杭州市大气降尘重金属污染特征及来源研究

于2006年6月至2009年6月期间,在杭州市主城区7个采样点对大气降尘进行采集,并对10种重金属元素含量进行了分析。结果表明:重金属元素Cu、Cd、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn、Co、Al、Fe、Mo质量浓度分别为223.6、15.6、741.1、27.8、363.7、1 820.4、7.0、8 982.4、21 149.0、13.4mg/kg;各功能区差异较大,半山(工业区)Fe、Mn、Pb、Zn浓度较高,江城立交(交通枢纽)Cu、Cd浓度较高。富集因子评价结果表明,Cd、Mo、Pb、Zn、Cu富集程度较高,受到不同程度人为污染。主因子分析结果显示,Mn、Fe可能来自钢铁冶炼及机械制造;Cu、Cd可能来自交通源;Zn、Mo可能来自相关的冶炼加工及合金工业;Ni、Co可能由煤和石油等化石燃料燃烧排放;Pb来自工业排放;Al主要来自地壳。     

太原市降水化学特征及来源分析

本研究采集了2012年3—11月间35场太原降水样品,探讨了pH值、电导率和水溶性化学组成特征.结果表明,降水pH加权平均值为5.27;电导率平均值为98.8 μS/cm,表明大气污染显著;SO42-(471.8 μeq/L)、NO3-(93.6 μeq/L)、Ca2+(477.4 μeq/L)和NH4+(133.4 μeq/L)是太原降水的主导离子,4种离子占总离子浓度的85%.SO42-/NO3-当量浓度比为4.38,比太原市1986年的比值(19.02)下降了77%.太原降水的酸性仍以SO42-主导,但NO3-比例大幅上升.降水离子相关性分析和气团后向轨迹表明太原市大气污染物主要来自自身排污企业(热电厂、钢铁厂等)污染物的扩散以及省内焦化企业污染物的输送等小尺度区域内.太原市硫的湿沉降量为1.93 t/(km2·a);氮湿沉降量为1.54 t/(km2·a),其中铵态氮和硝态氮分别为1.28 t/(km2·a)和0.26 t/(km2·a);钙为5.87 t/(km2·a).     

鄱阳湖流域重金属污染评价与分析

为分析评价鄱阳湖流域重金属积累污染情况,采集流域内沉积物及土壤样品,测定其Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Hg含量以及pH、氧化还原电位(Eh)、有机质(SOM)以及黏粒含量等理化参数,采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法评价流域内沉积物及土壤的重金属污染水平,利用相关性分析法及主成分分析法解析重金属污染的影响因素...     

杭州市大气降雨化学组成特征及来源分析

研究了2006-2008年杭州市大气降雨的化学组成及其来源,并与国内外的相关研究结果进行了比较.结果表明,总体来说,杭州市各月的降雨量相对均衡,月均降雨量为7.1～25.3 mm;降雨pH为3.99～5.64,雨量加权平均pH为4.50;降雨电导率为1.30～8.55 mS/m,雨量加权平均值为3.73 mS/m,降雨电导率与雨量、pH均呈负相关;夏季降雨中的水溶性离子平均浓度较低,雨量加权平均pH较高,而其他季节降雨中的水溶性离子平均浓度较高,雨量加权平均pH较低;其中SO2-4和NO-3是降雨中的主要水溶性阴离子,NH+4和Ca2+是降雨中的主要水溶性阳离子;SO2-4/NO-3(当量浓度比)为2.87,低于国内其他城市,降雨类型为硫酸型,但硝酸在降雨酸性中起的作用有增大趋势;降雨中水溶性阳离子总当量浓度/水溶性阴离子总当量浓度为1.11,低于国内外大部分城市;NH+4、Ca2+当量浓度之和与SO2-4、NO-3当量浓度之和之比为0.89,也低于国内外大部分城市,NH+4和Ca2+是主要的酸性中和物质;总体来说,杭州市降雨中各水溶性离子间的相关性均较好,但H+浓度与大部分离子的相关性不明显;杭州降雨中的化学组分主要来源于工业源和地壳源,此外部分来源于海盐粒子.     

