南京玄武湖底泥磷释放复水模拟实验研究

重点分析了底泥营养物的分层分布对湖泊水质的影响强度;模拟了复水过程底泥内营养盐中的磷的释放规律;建立了上覆水中磷浓度变化对界面物质交换的影响方程。模拟分析研究表明,分布在底泥沉积物的无机态营养盐在较长时间内都将持续影响湖体水质,实验结果对实施生态湖建设及防止湖体富营养化具有一定意义。     

水源水库沉积物间隙水营养盐分布特征及扩散通量

为了阐明水源水库沉积物营养盐释放对水体富营养化的贡献,以周村水库为研究对象,探讨沉积物间隙水中氮、磷营养盐的分布特征,同时采用Fick第一定律对沉积物-水界面营养盐的扩散通量进行了估算。周村水库表层沉积物间隙水中NH+4-N的浓度为6.47 to 16.82 mg·L~(-1),PO3-4-P的浓度在0.13 to 0.56 mg·L~(-1)之间,均远高于上覆水中的营养盐浓度,表明周村水库表层沉积物具有很大的营养盐释放潜能。Fick第一定律的计算结果表明,沉积物-水界面NH+4-N与PO3-4-P的扩散通量分别为62.831 to 133.231和0.364 to 1.271 mg·(m2·d)-1,研究区域中间隙水中的营养盐均由沉积物向上覆水扩散,沉积物是底层水体营养盐的重要来源。     

鸣翠湖间隙水与上覆水中氮、磷的分布特征研究

为探究湖泊沉积物与水体中氮、磷的迁移规律,收集鸣翠湖5个代表性采样点的间隙水和上覆水,测定TP、TN、氨氮等浓度,分析氮、磷的分布特征。通过相关性分析对间隙水和上覆水中氮、磷的关系作初步探讨,最后对鸣翠湖水体富营养化状况进行评价。结果表明:鸣翠湖间隙水和上覆水中氮、磷浓度梯度明显,具有间隙水向上覆水释放的趋势,其湖泊富营养化污染的内源作用已经非常明显。间隙水中TP、TN、氨氮的平均质量浓度分别为0.15、3.83、2.23mg/L;上覆水中TP、TN、氨氮的平均质量浓度分别为0.07、2.17、0.24mg/L。鸣翠湖水体已呈现出富营养化状态。     

水源水库沉积物磷的赋存形态及其与间隙水磷的关系

为了探明水源水库沉积物磷的赋存形态及其对水体磷的影响,采用连续提取方法,研究了周村水库沉积物中磷的赋存形态分布特征,并探讨了沉积物各形态磷与总磷、烧失量及间隙水中磷的相关性。结果表明,周村水库内源磷负荷较高,沉积物中TP表现出表层富集的现象,表层沉积物中TP空间分布存在较大差异,上游浅水区为554~563 mg·kg~(-1),库心附近为424~1 161 mg·kg~(-1),而坝前深水区高达812~2 969 mg·kg~(-1)。无机磷(IP)是总磷(TP)的主要成分,占TP的79.26%~89.12%,IP主要由铝/铁磷(Al/Fe-P)构成。沉积物中的Al/Fe-P含量很高,具有很大的磷释放潜能。沉积物中各形态磷的浓度垂向分布随深度增加而逐渐降低,其中B、C两点变化最为明显。相关性分析结果表明,间隙水PO3-4-P与Fe-P存在较好的相关性,说明Fe-P对周村水库沉积物间隙水中PO3-4-P浓度分布有着重要的影响,周村水库水体季节性分层导致恒温层厌氧情况的发生,Fe-P在厌氧还原条件下释放进入间隙水并向上覆水扩散,进而可能对水体水质产生影响。     

