蓝藻毒素的毒性及其生物富集、暴露途径和危险度评估

概述了淡水蓝藻释放的毒素，在毒性、生物富集等方面的某些研究进展，并探讨了人其与人群健康相关的主要暴露途径及危险度评估。蓝藻毒素的暴露途径主要有“皮肤接触、呼吸道吸入、血液透析、消化道摄入等。未来的研究将集中于不同暴露途径下，蓝藻毒素对人群健康效应的现场评价，并提出合理的预防措施及对其进行现场考核。     

水华蓝藻细胞提取物对实验鼠毒理效应研究进展

蓝藻暴发引发的水华造成了严重的生态灾难和健康危害,蓝藻水华污染因其已成为全球性的环境问题而受到关注。蓝藻产生的藻毒素具有潜在致癌作用,与多种消化道肿瘤的发病率升高相关,其毒理学效应及其健康危害性更是学术界研究和关注的热点。水华蓝藻细胞提取物较之纯藻毒素的毒理学效应有很大不同,研究水华蓝藻细胞提取物对哺乳动物的毒理学效应能为蓝藻水华的健康风险评估提供一定的理论依据。水华蓝藻细胞提取物对实验鼠产生的毒理学效应,如脏器细胞凋亡和对各脏器抗氧化酶防御系统的损害;水华蓝藻细胞提取物对实验鼠遗传毒性和促癌或致癌作用研究是目前研究的热点和难点问题。     

蓝藻毒素对哺乳动物的毒性影响

蓝藻毒素对哺乳动物的毒性影响富营养化的太湖藻害主要由铜绿微囊藻和大型铜绿微囊藻造成。微囊藻对小白鼠的血凝试验和急性中毒试验表明：其中具有蓝藻毒素，且这种小分子肽类毒素达到一定量时，能与哺乳动物的红细胞发生凝集反应；太阳微囊藻对小白鼠急性中毒的半致死浓...     

微囊藻粗毒素对大鼠肝细胞DNA合成和损伤的影响

微囊藻粗毒素对大鼠肝细胞ＤＮＡ合成和损伤的影响我国多数淡水湖泊中形成水花的优势藻种，主要为有毒的蓝藻，这些毒藻可产生具有明显肝毒性的肽类物质，称为微囊藻毒素。为探讨微囊藻毒素对人体健康的远期危害，我们采用大鼠肝细胞复制期ＤＮＡ合成（ＲＤＳ）和程序外Ｄ...     

滇池水体中主要藻种毒素研究

蓝藻，绿藻和硅藻是滇池的优势藻种，蓝藻“水华”含有毒素，微囊藻毒素分子量为９０４，实验中可使小白鼠肝脏充血肿大致死。滇池外虽然处于富营养化状态，但水体中藻毒素含量还比低，尚不会对动物及体产生大的毒害作用。     

UV/TiO2光催化氧化技术降解颤藻及其毒素的研究

UV/TiO₂为非选择性高级氧化技术，对各类蓝藻均有降解能力，但其处理效果受蓝藻生理生化特性的影响。自然水体中往往存在多种有害蓝藻优势种，然而目前UV/TiO₂降解有害蓝藻的研究大多以铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)为对象，对其他具有不同生理生化特性的蓝藻优势种的处理效果与机制研究仍鲜有报道。近年来，另一种常见的产毒蓝藻——颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)在水源地的频繁暴发使其受到广泛关注并急需找到具有针对性的治理方法。为探索UV/TiO₂高级氧化技术治理水体中颤藻的可行性，针对UV/TiO₂降解过程中颤藻细胞的裂解机制、微囊藻毒素与柱孢藻毒素的降解效率以及胞外有机物的变化规律进行研究，并与同等条件下铜绿微囊藻的降解过程进行比较。     