淮南矿区道路环境大气颗粒物重金属污染特征及来源解析

为了解煤矿开采区道路环境中大气颗粒物重金属元素的污染特征及来源,于2016年12月(采暖期)和2017年5月(非采暖期)分别采集了淮南潘集矿区交通主干线周围大气颗粒物样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定了As、Cd、Hg、Mn、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、V等9种重金属元素以及参比元素Al的含量,并利用富集因子法和因子分析法解析了其来源。结果表明:(1)Zn、Mn、Pb含量较高,占所测重金属元素的82%(质量分数)以上;采暖期总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、PM10和PM2.5中重金属含量总体上均高于非采暖期。(2)富集程度较高的元素有Pb、Cd、Hg,随着颗粒物粒径减小,各重金属元素的富集因子呈现增大趋势。(3)通过因子分析法得出,潘集矿区道路环境中重金属主要来源为交通排放、煤炭燃烧和扬尘等。     

2001-2012年天津市大气降水特征及化学成分分析

为了解天津市大气降水特征及化学成分变化规律,对2001-2012年天津市酸雨监测资料进行了统计分析.结果表明:2001-2012年,天津市降水pH在波动中总体升高,但升高趋势不显著;酸雨率则呈显著下降趋势;降水pH从春季到冬季呈直线下降趋势,酸雨率从春季到冬季总体呈上升趋势;2008-2012年,pH在6.0～7.5的降水样本较多,在这区间,平均降水量越大,则降水pH越低,酸性越强,平均电导率和平均降水量则表现出明显负相关,即平均降水量较小时平均电导率较高;2001-2012年,天津市降水中各离子当量浓度(当量浓度=质量浓度×原子价/化学结构式量)所占比例为SOi-＞Ca2+ ＞NH4+ ＞NO3-＞C1-＞Mg2+ ＞Na+ ＞F-＞K+;对天津市降水起主导中和作用的阳离子为Ca2+,贡献率在56.4％～77.9％,贡献率春季最高,夏季最低,NHt的贡献率在28.4％～44.0％,夏季最高,冬季最低;从2001-2012年天津市降水的SO42-、NO3-当量浓度之比的变化来看,该市酸雨类型经历了从硫酸型或燃煤型到混合型的过渡过程.     

四川城市生活垃圾重金属污染状况及来源分析

四川省作为西南粮食生产大省,土壤重金属污染问题备受关注,生活垃圾处理处置可能带来的土壤污染风险急需探明.结合四川省五大经济区的发展格局和多样的地形条件,研究了成都、宜宾、南充、达州、西昌、马尔康城市夏冬两季生活垃圾的物理组成、重金属含量及垃圾主要组分受污染状况.结果表明,四川地区生活垃圾中厨余、包装纸、卫生纸、橡塑和灰土是主要组分,共占总量的78.25%~96.92%;四川地区垃圾中Cu(14.23~107.56 mg/kg)、Cd(0.07~0.63 mg/kg)、Zn(53.77~338.30 mg/kg)、Hg(0.01~0.41 mg/kg)和Cr(35.39~179.63 mg/kg)浓度较高,易造成土壤污染.以土壤环境质量农业用地标准为参照计算得出的重金属污染负荷指数表明:仅夏季宜宾生活垃圾处于Ⅰ级中度污染;四川地区夏冬季总体处于无污染水平,且夏季污染负荷指数略高.通过测定垃圾主要组分中重金属含量,发现厨余和灰土是成都夏季垃圾中Cd的主要来源,灰土是四川地区垃圾中Cu、Zn和Cr的主要来源之一,燃煤产生的灰土是西昌冬季垃圾中Hg的主要来源.     