三垟湿地沉积物-间隙水-上覆水界面磷形态研究

沉积物与上覆水间营养物质交换,成为导致水体发生富营养化的首要化学变迁过程.分别在三垟湿地的柑橘林(S1)、景观用地(S2)和生活用地(S3)取样,研究了沉积物-间隙水-上覆水界面磷形态以及相互关系.结果表明:(1)沉积物TP增加时,间隙水PO3-4和可溶性总磷(TDP)也增加.要削减磷在上覆水中的含量,控制间隙水PO3-4或TDP是一良策.(2)随着沉积物铁磷、铝磷的增加,间隙水PO3-4也增加.在三垟湿地沉积物中,铁磷和铝磷含量都可作为间隙水PO34-含量的指示.(3)S1、S2和S3的沉积物活性磷、间隙水TDP和上覆水TDP存在明显的浓度梯度,沉积物活性磷＞间隙水TDP＞上覆水TDP.说明在三垟湿地中,沉积物活性磷是磷释放的关键因子,而沉积物-间隙水界面则是磷释放的关键界面.     

桂林会仙湿地沉积物中磷形态及分布特征

沉积物中磷的含量及其形态是影响水体营养化进程的重要因素,对研究湿地水体富营养化具有重要意义。应用蒋柏藩等石灰性土壤无机磷提取方法,调查了桂林会仙岩溶湿地5个典型区域柱状沉积物中的磷形态分布、垂向上的变化特征,分析了各形态磷之前的相关性。结果表明,桂林会仙湿地柱状沉积物中w(TP)为161.14~555.48 mg/kg,活性较高的Ca2-P(5.27~51.45 mg/kg)、Ca8-P(7.76~37.57 mg/kg)均较低。沉积物中的磷以Ca-P(42.92%)为主,Ca-P中的Ca10-P所占比例较高(>70.3%),导致内源磷不易释放,有利于减缓桂林会仙湿地水体富营养化进程。在空间分布上,Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P与TP分布趋势相似,从沉积物表层至底层逐渐降低并趋于稳定。Pearson相关系数表明,TP与总氮(TN)、有机质(OM)、Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P极显著相关,与Ca10-P显著相关。     

底泥营养盐的释磷对富营养化湖泊的影响

富营养化是中国湖泊的重大环境问题。当湖泊的污染外源受到控制以后，由于沉积物（底泥）中营养盐内负荷的存在和释放，湖泊仍然可以发生富营养化。底泥营养盐就成为湖泊富营养化的主导因子，特别是溶解态的磷会逐步释放，成为水体富营养化的主导因子。沉积物中磷的循环在一定程度上决定着富营养化的进程，对水体磷含量有深刻的影响。结合国内外研究动态，对底泥磷形态、磷释放与水体水质的关系作了概述，并对底泥磷释放的研究方向以及控制湖泊富营养化发表了一些见解。     

锁磷剂对流动水环境中沉积物磷形态的作用

如何控制水体沉积物中的磷含量,对于防治水体富营养化以及控制蓝藻水华具有重要的意义。通过在室内构建模拟河道,利用模拟水流不断冲刷沉积物,研究水流对不同形态磷的冲刷作用和添加锁磷剂对沉积物中各形态磷含量的影响、固定的效果。结果表明:(1)锁磷剂能减少沉积物中NH4Cl-P(NH4Cl可提取磷)含量,并且添加锁磷剂后水流冲刷对该形态磷削减效果较小。(2)添加锁磷剂使沉积物中BD-P(BD试剂可提取磷)含量先迅速升高后降低,沉积物中BD-P含量的最终降低使得该形态磷的释放风险减小,对沉积物起一定的整治作用。同时,水流冲刷对BD-P影响较大。(3)锁磷剂会与铝竞争吸附磷,使NaOH-rP(NaOH可提取无机磷)含量降低,导致NaOH-TotP(NaOH可提取无机磷和有机磷的总和)含量的降低。(4)锁磷剂使HCl-P(HCl可提取磷)含量升高,能有效降低沉积物磷释放风险。水流冲刷造成了沉积物中HCl-P含量下降。(5)在水流的冲刷作用下,添加锁磷剂使得沉积物中总磷下降速率低于未添加锁磷剂的沉积物,锁磷剂有助于沉积物中磷的稳定。这些表明,锁磷剂在控制河流沉积物内源磷的释放方面可发挥积极的作用。     

红枫湖底泥磷负荷释放

为了研究高原湖泊底泥沉积物中磷的释放负荷,对贵州红枫湖区10个地区的沉积物进行了磷形态分析。选取10个采样点中5个典型区域,研究结果表明,底泥中各形态磷占总磷比例Org-P为58.6%,NaOH-P为29.91%,Ca-P为11.48%,底泥中主要的磷形态为有机磷。上覆水溶解性总磷酸盐(TSP)与底泥中各形态磷的相关性研究表明,底泥中的Ca-P与上覆水中的TSP几乎没有相关性,NaOH-P与Org-P与上覆水的TSP有较高的相关性(R2>0.94),而底泥中的总磷(TP)与上覆水中的TSP相关性最高(R2>0.98),底泥中这种形态的结构有利于抑制底泥的释放。研究表明,在10点位样品中,间隙水中TP和SRP(溶解性正磷酸)浓度远大于上覆水体中相应磷形态的浓度,间隙水中TP平均浓度为0.37 mg/L,SRP平均浓度为0.18 mg/L,上覆水体中TP平均浓度为0.10 mg/L,SRP平均浓度为0.02 mg/L,间隙水中TP、SRP与上覆水中TP、SRP存在了一种浓度梯度。     

不同温度下西安汉城湖沉积物吸附、释放特性和磷形态

以西安汉城湖为研究对象,2015年4月对湖体沉积物进行现场调查和采样分析,共设4个采样点,研究不同温度下沉积物磷的吸附释放特性及沉积物磷形态的分布。结果表明,沉积物磷等温吸附随着温度的升高而增大,吸附特征符合修正的Langmuir模型,最大吸附容量Qmax的范围为507.21~786.77 mg·kg~(-1)。磷动力学吸附主要发生在实验进行前12 h之内,吸附量基本达到或超过72 h吸附平衡时吸附总量的85%。磷动力学释放量范围为2.02~11.058 mg·kg~(-1),且在6 h达到最大值。沉积物总磷的含量范围为655.37~1.809.38 mg·kg~(-1),以无机磷为主,沉积物不同形态磷含量为TPIPHCl-POPNaOH-P。沉积物富营养化风险指数ERI的范围为5.92~11.86,在10℃和20℃时,4个采样点的ERI均在10以下,属于低风险,在30℃时,4个采样点的ERI均在10以上,属于中等富营养化风险。     

黄磷尾气中总磷及磷化氢的测定

电炉法生产黄磷的过程中会产生大量的尾气,其主要成分是CO(85％～95％)．还有磷、硫、氟、砷、CO2、N2、H2等杂质。黄磷尾气中的磷主要以P4、PH3、P2O5等形式存在。一般尾气经过水洗后．P2O5大部分被水吸收,尾气中主要是P4、PH3。采用分光光度法分析总磷和气体检测管测定磷化氢,效果良好。     

反硝化聚磷一体化设备中的聚磷菌

研究了新型生物脱氮除磷新工艺反硝化聚磷一体化设备中反硝化厌氧池活性污泥的兼性厌氧微生物组成，数量及其在该除磷系统中功能，结果表明，稳定运行期反硝化厌氧池内活性污泥混合液的兼性厌氧微生物总数大大多于启动期，稳定期和启动期分离的兼性厌氧微生物有假单胞菌属，副球菌属和肠杆菌科，通过对三种纯菌株进行吸放磷研究，三种菌都有不同程度的聚磷功能，说明反硝化菌也具有聚磷作用。     

污泥消化液的磷浓度对anammox-HAP系统磷回收的影响

厌氧氨氧化-羟基磷酸钙(anammox-hydroxyapatite,anammox-HAP)技术可实现污泥厌氧消化液高效自养脱氮同步磷回收.污泥厌氧消化液中磷的浓度与污泥性质、厌氧消化过程相关,变化范围很大.为探索anammox-HAP 系统中的磷回收效率,通过基于anammox-HAP长期运行的膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器...     

Surface water phosphorus dynamics in rice fields receiving fertiliser and manure phosphorus

A long-term randomised block field experiment was established in 1997 to study the dynamics of total P and dissolved P in the surface waters of rice fields receiving two application rates of fertiliser P and one rate of combined fertiliser and manure P. Preliminary results from the first two crops show that concentrations of both total P and dissolved P in the surface waters increased significantly following P application, especially during the first 2 weeks after application. P concentrations subsequently declined sharply within about 10 days, then declined steadily and remained almost constant from about 1 month after application. The initial increase in P concentration of surface waters was higher with increasing rate of fertiliser P, and the P concentration at the highest fertiliser rate peaked within about 1 week of application. The elevated P concentrations following fertiliser P application declined more rapidly than those following the combined application of fertiliser and manure P. When fertiliser and manure P were applied together, about 7 days later the surface water P concentrations were significantly higher than when the same rate of P (or double) was applied as fertiliser only. Disturbance of the surface soil by hand harrowing further increased the P concentrations in surface waters, with a subsequent decline to a steady value after about 1 week. Application of P fertiliser to the high P status soil in this experiment gave no crop yield response and may have increased the risk of pollution of adjacent surface waters through drainage from heavy rainfall events during the rice growing season. Therefore, fertiliser P should not be applied to such soils. If, however, fertiliser or manure P is applied, the application should be made during the dry winter to reduce P losses. Manure should be applied with particular care because of the higher risk of P losses to surface water arising from the relatively long period of high P concentrations in surface waters and the potential for greater release of P to field surface waters from the soil. Hand harrowing should also be avoided during wet weather to protect water quality.     

Wet deposition of phosphorus in Florida

Wet deposition of phosphorus was measured at 10 sites across Florida originally established as part of the Florida Atmospheric Mercury Study conducted between 1992 and 1996. Monthly integrated samples were collected and analyzed using a total analytical protocol that incorporated “clean lab” conditions for sample equipment preparation and Aerochem Metrics collectors modified for suitability to use for ultra-trace elements. Samples also were collected aboard 15 m towers to minimize any influence on measured deposition by insects, etc., and locally originating particles that do not contribute to true net deposition. Extensive replication of samples in the field was conducted (ca. 83%). The average absolute difference between replicates was 16.2%, with a median absolute difference of 9.5%. Replicate precision was poorest for concentrations above 0.080 mg P l⁻¹, suggesting that concentrations above this level are contaminated.The wet deposition concentrations and fluxes of phosphorus measured in this study are appreciably lower than those reported by previous investigators for wet deposition in Florida, and lie at the lower end of measurements reported in the recent literature. For example, the volume weighted mean concentration and flux for wet deposition across all our study sites averaged 0.005 mg P l⁻¹ and 7.5 mg P m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively, which is approximately 50% and 32% lower than that reported by Hendry et al. (1981 in Atmospheric Pollutants in Natural Waters. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor. MI, pp. 199–215). Our lower measurements likely reflect three factors: (1) the ultra-trace element sampling and analytical protocols; (2) improved collector design to eliminate sampling artifacts (e.g., splash-off contamination and transfer of contaminants from the dry bucket); and (3) placement of collectors off the ground surface. Lower VWM concentrations were observed near the Florida coast; otherwise, strong spatial patterns across the state were absent. Seasonal variations in VWM also were not pronounced, although deposition fluxes were highest during the summer wet season in response to the strong seasonal distribution of rainfall.     

沉积物中磷形态及影响其释放的环境因素研究进展

磷是控制水体富营养化最关键的营养物质,在外源磷得到控制之后,内源磷通过各种复杂过程再次进入水体,成为水体富营养化的主要磷污染源。目前,国内外对底泥磷的相关研究已非常多,但缺乏系统的整理和总结。从底泥磷的形态和影响其释放的环境因素2个方面进行了系统总结,介绍了底泥磷的主要形态、释放机制,分析了环境因素对于底泥磷释放的影响。     

Effect of low levels of dietary available phosphorus on phosphorus utilization,bone mineralization,phosphorus transporter mRNA expression and performance in growing pigs

A study was conducted to examine the effects of different dietary levels of available phosphorus (aP) on P excretion, bone mineralization, performance and the mRNA expression of sodium-dependent P transporters in growing pigs. Sixty-day old growing pigs (n = 54) with an average initial BW of 19.50 ± 1.11 kg were randomly allocated to a control diet (C) containing 0.23% available phosphorus (aP), T1 containing 0.17% aP and T2 containing 0.11% aP. There were 6 pens per treatment with 3 pigs per pen. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly. At the end of each week, one pig from each pen was housed in a metabolic crate for 24 h to collect fecal and urine samples and then sacrificed to obtain third metacarpal (MC3) bones and jejunal and kidney samples. Bones were scanned by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). Fecal and urine samples were sub-sampled and analyzed for P content. The expression of P transporter mRNA in jejunum and kidney samples was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Data were analyzed using GLM procedure of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute version 9.2). Pigs fed the T2 diet had reduced (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed (G:F) compared to those fed the C diet during week 2. Overall, ADG and G:F were also reduced (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the T2 diet compared to those fed the C and T1 diets. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were reduced (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the T2 diet compared to those fed the C diet throughout the experiment. At week 1, jejunal mRNA expression of Na (+)-dependent phosphate transporter 2 (SLC34A2) was increased (P < 0.01) in pigs fed the T2 diet compared to C diet. Renal mRNA expression of Na(+)-dependent phosphate transporter 1 (SLC34A1) and SLC34A3 were increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the T2 diet compared to those fed the C diet at week 2 and was accompanied by lower (P < 0.05) urinary P in pigs fed the T2 diet during week 2 and week 3. In conclusion, growing pigs are highly sensitive to low dietary P as shown by reduced ADG, bone mineralization and urinary P level, but moderate reduction in dietary P up to 0.17% aP in the diet has the potential to reduce environmental pollution by reducing P concentration in swine manure and without compromising performance.     

污水中磷的回收和利用途径

综述了近年来污水中磷回收的主要技术方法,重点针对磷酸铵镁结晶法,对磷酸铵镁的形成、用途及该方法的可行性做了详细的介绍与评述.同时,阐述了利用磷酸盐溶解微生物,实现磷产品肥效的回收.并对今后磷回收、回用工作的开展,提出了建议.     

Investigating phosphorus limitation in a fixed bed filter with phosphorus and nitrogen profile measurements

In 2000, the European Union adopted the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) (European Commission, 2000). The WFD focuses on increasingly stringent nutrient standards including ultra low nitrogen (< 2.2 mg N-total/L) and phosphorus concentrations (< 0.15 mg total phosphorus/L) in receiving surface waters and in relevant point sources like wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. Expansion of WWTPs with advanced post-treatment processes, like effluent filtration, is widely proposed to meet possible future effluent discharge standards. When combining biological nitrate-nitrogen and chemical phosphorus removal in one filter, phosphorus limitation in the denitrifying process may occur. This study investigated where in the filter bed and under which conditions phosphorus limitation occurs. Profile measurements for nitrate, nitrite, and orthophosphorus (PO4-P) combined with chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 02 were conducted. Results showed that the required PO4-P/NOx-N ratio is approximately 0.006 mg/mg after phosphorous precipitation and flocculation. Profile measurements have proven to be an applicable and useful tool. It showed how nitrate and orthophosphorus are removed through the filter bed based on the PO4-P/NOx-N ratio. When orthophosphorus is removed more rapidly and efficiently compared to nitrate, the PO4-P/NOx-N ratio decreases. When PO4-P/NOx-N ratio thresholds are approximately 0.006 mg/mg for a certain period of time and water temperatures varied significantly, orthophosphorus limitation may occur. Changing the filter-bed configuration or decreasing the coagulant dosage can prevent limitation of the denitrifying process because of a phosphorous shortage.