沈阳市室内空气真菌粒子的研究

用Ａ·Ｓ生物粒子采样器在沈阳市设点采样并对室内真菌粒子进行观测，知道其浓度为１１６７个／ｍ３，粒数中值直径为３．４μｍ，沉降量为１．５个／皿·５ｍｉｎ；其浓度分布和粒度分布均为对数正态分布；其浓度和沉降量均与室内人数呈明显的正相关关系。     

日光辐射对大气真菌粒子的影响

大气中真菌粒子的衰亡和净化，除与真菌自身的因素有关外，与日光辐射也有密切关系。此文现场观测了日光辐射对大气真菌粒子的影响。结果表明，一天内大气真菌粒子浓度与日光辐射强度呈反比：大气真菌粒数直径中值与日光辐射强度呈正比：随着日光辐射强度的增大，＜３．０μｍ的大气真菌粒子，其浓度减小的速度比＞３．０μｍ的快。     

空气微生物采样方法的比较

对3种空气微生物采样方法进行了比较。结果表明,在室外自然条件下,大气细菌粒子的沉降量与大气细菌粒子的浓度、大气真菌粒子的沉降量与大气真菌粒子的浓度均呈显著的正相关关系。对大气细菌粒子,用平皿沉降法分别与A·S采样器法、THK－201采样器法测定的结果相比,有非常显著的差异。平皿沉降法测定结果比后二者方法高出2.9倍和4.0倍;A·S采样器和THK－201采样器测定结果之间没有显著性差异。对大气真菌粒子,A·S采样器法和平皿沉降法与THK－201采样器法均有非常显著性差异;平皿沉降法与A·S采样器法测定结果之间没有显著性差异。进一步用直线回归分析的方法,得出了大气细菌粒子浓度与大气细菌粒子沉降量及大气真菌粒子浓度与大气真菌粒子沉降量之间的关系式。     

降雪对大气细菌粒子的影响

本工作用 ANDERSEN 生物粒子采样器在沈阳市北陵地区观测了降雪对大气细菌粒子浓度、浓度分布、粒数中值直径和粒度分布的影响.结果表明,降雪对大气细菌粒子浓度和粒数中值直径有明显减小作用.同时表明,大气细菌粒子越大,被降雪清洗减少的作用就越强.     

北京市传染病院空气微生物粒子浓度及浓度分布

用ANDERSEN生物粒子采样器观测了北京市传染病院病区室内外空气微生物粒子浓度及浓度分布。结果表明，北京市传染病院病区空气微生物粒子浓度室内高于室外，室内清洁高于半污染区和污染区，室内春，秋季高于夏，冬季，室外秋，冬季高于春，夏季。病区室内空气微生物粒子逍度分布的高峰在第3级（3．3－4．7μm）和第5级（1．1－2．1μm）病区室外空气微生物粒子浓度分布的高峰在第1级（＞7．0μm）和第5级。     

室内外环境中空气细菌的粒子大小分布

空气微生物污染的危害与其粒子大小分布密切相关,我们使用Andersen空气微生物采样器,对医院病房、实验室及动物房等处的室内环境,进行了空气细菌粒子大小分布的测定。结果表明,无论是空气细菌粒子大小的分布范围,中值直径,季节分布,还是革兰氏阳性球菌粒子大小的分布,室内空气中的细菌粒子都要比室外空气中的小并对其产生原因及其在疾病传播上的意义,做了初步的讨论。     

南方典型旅游城市空气微生物粒径分布特征

在南方典型旅游城市杭州选取了4个样点进行了空气微生物取样工作.系统研究了杭州市室外空气微生物粒径分布特征.结果表明,不同样点空气细菌粒子百分比从Ⅰ级到Ⅵ级逐渐减少,总体呈偏态分布.交通干线,文教区,商业区和旅游风景区细菌粒子百分比最高值均出现在Ⅰ级,分别占29.1%,31.8%,33.5%和25.4%,最低值均出现在Ⅵ级,分别占11.7%,11.2%,6.5%和11.1%.不同样点空气真菌主要分布在Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级,总体呈对数正态分布,真菌百分比最高值均出现在Ⅳ级,分别占30.3%,30.2%,31.7%和28.3%,最低值出现在Ⅵ级,分别占5.2%,5.1%,3.3%和4.5%.青霉属,链格孢属,曲霉属和枝孢属优势真菌粒径均呈对数正态分布特征,但取样器各级真菌百分比各不相同.此外,空气细菌中值直径显著大于空气真菌,商业区空气细菌中值直径显著大于其他3个样点,而文教区真菌中值直径显著大于其他3个样点.研究结果进一步说明了城市室内外空气微生物粒径分布特征的不同,为室内外空气微生物污染的预防和控制提供了科学依据.     