南京大气细粒子中重金属污染特征及来源解析

利用2011年1月、4月、7月和10月在南京市区和北郊采集的气溶胶样品,研究了南京大气细粒子中zn、Ph、Hg、As和cd5种重金属的污染水平,通过元素相关性分析和因子分析方法,对细粒子中这些重金属的污染来源进行了初步解析。结果表明,南京大气细粒子及其重金属污染严重,北郊普遍比市区严重;As严重超标,cd在南京北郊超标约5倍,zn在市区与北郊的质量浓度均高于其他重金属元素。每种重金属的浓度均随季节而变化。市区细粒子中,As和zn可能主要与燃煤、轮胎灰尘和建筑扬尘等有关,Pb、Hg和cd主要来自交通尘、城市垃圾焚烧等。北郊细粒子中,As、Hg和zn主要来源于燃煤、钢铁冶炼等工业,Pb和cd主要与农作物秸秆燃烧、汽车尾气、道路扬尘等影响有关。     

绍兴城区夏季大气挥发性有机物特征、来源及大气反应活性

研究了2019年夏季(8月)绍兴城区的烷烃、烯烃、炔烃、芳烃、卤代烃、含氧挥发性有机物(VOCs)、腈7类共98种VOCs的特征、来源及大气反应活性。结果表明,7类VOCs的平均质量浓度由大到小依次为烷烃(24.29μg/m3)>卤代烃(17.17μg/m3)>芳烃(15.89μg/m3)>含氧VOCs(14.72μg/m3)>烯烃(4.06μg/m3)>炔烃(1.23μg/m3)>腈(0.27μg/m3)。烃、腈和卤代烃白天浓度低,夜间浓度高,含氧VOCs基本上终日保持稳定。白天交通排放的贡献较为显著;夜间除交通排放外,挥发性有机溶剂的使用对绍兴城区夏季VOCs也有重要影响。此外,VOCs在一定程度上受到了长距离气团传输的影响,也存在一定的老化现象。烯烃、芳烃是绍兴城区夏季最具大气反应活性的VOCs。     

珠江三角洲某河流型饮用水源地的土壤重金属污染源解析和风险评价

采集分析了珠江三角洲某河流型饮用水源地的土壤重金属Cd、As、Zn、Pb、Cu、Hg、Ni、Cr,对其来源进行解析,并结合地质累积指数和潜在生态危害指数进行风险评价。结果表明,8种重金属的浓度均值均超过了广东省土壤背景值,表明该水源地土壤存在一定的人为源重金属干扰。Cd、Hg、Ni、As来源归因于工业源,Cu、Cr归因于农业源,Zn、Pb归因于交通源。风险评价结果表明,该水源地土壤存在一定的重金属污染风险,污染频率最高、强度最大的重金属是Cd。     

Seasonal variability and source apportionment of metals in the atmospheric deposition in Belgrade

The primary objective of this study is to assess anthropogenic impacts on the environment by determination of element atmospheric depositions. Bulk depositions were collected monthly, from June 2002 to December 2006, at three urban locations in Belgrade. Concentrations of Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry and the current deposition fluxes of atmospheric metals were established. Fourier analysis was applied in order to investigate seasonal variation of the monthly data set. Nickel, V, Fe and Al showed pronounced seasonal dependence, while seasonal variation of the other elements was not evident. The enrichment factors of Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu were obviously above those who could have been caused by natural processes, indicating a mainly anthropogenic origin. Nickel was intermediately enriched suggesting participation of both natural and anthropogenic sources. The multivariate receptor model, Unmix, was used to analyze a 5-yr element atmospheric depositions data set. Three main source profiles (mixed road dust, oil combustion and metal processing) were identified and the overall average percentage source contributions determined.     