压力强化混凝除藻工艺中藻毒素安全性研究

为了研究预压力强化混凝沉淀蓝藻水处理工艺中,外加压力是否会引起藻细胞破裂,导致细胞内藻毒素泄漏到水体中,影响供水安全,实验对比研究了预压力和预氧化含藻水后藻毒素浓度的变化,以及预压力混凝沉淀和预氧化混凝沉淀除藻工艺中藻毒素浓度的变化和藻类去除效果.结果表明,含藻水经0.4~0.8 MPa压力加压后,水中藻毒素浓度没有增加,而次氯酸钠预氧化后水中藻毒素浓度大幅度增加.在0.5~0.8 MPa压力范围内,加压后混凝沉淀取得了较好的除藻除浊效果,蓝藻去除率达到90%~93.5%,浊度1.23~1.95 NTU,而次氯酸钠预氧化混凝沉淀后,蓝藻去除率56.2%~78.8%,浊度8.01~10.7 NTU,说明压力强化混凝沉淀除藻工艺是安全有效的.     

滇池水华蓝藻中藻毒素光降解的研究

微囊藻毒素是水华蓝藻释放的一类毒性很大的环状七肽物质.通过紫外灯和日光照射滇池水华蓝藻提取液,发现溶液中微囊藻毒素均可被降解,且在日光照射下降解更快.同时发现藻毒素的降解程度与色素含量有关.结果表明,色素催化光降解可能是天然水体中微囊藻毒素去除的一个主要途径.     

太湖蓝藻无害化处理资源化利用

针对太湖蓝藻打捞后难以处理并造成严重二次污染的问题,采用厌氧发酵方法研究了蓝藻发酵产生沼气的相关参数、发酵产物的成分、藻毒素降解特点;同时评估了太湖蓝藻无害化处理以及作为生物质能源、肥料的资源化利用可行性。研究结果表明,接种适量活性污泥后太湖蓝藻在厌氧状态下产生沼气达0.56L/g左右,比甲烷速率达189.73L/kg·d,调节碳氮比可以大幅度提高蓝藻产气量和比产甲烷速率。蓝藻发酵产生沼气的CH₄含量虽然处于动态变化,但平均含量较禽畜粪便发酵产生沼气的甲烷含量高,太湖蓝藻是一种有潜力的生物质能源材料。蓝藻藻毒素自然存降解极慢,但采用厌氧发酵后,藻毒素迅速降解。蓝藻发酵后沼液沼渣中含有丰富的氮、磷钾及氨基酸等营养,是一种优质的有机肥。     

水中痕量微囊藻毒素的检测

微囊藻毒素是由蓝藻产生的一类环状七肽物质,该毒素可引起动物中毒并对人类产生危害,迫切需要对饮用水源中的微囊藻毒素进行检测.实验建立了固相萃取(SPE)结合高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析水中痕量微囊藻毒素方法,该方法快速、灵敏,适用于快速分析环境水样中的2种常见微囊藻毒素MC-LR和MC-RR,绝对量检出限可达1.00 ng,线性定量范围为0.125～50 μg/L.      

蓝绿藻的生态学研究进展

在适宜的环境条件下，蓝绿藻在水中易形成水花，危害人群健康，各国学者对蓝绿藻进行过大量的生态不研究，近20年来的研究表明，蓝绿藻的生长和产毒，受光照、温度、氮磷、微量元素、溶解氧、叶绿素含量等多种环境因素的影响，这些因素的共同作用，导致了蓝绿藻生长及产毒水平的波动，也造成了水体中优势藻的季节性变化。     

Pollutant toxicology with respect to microalgae and cyanobacteria

Microalgae and cyanobacteria are fundamental components of aquatic ecosystems. Pollution in aquatic environment is a worldwide problem. Toxicological research on microalgae and cyanobacteria can help to establish a solid foundation for aquatic ecotoxicological assessments. Algae and cyanobacteria occupy a large proportion of the biomass in aquatic environments; thus, their toxicological responses have been investigated extensively. However, the depth of toxic mechanisms and breadth of toxicological investigations need to be improved. While existing pollutants are being discharged into the environment daily, new ones are also being produced continuously. As a result, the phenomenon of water pollution has become unprecedentedly complex. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on five kinds of aquatic pollutants, namely, metals, nanomaterials, pesticides, pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Further, we present information on emerging pollutants such as graphene, microplastics, and ionic liquids. Efforts in studying the toxicological effects of pollutants on microalgae and cyanobacteria must be increased in order to better predict the potential risks posed by these materials to aquatic ecosystems as well as human health.     

超声对蓝藻细胞生理影响的研究

蓝藻水华会使水体水质恶化,破坏水生生态系统,同时会增加水处理成本,产生臭味并释放藻毒素。蓝藻水华问题成为社会各界的关注热点。超声由于具有反应速度快,操作简便,在处理过程中不引入其他化学物质等优点,已被广泛应用于水处理领域,包括用于蓝藻水华的控制。总结了超声作用参数对蓝藻生长效果的影响,从藻细胞的光合活性、酯酶活性和抗氧化酶系统等方面探讨了超声对蓝藻生理方面产生的影响,分析了超声对藻细胞的作用机理,并对后续的研究进行了展望,以期为超声控制蓝藻水华的相关研究提供参考。     

蓝藻对重金属的生物吸附研究进展

生物吸附作为目前重金属废水处理中最有前途的方法之一,其吸附机理、吸附量影响因素、吸附模型、吸附工艺以及各种生物吸附剂的吸附特性等已被广泛研究。寻找对重金属具有特异性吸附与较强吸附能力的生物体是生物吸附领域的一个永恒课题。蓝藻是世界上分布最广的生物,本文较全面的介绍了蓝藻对重金属的吸附特性与基因工程在构建高吸附性能蓝藻方面的研究进展,并对生物吸附剂的开发应用前景作了展望。     

Phylogenetic diversity and specificity of bacteria associated with Microcystis aeruginosa and other cyanobacteria

Interactions between bacteria and cyanobacteria have been suggested to have a potential to influence harmful algal bloom dynamics; however, little information on these interactions has been reported. In this study, the bacterial communities associated with five strains of Microcystis aeruginosa, three species of other Microcystis spp., and four representative species of non-Microcystis cyanobacteria were compared. Bacterial 16S rDNA fragments were amplified and separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) followed by DNA sequence analysis. The similarities among bacterial communities associated with these cyanobacteria were compared to the digitized DGGE profiles using the cluster analyses. The bacterial community structure of all cyanobacterial cultures di ered. Cluster analysis showed that the similarity values among M. aeruginosa cultures were higher than those of other cyanobacterial cultures. Sequence analysis of DGGE fragments indicated the presence of bacteria including, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria in the cyanobacterial cultures. Members of the Sphingomonadales were the prevalent group among the Microcystis-associated bacteria. The results provided further evidence for species-specific associations between cyanoabcteria and heterotrophic bacteria, which are useful for understanding interactions between Microcystis and their associated bacteria.     

太湖春季和秋季浮游植物的光合作用活性

应用Phyto-PAM浮游植物荧光仪对2012年太湖浮游植物群落光合作用活性的时空分布进行测定. 结果表明:春季蓝藻、绿藻和硅/甲藻的F_v/F_m(最大光量子产量)分别为0.35~0.49、0.34~0.68和0.09~0.56;秋季则分别为0.34~0.53、0.55~0.68和0.28~0.61. 春季蓝藻、绿藻和硅/甲藻的NPQ(非光化学淬灭)分别为0.012~0.165、0.085~0.201和0.104~0.281,秋季则分别为0.035~0.263、0.052~0.118和0.048~0.301. RLC(快速光响应曲线)的特征参数表明,太湖浮游植物群落光能利用效率和光合作用速率具有显著时空差异. 相关分析表明,绿藻和硅/甲藻的光合作用活性与环境因子没有显著相关性;而蓝藻的F_v/F_m与RLC的特征参数呈显著正相关,与ρ(Chla)呈显著正相关(P<0.05,R=0.49),与SD(透明度)呈极显著负相关(P<0.01,R=-0.56),说明太湖蓝藻的光合作用活性与富营养化水平具有一致性. 从空间分布来看,草型湖区蓝藻的光合作用活性和ρ(Chla)均显著低于藻型湖区,表明水草能抑制蓝藻的光合作用活性和生长,进而降低蓝藻水华强度.      

太湖与巢湖水华蓝藻越冬和春季复苏的比较研究

研究了太湖、巢湖水华蓝藻的越冬和春季复苏的动力学特征.结果表明,太湖从秋季11月时蓝藻大量下沉进入底泥越冬,到次年5月后底泥中的蓝藻开始复苏进入水体.在11月～次年5月的越冬过程中,底泥中的蓝藻保持增长,其中在3～5月蓝藻生长加快.巢湖中蓝藻表现出类似的下沉越冬和春季复苏规律,即蓝藻自11月开始下沉,但巢湖底泥中的蓝藻在3～4月时即开始复苏.本研究表明太湖和巢湖中蓝藻都有明显的下沉越冬和春季复苏现象.太湖不同营养盐湖区蓝藻的越冬和复苏规律相似,底泥中的蓝藻数量在越冬过程中相差不大,说明越冬期间底泥中蓝藻含量与夏季水体中蓝藻数量可能没有直接联系.     

Microbial spheres: a novel cyanobacterial–diatom symbiosis

Cyanobacteria, algae and bacteria are widespread inhabitants of North Sea microbial mats. Our studies of these populations showed uncommon modes of living and extraordinary structures, which have not been described before. The structures are spherical objects covering a community of cyanobacteria, diatoms and bacteria. The cultivation of these communities in the laboratory and intensive observations of their exceptional movement has led to some spectacular findings. The sphere formations go through different phases with variation in the dominance of different microorganisms. The role of the bacteria is the most important in the first phase, and can be increased by the addition of signal substances. Spheres surrounded by envelopes of unknown composition and permeability appear, with numerous bacteria and sporadic diatoms inside. Then the cyanobacteria penetrate the spheres and arrange themselves at the surface. The communities proliferate over some weeks and are finally released. Laboratory expositions of the microbial communities to different parameters pinpoint the limits of sphere formation. The metabolic products of the sphere communities are concentrated in the spheres and lead to a different kind of compound compared with the surrounding environment. In this way, the microbial communities strongly influence the structure of the sediments. Uncommon circular structures, which develop into spheres between 0.08 and 3 mm in size were found in subcultures of non-axenic filamentous cyanobacteria enrichments from North Sea microbial mats. These filamentous cyanobacteria (Phormidium sp.) together with associated benthic diatoms of the genus Navicula and associated heterotrophic bacteria were held as reproducible synergistic cultures. Phormidium sp. filaments tightly intertwined with each other, formed the surface of the spheres, trapping diatoms inside. The formation of "spheres" was the result of radial and synchronous movements of the cyanobacteria. In old cultures, the direction of the cyanobacterial movement has turned in the opposite direction, away from the sphere. The integrity of large "spheres" was influenced by chemotactic phenomena and maintained by some type of trichome-trichome interaction. This suggests the presence of metabolic secondary products, which attract cyanobacteria and influence their movement in a form of chemotactic response.     

城市湖库蓝藻水华形成机理综合建模研究

蓝藻水华形成是诸多营养及环境因素相互作用的结果,因此,本文对城市湖库蓝藻水华形成(包括复苏、萌芽、生长、暴发阶段)这一复杂生态过程进行了综合建模研究.通过在阳光房中模拟湖库蓝藻水华形成过程,采用正交实验分析获得蓝藻生长的关键影响因素,并为蓝藻水华形成机理建模提供相应参量.在此基础上,构建了用于模拟湖库蓝藻水华形成过程的蓝藻生长机理模型,采用遗传算法对机理模型中涉及的参数进行优化率定;同时,考虑蓝藻水华暴发阶段具有突变特性,建立了描述蓝藻水华暴发状态的尖点突变模型,进而构建了城市湖库蓝藻水华形成各阶段的综合机理模型.实验仿真结果表明,该综合机理模型能较好地模拟城市湖库蓝藻从复苏到暴发整个过程的变化规律,且该模型结合了数学机理建模和智能方法的优势,克服了单一蓝藻水华机理模型的缺陷,为湖库蓝藻水华形成机理的深入研究提供了新思路.