昆明市空气微生物污染调查

包括细菌、真菌在内的生物性危害依然是对人类健康的严重危害。１９９４年秋季在昆明的调查表明，室内外空气中细菌粒子浓度均明显高于真菌粒子，室外空气中的细菌粒子浓度明显高于室内，真菌粒子则室内外无明显差别；室内外空气细菌粒子浓度和真菌粒子浓度呈显著的正相关关系。     

北京市居家空气微生物粒径及分布特征研究

室内外空气微生物对人们健康的危害不仅与微生物的种类和浓度有关,而且还与微生物粒子的大小及粒径分布特征密切相关,并且不同粒径的空气微生物对人们健康影响的作用机制不同.在北京市不同方向选取31户有1～10岁儿童的家庭进行空气微生物取样,系统研究了室内家庭空气微生物粒径及分布特征.结果表明,室内空气细菌和真菌粒径分布特征不随家庭环境、季节特征、儿童性别、房屋结构的变化而变化,但空气细菌和真菌的粒径分布特征不同.总体上空气细菌和真菌粒径均呈对数正态分布,但空气细菌粒子百分比从Ⅰ级(>8.2μm)到Ⅴ级(1.0～2.0μm)逐渐增加,Ⅵ级(<1.0μm)细菌粒子百分比急剧下降,最高值出现在Ⅴ级,而空气真菌粒径百分比从Ⅰ级～Ⅳ级(2.0～3.5μm)逐渐增加,而后从Ⅳ级～Ⅵ级真菌粒径百分比急剧下降,最高值出现在Ⅳ级.不同优势真菌属的粒径分布也不相同,枝孢属、青霉属和曲霉属呈对数正态分布,最高值出现在Ⅳ级,而链格孢属为偏态分布,最高值出现在Ⅱ级(5.0～10.4μm).室内空气细菌的中值直径明显大于空气真菌,1 a中空气细菌和真菌春、夏、秋季的粒径明显大于冬季.     

空气微生物粒子沉降量指示太原空气污染状况

用平皿沉降法初步测定了太原的空气微生物粒子沉降量，结果表明太原空气中的微生物含理编高，其空气细菌，真菌，总菌含量分别为２４８１９．９，６２７．４和２５４４７．３ＣＦＵ／ｍ＾３，空气真菌在空气微立物总量中所占百分比率为２．４７，这意味着太原空气污染相当严重，空气质量不佳，文章分析了造成太原空气微生物含量增高的原因，提出了减轻空气污染，提高空气质量的一些措施。     

垃圾填埋场空气真菌群落结构和时空分布特征

为了解垃圾填埋场空气真菌的群落结构和浓度、粒径的时空分布,在北京市某垃圾卫生填埋场填埋区、渗滤液处理区、生活区分别选定监测点,利用安德森六级微生物采样器,对填埋场空气真菌进行了系统的定点取样和分析.结果表明,除无孢菌外,共出现了15属空气真菌.优势菌属依次为枝孢属(Cladosporium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、青霉属(Penicillium)、无孢菌群(Non-sporing).填埋区和渗滤液处理区空气真菌浓度约为1 750 CFU.m-3,明显高于生活区(p0.05).2006年4月~2007年1月空气真菌浓度变化曲线呈双峰型,2个高峰分别出现在5月和9~10月,浓度可达5 000 CFU.m-3以上.填埋区4~7月空气真菌09:00~11:00的浓度低于15:00~16:00,在8月~次年1月趋势相反.空气真菌粒子在Ⅲ~Ⅴ级约占总数的75%.填埋区和渗滤液处理区的空气真菌中值直径均为2.9μm,生活区为2.8μm,3个功能区空气真菌的中值直径没有差异(p0.05).     

青岛市不同下垫面微生物气溶胶分布特征

分别在青岛市市区街道、海滨区域、饮用水水源地、城市垃圾填埋场和人工湿地污水处理厂设置监测点,分析比较不同下垫面空气细菌和真菌浓度、日变化和粒径分布. 结果表明:5个下垫面空气细菌浓度依次为城市垃圾填埋场>市区街道>饮用水水源地>海滨区域>人工湿地污水处理厂,真菌浓度依次为城市垃圾填埋场>人工湿地污水处理厂>饮用水水源地>市区街道>海滨区域,其中城市垃圾填埋场空气细菌和真菌浓度最高,分别为(613.1±68.9)、(1300.4±74.3)CFU/m3,其他下垫面空气的细菌和真菌浓度分别在(155.5±14.2)～(596.6±396.4)和(401.9±78.7)～(994.7±63.4)CFU/m3之间. 海滨区域空气细菌浓度下午明显高于上午和中午,其他下垫面表现为上午>下午>中午,但无显著性差异;市区街道、饮用水水源地、人工湿地污水处理厂的空气真菌浓度日变化表现为上午>中午>下午,城市垃圾填埋场则始终升高,除人工湿地污水处理厂和城市垃圾填埋场不同时段间空气真菌浓度有显著性差异外,其余下垫面无显著性差异. 细菌气溶胶粒径分布为F1级(粒径>7.0μm)最高,呈偏态分布;真菌气溶胶粒径呈对数正态分布,除城市垃圾填埋场峰值出现在F3级(3.3~4.7μm)外,其余下垫面均出现在F4级(2.1~3.3μm). 不同下垫面细菌气溶胶中值直径在2.8~4.6μm,存在差异;而不同下垫面空气真菌气溶胶中值直径均在2.0μm左右,无显著性差异.      

