理生活污水中试(三)短程硝化过程控制的研究

应用A/O生物脱氮中试试验装置处理实际生活污水,考察了生物脱氮过程中DO和pH的变化规律.结果表明,A/O工艺硝化过程中DO和pH在好氧区的变化可分为3种典型情况,并获得pH曲线可以作为短程硝化反应的控制参数,基于在线过程控制,可以获得稳定较高的NO-2-N积累,而不采用在线过程控制,NO-2-N积累很不稳定;当亚硝化过程完成继续曝气将造成亚硝酸氮继续氧化为硝酸氮,从而亚硝酸氮积累率降低.应用在线过程控制,不但可提高系统脱氮效率,而且可大大节约系统运行费用.     

Influence of osmotic distillation on membrane absorption for the treatment of high strength ammonia wastewater

Osmotic distillation (OD) was found to be a coupled process in membrane absorption (MA) for the treatment of high strength ammonia wastewater. As a result, ammonia could not be concentrated in absorption solution(AS) as expected. The inhibition of the coupled OD in MA process was investigated as well as various factors affecting the inhibition. The results indicated that the coupled OD can be effectively inhibited by heating concentrated solution and cooling dilute solution. It was also found that experimental minimum inhibition temperature difference(MITD) between concentrated and dilute solutions was different when using polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) and polypropylene(PP) membranes respectively, which could be ascribed to material properties, such as OD and membrane distillation (MD) coefficients of the membranes. Experimental MITDs were found to be higher than theoretical MITDs which were calculated using a simplified method.     

臭氧微气泡处理酸性大红3R废水特性研究

微气泡技术与臭氧废水处理相结合,有助于促进臭氧气液传质、改善臭氧氧化效果并提高臭氧利用率.本研究采用臭氧微气泡氧化处理酸性大红3R废水,考察了臭氧微气泡的气液传质特性以及对酸性大红3R氧化降解特性,并与臭氧传统气泡进行比较.结果表明,微气泡能够强化臭氧气液传质,相同条件下其臭氧传质系数为传统气泡的3.6倍;同时微气泡系统的臭氧分解系数为传统气泡系统的6.2倍,有利于·OH产生.臭氧微气泡可显著提高酸性大红3R氧化降解速率和矿化效率,其TOC去除率可达78.0%,约为传统气泡的2倍.臭氧微气泡处理酸性大红3R过程中的臭氧利用率显著高于传统气泡:微气泡系统平均臭氧利用率为97.8%;传统气泡系统平均臭氧利用率为69.3%.臭氧微气泡通过促进·OH产生提高臭氧氧化能力,其对降解中间产物的氧化速率更快,其中对小分子有机酸的矿化能力约为传统气泡的1.6倍.     

重金属对好氧颗粒污泥性能的影响

以葡萄糖为碳源,以絮状污泥为接种污泥,以序批式污泥反应器为反应装置,考察了重金属离子锌、铜和铅对好氧颗粒污泥的稳定性及去除有机物、氨氮的影响.结果表明,在温度为25℃,pH值为7时,成功实现了好氧颗粒污泥的培养.重金属的加入使得污泥颗粒变小,在重金属离子浓度2～50mg/L范围内,三种金属离子锌、铜和铅对COD的去除率...     

户外噪声相干预测模型及其工程应用

基于几何衍射理论、相干虚源法等理论方法,提出一种适合于工程算法的户外噪声相干预测模型.该相干预测模型不仅能计算声源在经过有限长声屏障或多重声屏障时,由于多条路径衍射声形成的相干声场,还可计算声源在屏障等界面之间经多次反射后,多个反射声形成的相干声场.应用该相干预测模型对某变电站电力变压器周围的相干声场进行预测,通过与ISO9613-2标准算法、边界元法与实测值进行对比,结果表明,该户外噪声相干预测模型能反映出声波在不同位置处的波动性,比原有的ISO9613模型更接近测试结果,证明了所提理论模型的有效性,可应用于大范围的户外噪声预测计算.     

Experimental study on MSW gasification and melting technology

In order to develop municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification and melting technology, two preliminary experiments and a principle integrated experiment were fulfilled respectively. The gasification characteristics of MSW are studied at 500-750℃ when equivalence ratio (ER) was 0.2-0.5 using a fluidized-bed gasifier. When temperature was 550-700℃ and ER was 0.2-0.4, low heat value (LHV) of syngas reaches 4000-12000 kJ/Nm3. The melting characteristics of fly ash were investigated at 1100-1460℃ using a fixed-bed furnace. It was proved that over 99.9% of dioxins could be decomposed and most heavy-metals could be solidified when temperature was 1100-1300℃. The principle integrated experiment was carried out in a fluidized-bed gasification and swirl-melting system. MSW was gasified efficiently at 550-650℃, swirl-melting furnace maintains at 1200-1300℃ stably and over 95% of fly ash could be caught by the swirl-melting furnace. The results provided much practical experience and basic data to develop MSW gasification and melting technology.     

Selection of cost-effective magnesium sources for fluidized struvite crystallization

Struvite crystallization has been considered a promising approach to recover phosphorus from wastewater. However, its practical application is limited, probably because of the high cost of magnesium(Mg). In this study, a comprehensive economic analysis was conducted using five Mg sources(MgCl_2, MgSO_4, MgO, Mg(OH)_2, and bittern) during the operation of a pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor(FBR), using swine wastewater as the case matrix. First, the economic operating conditions were investigated, and subsequently, the performance and the costs of the five Mg sources were compared. The results indicated that the FBR could be operated most economically at pH of 8.5 and Mg to phosphorus(Mg/P) molar ratio of 1.5. Under these conditions, no significant differences in phosphorus removal and product quality could be found between the five Mg sources. Selecting the most economical Mg source was thus highly dependent on the prices of the reagents and Mg sources. Low-solubility Mg sources were preferable when NaOH was priced higher, while high-solubility Mg sources proved more economical when HNO_3 was expensive. The bittern was the most economical choice only when the distances for total inorganic orthophosphate removal and struvite recovery were shorter than 40 and 270 km, respectively. The current study provides an overview of the economic selection of an Mg source, which can help reduce the cost of struvite crystallization.     

On the use of systematic reviews to inform environmental policies

Environmental research varies in its methodological quality, degree of bias, and relevance to policy questions. Using this heterogeneous, and sometimes polarised, research to inform environmental policies can be challenging. Policy-making in the healthcare field sometimes uses systematic reviews (SRs) to tackle these issues and present a comprehensive, policy-neutral, transparent and reproducible synthesis of the evidence. However, there is less familiarity with SRs in the environmental field. The aim of this article is to: (1) summarise the process of conducting SRs, using best practice methods from the healthcare field as an example, (2) explain the rationale behind each stage of conducting a SR, and (3) examine the prospects and challenges of using SRs to inform environmental policy. We conclude that existing SR protocols from healthcare can be, and have been, applied successfully to environmental research but some adaptations could improve the process. The literature search stage could be expedited by standardising the reporting and indexing of environmental studies, equivalent to that in the healthcare field. The consistency of the study appraisal stage of SRs could be augmented by refining the existing quality assessment tools used in the healthcare field, enhancing their ability to discriminate quality and risk of bias in non-randomised studies. Ultimately, the strength of evidence within SRs on environmental topics could be improved through more widespread use of randomised controlled trials as a research method, owing to their inherently lower risk of bias when conducted according to best practice.     

泡沫分离—厌氧—好氧工艺处理表面活性剂废水

采用泡沫分离－厌氧－好氧工艺对高浓度的表面活性剂废水进行了研究。试验和工程运行结果表明，该废水经泡沫分离后浓缩液进入UASB厌氧反应器，可大大减小反应器的体积，厌氧出水再经过水解、接触氧化工艺处理，CODCr总去除率可达88.4%，各项指标均达到排放标准。     

大型油库消防系统存在问题分析及预防

对某些油库消防系统存在的阀门泄漏、冬李稳高压系统投用、消防自动设施故障、泡沫液失效、设计规范问题进行了分析,提出要从施工质量、隐患整改、消防演练、维保检测4方面进行预防,保证消防系统在扑灭初期火灾时效能达到最优。