Distribution of nutrients,heavy metals,and PAHs affected by sediment dredging in the Wujin'gang River basin flowing into Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu

This paper's survey of the pollution of the Wujin'gang River is important because it is one of the main rivers flowing into Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu in eastern China. Trace metals (TMs) in this paper are described according to their pollution index (P _i). Cluster analysis and correlation analysis are utilized for group sites and to assess co-contamination. Toxicity effect analysis was conducted using individual sediment quality guideline quotients (SQGQs) and mean SQGQs. The results showed that sediment from the Wujin'gang River basin was affected by nutrients, heavy metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are an essential contamination source for both Meiliang Bay and Zhushan Bay of Lake Taihu. The discharge of TMs has significant correlations to total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP); however, no significant correlations were observed between the content of PAHs and TMs. Toxicity effect results show that sediment in the Wujin'gang River basin threatens sediment-dwelling organisms. The harmful effect was mainly caused by heavy metals especially Cd, Cr, Ni, and Cu. Sediment dredging is an effective way to control pollution from internal rivers especially for the pollution of TN and heavy metals in the Wujin'gang River basin.     

Estimation of anthropogenic and natural heavy metals in the northwestern Mediterranean rainwater and total atmospheric deposition

As already done for aerosols, natural and anthropogenic Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations in rainwater have been separated by a statistical numerical method. The natural part is found to strongly decrease from aerosol to rainwater: from 10–20% to 1% for Pb, Cu and Zn, and from 0.9% to 0.6% for Cd. The mean natural and anthropogenic levels in total atmospheric deposition is estimated.     

Soluble and insoluble fractions of heavy metals in wet and dry atmospheric depositions in Bologna,Italy

Atmospheric depositions were collected monthly using a modified wet and dry sampler (dry deposition was collected on a water surface) located in Bologna, a northern Italian urban area, to evaluate the impact of airborne heavy metals on the local pollution load. Wet deposition samples were filtered and heavy metal contents in soluble and insoluble fractions were determined. The same procedure was applied to the water samples which collected dry deposition. The entire procedure was tested using a certified reference material (CRM), which provided satisfying recovery results. The percentage of heavy metal soluble fraction in dry deposition was generally lower than in wet one; Cd, V, Cu and Zn showed a higher average solubility than Cr, Ni and Pb both in wet and dry deposition. Factor analysis, after a varimax rotation of principal components, suggested possible anthropogenic sources which explain different metal deposition patterns. This data analysis also allowed to distinguish different clusters formed by monthly fluxes of heavy metals.     

Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediment and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in fishes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb and As) in the water, sediment, and fish were investigated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China. Potential ecological risk analysis of sediment heavy metal concentrations indicated that six sites in the middle reach, half of the sites in the lower reach, and two sites in lakes, posed moderate or considerable ecological risk. Health risk analysis of individual heavy metals in fish tissue indicated safe levels for the general population and for fisherman but, in combination, there was a possible risk in terms of total target hazard quotients. Correlation analysis and PCA found that heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Zn) may be mainly derived from metal processing, electroplating industries, industrial wastewater, and domestic sewage. Hg may also originate from coal combustion. Significant positive correlations between TN and As were observed.     

Levels and distribution of heavy metals in atmospheric particular matters over the northern South China Sea

Oceans play a significant role in the cycling of trace metals and persistent organic pollutants. In this study, aerosol samples covering the whole northern South China Sea (SCS) were collected in 2005 and 2007, respectively, for analysis of trace metals and major elements. The levels of trace metals detected ranged from 0.514 to 119 ng/m³ in 2005 and from 0.130 to 24.2 ng/m³ in 2007, respectively. Cu, Zn, and Pb were the three predominant metals with high enrichment factors (>10), indicating the strong anthropogenic inputs. The trace metals over SCS were comparable to the values in suburban and background sites of South China, but generally higher than those over other seas and oceans. Considering the fact that they were influenced by their proximity to source regions and air mass origins, the elevated metals in 2005 were probably attributed to the strong wind and long-range atmospheric transport driven by Asian monsoon.