室内氡浓度与建筑材料表面氡析出率的关系研究

采用RAD7测氡仪对某8层教学楼第5层的房间进行24 h连续测定,测得室内氡浓度范围为5.65~48.7 Bq/m3,不超标。测定结果表明,清晨氡浓度较高,在5:00左右氡浓度达最高值;中午氡浓度较低,11:00左右氡浓度达最低值。经测定房间内墙面抛光瓷砖的表面氡析出率大于地板砖的表面氡析出率。房间室内的氡主要来源于建筑材料表面氡的析出和室外空气,利用氡析出率和室外氡计算的室内氡浓度与测定结果相符。     

Indoor/outdoor relationships of airborne ionic substances: Comparison of electronic equipment room and factory environments

In previous work, the indoor and outdoor airborne concentrations and indoor surface accumulation rates of ionic substances contained in fine (<2.5) and coarse (2.5–15 μm) particles were determined for low-occupancy electronic equipment rooms. This work has now been extended to an electronic equipment manufacturing environment.Comparison of indoor and outdoor concentrations at the manufacturing facility for both fine and coarse particles show substantially different behavior from that seen for the electronic equipment rooms.As was found previously, the dominant species in fine particles are ammonium and sulfate, which closely track each other. Their indoor and outdoor concentrations also track, but the indoor/outdoor ratios are larger by a factor of 4–5 than those found for the electronic equipment rooms. Sodium shows tracking behavior similar to ammonium and sulfate and its indoor/outdoor ratio is also large. Other ions in fine particles show elevated indoor/outdoor ratios for some sampling intervals and tracking is not evident, thought it may be masked by the large fractional error associated with species with low concentrations. There is no dominant species in the coarse fraction. Sodium and chloride track each other strongly indoors and outdoors and the indoor and outdoor concentrations of each track closely. Potassium, as well as chloride, exhibit indoor/outdoor ratios that are sometimes much larger than 1.Modelling of indoor/outdoor relationships using a mass-balance model has shown that indoor concentrations can be accurately predicted from outdoor concentrations for species with no indoor sources. The model also shows that the source generation rates for fine and coarse particles indoors range from 0 to 6.6 and 2.3 to 5.8 mg min⁻¹, respectively, for a room with a volume of 6336m³.     

南京市校园室内空气微生物特征

为调查南京市学校教室内空气微生物污染状况,本研究各选一所幼儿园、小学、初中和大学,每所学校分别随机选取10间教室,采用六级安德森采样器进行空气微生物采样.研究发现,在南京地区所调研的这4所不同类型的学校中,幼儿园室内空气微生物浓度最高,细菌和真菌浓度均值分别为605CFU/m³和648CFU/m³,均显著高于其余3所学校.室内细菌和真菌粒径分布趋同,峰值均出现在Ⅴ级（1.1~2.1μm）.仅在大学教室内,发现环境参数与空气微生物浓度存在显著相关性.幼儿园教室内学生每天吸入的细菌和真菌剂量分别为150.2CFU/kg和160.9CFU/kg,均显著高于其他学校学生.     

Pollution characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase phthalates in indoor and outdoor air in Hangzhou

Phthalate esters (PAEs), typical pollutants widely used as plasticizers, are ubiquitous in various indoor and outdoor environments. PAEs exist in both gas and particle phases, posing risks to human health. In the present study, we chose four typical kinds of indoor and outdoor environments with the longest average human residence times to assess the human exposure in Hangzhou, including newly decorated residences, ordinary residences, offices and outdoor air. In order to analyze the pollution levels and characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase PAEs in indoor and outdoor environments, air and particulate samples were collected simultaneously. The total PAEs concentrations in the four types of environments were 25,396, 25,466.8, 15,388.8 and 3616.2?ng/m³, respectively. DEHP and DEP were the most abundant, and DMPP was at the lowest level. Distinct variations in the distributions of indoor/outdoor, gas/particle-phase and different molecular weights of PAEs were observed, showing that indoor environments were the main sources of PAEs pollution. While most PAEs tended to exsit in indoor sites and gas-phase, the high-molecular-weight chemicals tended to exist in the particle-phase and were mainly found in PM_2.5. PAEs were more likely adsorbed by small particles, especially for the indoor environments. There existed a good correlation between the particle matter concentrations and the PAEs levels. In addition, neither temperature nor humidity had obvious effects on the distributions of the PAEs concentrations.     

济南冬季典型商业室内环境颗粒物污染特征

2010年1月31日~2月7日,利用宽范围颗粒物分光计(WPS)对济南典型商业室内环境(超市和办公室)的颗粒物数浓度进行了研究.结果显示颗粒物数浓度主要分布在爱根模态(20~100nm),济南室内颗粒物总数浓度(10~2500nm)和国外一些发达国家相当,但质量浓度高一个数量级.超市和办公室颗粒物的日变化和粒径分布研究表明,超市和办公室颗粒物浓度主要受到室外源控制,同时办公室颗粒物浓度还受到打印机使用和吸烟的影响.超市打扫卫生和频繁的顾客流动虽使粗模态颗粒物的体积浓度提升4~7倍,但仅占颗粒物总体积浓度的5%左右.办公室内打印机的使用可使室内30nm左右的颗粒物数浓度显著升高,并且在打印机结束使用后高浓度仍可维持20min左右;吸烟使办公室100nm左右颗粒物升高且可维持6h,吸烟时白天颗粒物体积浓度是无吸烟时的2.5倍,说明即使在受到室外高浓度的颗粒物控制时,这2个室内源的贡献仍不容忽视.     

Characterization and source analysis of indoor/outdoor culturable airborne bacteria in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

The potential health risks of airborne bacteria emission from a wastewater treatment process have been concerned. However, few studies have investigated the differences in community structure between indoor and outdoor bacteria. In this work, the characterization of airborne bacteria was studied in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, China. Two indoor (i.e., fine screen room and sludge dewatering house) and two outdoor (i.e., aeration tank and control site) sampling sites were selected. An Andersen six-stage impactor was used for collecting culturable airborne bacteria in the air, and Illumina MiSeq sequencing was conducted to track the emission source of the culturable airborne bacteria. The results indicate that, compared with the outdoor aeration tank site, the concentrations of culturable airborne bacteria in the indoor fine screen room with poor ventilation were more than ten times higher and the particle size was about twice as large. The community structures of indoor and outdoor culturable airborne bacteria were obviously different. Enterobacteriaceae and opportunistic pathogens were detected in indoor culturable airborne bacteria, with wastewater and sludge dewatering machine identified as the primary sources. Conversely, Enterobacteriaceae and opportunistic pathogens were not detected in outdoor culturable airborne bacteria. Outdoor high wind speed might have resulted in rapid dilution and mixing of culturable airborne bacteria generated from the aeration tank with the ambient air. The results of the present research suggest that covering pollution sources, increasing ventilation rates, and using protective measures for personnel should be implemented to decrease the exposure risk to indoor culturable airborne bacteria.     

Indoor-outdoor air pollution relations: particulate matter less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) in homes of asthmatics

Concentrations of particulate matter are typically measured at fixed-site sampling locations selected to provide representative measurements of pollutant levelsin a given geographic area. These fixed-site monitors, however, may not adequately measure exposure of humans to particles; and among the major air pollutants, particles less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) have received relatively little attention in indoor-outdoor and personal exposure studies. These particles reach the deepest airways and are also known to contain a number of compounds including sulfates, nitrates and carcinogens. In order to investigate the relationship between indoor and outdoor PM10 mass concentrations, a pilot investigation was conducted in 10 homes, 9 with resident asthmatics, in southern California. Sampling was conducted using PM10 and cyclone samplers inside and outside of each home with particle collection of Teflon filters. Mass was determined gravimetrically and mass concentrations were determined by pre- and post-sampling flow checks using a calibrated rotameter. PM10 and cyclone masses were reproducibly measured, as determined with paired field samples and laboratory pretesting. PM10 and cyclone masses were well correlated (R²=0.89, n=27) with slightly more mass found on the PM10 samplers, as expected. In the homes of non-smokers and asthmatics surveyed in this study, indoor concentrations were consistently lower than outdoor concentrations (ratio of PM10 indoor/outdoor medians=0.70; ratio of cyclone indoor/outdoor medians=0.79). Indoor cyclone concentrations were moderately correlated with outdoor concentrations (R²=0.56), indicating that much of the variation of indoor concentrationswas driven by variation in ambient concentration. The indoor concentrations of PM10 were less well correlated to outdoor PM10 (R²=0.34), presumably due to larger size particles or different chemical characteristics of PM10 compared to cyclone-collected particles. When data from the non-asthmatic's homes were removed, the correlations between indoor and outdoor concentrations were increased. The homes of these non-smokers and asthmatics afforded some protection from higher outdoor concentrations of particles less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter.