Research of usability of tree leaves and soil in determining the contribution of industry and traffic to air pollution in Bozüyük (Turkey) region

In industrialized regions like Bozüyük, generally density of settlement and traffic is also observed. As a result of this density, the metal pollution that results from either industrial activities or traffic shall affect the air quality negatively. In determining this effect and sources thereof inspection of the depositing of heavy metals, which cause pollution, on the tree leaves and in the soil, and making comments by comparing with the values in the same kinds of plants and soil in the clean region has been aimed. For this purpose, zinc, copper, chromium, cadmium, iron, nickel, lead analysis have been carried out in order to determine the accumulation of pollution in plants and soils resulting from heavy industry and vehicles around Bozüyük (Turkey) region which is close to highway. These analyses have been carried out on washed and unwashed tree leave samples and surface soil from ten locations. Data used in the results were the average values of a series of data obtained from the experimental studies.     

Sources,spatial variation,and speciation of heavy metals in sediments of the Tamagawa River in Central Japan

Sediments of the Tamagawa River in central Japan were studied to explain the spatial variation, to identify the sources of heavy metals, and to evaluate the anthropogenic influence on these pollutants in the river. Sediment samples were collected from 20 sites along the river (five upstream, four midstream, and 11 downstream). Heavy metal concentrations, viz. chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, and molybdenum, in the samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. The chemical speciations of heavy metals in the sediments were identified by the widely used five-step Hall method. Lead isotopes were analyzed to identify what portion is contributed by anthropogenic sources. The total heavy metal concentrations were compared with global averages for continental crust (shale) and average values for Japanese river sediments. The mean heavy metal concentrations were higher in downstream sediments than in upstream and midstream samples, and the concentrations in the silt samples were higher than those in the sand samples. Speciation results demonstrate that, for chromium and nickel, the residual fractions were dominant. These findings imply that the influence of anthropogenic chromium and nickel contamination is negligible, while copper, zinc, and lead were mostly extracted in the non-residual fraction (metals in adsorbed/exchangeable/carbonate forms or bound to amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides, crystalline Fe oxides, or organic matter), indicating that these elements have high chemical mobility. The proportion of lead (Pb) isotopes in the downstream silt samples indicates that Pb accumulation is primarily derived from anthropogenic sources.     

Sources, spatial variation, and speciation of heavy metals in sediments of the Tamagawa River in Central Japan

Sediments of the Tamagawa River in central Japan were studied to explain the spatial variation, to identify the sources of heavy metals, and to evaluate the anthropogenic influence on these pollutants in the river. Sediment samples were collected from 20 sites along the river (five upstream, four midstream, and 11 downstream). Heavy metal concentrations, viz. chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, and molybdenum, in the samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. The chemical speciations of heavy metals in the sediments were identified by the widely used five-step Hall method. Lead isotopes were analyzed to identify what portion is contributed by anthropogenic sources. The total heavy metal concentrations were compared with global averages for continental crust (shale) and average values for Japanese river sediments. The mean heavy metal concentrations were higher in downstream sediments than in upstream and midstream samples, and the concentrations in the silt samples were higher than those in the sand samples. Speciation results demonstrate that, for chromium and nickel, the residual fractions were dominant. These findings imply that the influence of anthropogenic chromium and nickel contamination is negligible, while copper, zinc, and lead were mostly extracted in the non-residual fraction (metals in adsorbed/exchangeable/carbonate forms or bound to amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides, crystalline Fe oxides, or organic matter), indicating that these elements have high chemical mobility. The proportion of lead (Pb) isotopes in the downstream silt samples indicates that Pb accumulation is primarily derived from anthropogenic sources.     

Löwenzahn Taraxacum officinale Web. als (städtischer) Bioindikator

Investigations of the dandelion, Taraxacum officinale Web. in Poland, Romania and Germany showed that the species concentrates various elements dependent on the intensity of the pollutants. In this study, we followed up the question of whether T. officinale enriches pollutants by the atmospheric deposition on the leaves or via the soil. Therefore, samples from at least 10 plants and a soil sample at 57 sample sites were collected from a grid of 500 m × 500 m. In addition to the analysis of the total soil sample, the (mobile) ion pool of the soil (DIN V 19739) was analysed. The elements Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Rb, Sr, Ti, Tl, V, and Zn were determined through the use of spectrometry with inductive coupled plasma (ICP-MS and ICP-OES). The results are compared with the element concentrations of washed and unwashed leaf samples in T. officinale. We could only find two direct correlations (Ti and Zn) between the element content, of the entire soil samples, but 14 correlations (As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Ga, K, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Rb, Ti, Tl und Zn) between the ion pool of the soil and the washed samples. The grid point data interpolation by ArcInfo showed a similar distribution pattern for the unwashed leaf elements Al, Ce, Fe, Ti and V (r≥0.75). The elements Al, Ce, Fe, Ti, and V are washed out at the same ratio. Thus, although the concentration of these elements were significantly reduced by the washing procedure, the correlations were not influenced. The admissibility of the grid point data interpolation for a distribution map of the town area was investigated, as well. It is shown that the element content varies with the land use (meadow, field, rural areas), the sampling point and the local pollutants. However, none of the discussed elements, Al, Ce, Fe, Ti, and V, is significantly influenced by the land use. The data allows one to make the conclusion that the elements of Al, Ce, Fe, Ti and V are dependent on the dry and wet deposition on the leaves of T. officinale. These elements are taken up not only by the roots, but also by the surface of the leaves. This is evident because there is no correlation between one of these elements in the leaves and the ion pool of the soil.     

Assessment of industrial effluent and its impact on soil and plants

The present study deals with the assessment of industrial water of an electronic component manufacturing unit with electroplating and its subsequent effects on soil and plants receiving the effluent. The physico-chemical parameters of the effluent samples showed higher value than that of ground water. The treated effluent was within the permissible limit. Microtox test was conducted and determined the degree of toxicity of untreated, treated effluents as well as the water sample collected at effluent discharge point of receiving river (confluence point). The physico- mechanical parameters of the soil samples were not changed due to irrigation of the treated effluent, but the concentration of metals were comparatively higher than the control soil. Higher accumulation of metals was found in the plant parts in naturally growing weeds and cultivated crop plant irrigated with treated effluent. Elevated accumulation of metals in Eichhornia crassipes and Marsilea sp. growing along the effluent channel has been identified as a potential source of biomonitoring of metals particularly for Cu and Ca and can be utilised for the removal of heavy metal from wastewater.     

The concentration of Cu and Pb in the funnel spider Eratigena atrica (C. L. Koch 1843) (Araneae: Agelenidae) and its web

Studies on the heavy metal concentrations on spider webs in relation to the pathways of pollution penetration (external and internal) have yet to be performed. This work assesses the concentration levels of two heavy metals: essential copper (Cu) and toxic lead (Pb) in spider webs and spiders (females, males and juveniles). Spiders divided into three treatment groups were exposed to the heavy metals in their diet as prey (fruit flies and mealworms larvae) were artificially contaminated with Cu and Pb. In general, we found higher rates of Cu compared to Pb concentrations in spiders and their webs. A positive correlation between levels of Cu and Pb in webs and spiders was found. Males had higher concentrations of both metals Cu and Pb in their bodies and webs compared to females. In an additional experiment, washed webs had significantly less metals than unwashed suggesting the dominance of external pollution in the contamination pathway.     

苏北地区土壤-水稻系统重金属分布及其食物安全风险评价

2004年在对苏北地区6个县市(丰县、沛县、铜山、睢宁、楚州和东海)采用网格法采样的基础上,随机选择了该区域2种主要土壤类型上98个土样及其上所产水稻籽粒样品,采用原子吸收分光光谱仪和原子荧光光谱仪分别测定了其中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、As和Hg 8种重金属的全量.分别以国家绿色食品生产基地标准、无公害农产品生产基地标准以及20世纪80年代的地区背景值为参照依据,分析评价了所研究土壤的重金属污染程度和大米的重金属安全水平,并进一步依据USEPA和WHO推荐的RfD值,结合我国居民平均食物消费结构评估了该地区土壤所产大米对人体的重金属暴露风险.结果显示,该地区的土壤重金属环境质量总体上符合建设绿色食品生产基地的要求,属于总体未明显污染土壤;不过,黄潮土上所产大米中Ni以及砂礓黑土上所产大米中Ni、Pb含量存在超出国家食品卫生安全标准的现象. 依据USEPA的RfD值计算所得结果表明,供试地区所有土壤上所产大米中As、Cr具有明显的食物安全风险,部分地区的大米中Cd存在风险,由于Cd/Zn比值较低,因此基本上仍属安全.为了进一步保障农产品食用安全,一方面需要制订更严格的土壤环境质量标准,控制土壤污染,另一方面可能还需要着力改善大气环境质量.     

Higher nitrates, P and lower pH in soils under medicinal plants versus crop plants

This report shows a higher soil quality under medicinal plants versus food-crop plants. Long-term continuous cultivation of food crops induces changes of soil properties that can lead to fertility loss and, in turn, decline of food productivity. Effect of cropping on soil changes has been studied mainly for food crops and vegetables worldwide, whereas soil changes in herbal fields are scarcely known. Therefore, we compared here soil nutrients and soil chemical properties of herbal fields, cultivated with Chinese medicinal plants, and food-crop fields. Fields are located at the famous traditional planting base of Chinese medicinal plants in Anguo, China. The results showed that in herbal fields, soil nitrate, available P, soil organic matter (SOM), and electrical conductivity decreased with soil depth, whereas soil pH and soil water content increased with depth. In herbal fields, soil nitrate, available P contents, and soil electrical conductivity were higher than those of food-crop fields at various soil layers. SOM and soil water content were similar in herbal and food-crop fields. Soil pH of herbal fields at 0–20 cm was lower than those of food-crop fields. Findings show overall that soil nutrient accumulation and changes under medicinal plants are higher than food-crop fields.     

重金属污染降低水稻土微生物商并改变PLFA群落结构——苏南某地污染稻田的案例研究

重金属污染可能影响土壤中微生物生物量与活性及群落结构.但这种影响随土地利用和土壤类型、污染物类型而异.采集了江苏南部某市金属冶炼产业区周边重金属污染的稻田和未明显污染稻田的表土样品,分析了重金属复合污染下土壤微生物生物量以及PLFA群落结构的变化.结果表明,重金属污染下稻田土壤的微生物生物量碳、氮及微生物商比未明显污染的土壤显著降低(约20%);PLFA分析显示,重金属污染下土壤微生物群落结构发生了明显的变化,细菌和真菌PLFA的变化幅度达到30%以上,革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌的脂肪酸比值升高,而真菌/细菌的比例降低了约70%.这种改变可能进一步影响到土壤中C、N等养分的生物地球化学循环,这有待深入的研究.     

Geochemistry,mineralogy, solid-phase fractionation and oral bioaccessibility of lead in urban soils of Lisbon

An urban survey of Lisbon, the largest city in Portugal, was carried out to investigate its environmental burden, emphasizing metallic elements and their public health impacts. This paper examines the geochemistry of lead (Pb) and its influence on human health data. A total of 51 soil samples were collected from urban recreational areas used by children to play outdoors. The semi-quantitative analysis of Pb was carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after an acid digestion. X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the soil mineralogy. The solid-phase distribution of Pb in the urban soils was investigated on a subset of 7 soils, out of a total of 51 samples, using a non-specific sequential extraction method coupled with chemometric analysis. Oral bioaccessibility measurements were obtained using the Unified BARGE Method developed by the Bioaccessibility Research Group of Europe. The objectives of the study are as follows: (1) investigation of Pb solid-phase distribution; (2) interpretation of Pb oral bioaccessibility measurements; (3) integration of metal geochemistry with human health data; and (4) understanding the influence of geochemistry and mineralogy on oral bioaccessibility. The results show that the bioaccessible fraction of Pb is lower when major metal fractions are associated with less soluble soil phases such as Fe oxyhydroxides, and more increased when the metal is in the highly soluble carbonate phase. However, there is some evidence that the proportion of carbonates in the soil environment is also a key control over the oral bioaccessibility of Pb, irrespective of its solid-phase fractionation.     

Human bioaccessibility of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in urban soils from the city of Torino, Italy

Several physiologically based extraction procedures have been proposed to estimate the fraction of the potentially toxic element content that would be bioaccessible in the human gastro-intestinal tract following accidental ingestion of soil. Many of these procedures are complex, they have been applied to a very limited range of soils, and most work has focussed on arsenic and lead. In the present study, a simplified, two-stage extraction, simulating the human stomach and intestine, was developed and applied to urban soil samples from ten public-access areas in the City of Torino, Italy. The human oral bioaccessibility of chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc was estimated. Lead and zinc bioaccessibilities were found to be higher in the stomach, but chromium was more bioaccessible in the intestine. Analyte concentrations were higher in roadside soils than in soils from parks. A higher proportion of the soil metal content was found in bioaccessible forms at roadsides than in parks. Comparison of the current findings with results of earlier work involving sequential extraction of the same soils indicated that the sequential procedure gave a relative, but not an absolute, indication of bioaccessibility. Calculations based on the bioaccessible analyte concentrations suggest that ingestion of only 2–3 g of some of the roadside soil samples from Torino could deliver the tolerable daily oral intake of chromium, nickel and lead to a 20-kg child. The developed procedure is useful for preliminary screening of soils and prediction of whether their bioaccessible metal contents are likely to pose a risk to human health.     

沪宁高速公路两侧土壤和小麦重金属污染状况

以沪宁高速公路为研究对象,分路段采集公路两侧土壤及小麦样品进行重金属污染监测。结果表明,沪宁高速公路两侧距路肩250m范围内土壤和小麦已受不同程度铅污染。土壤中铅最大污染指数达3.26,铜、镍、铬、镉污染不显著。公路两侧小麦籽粒中铅含量超标率99%以上,最大超标倍数达1.73倍,锌有部分样品超标,镉及铜无超标现象。多数地段土壤铅含量在距路肩100m处较高,而小麦籽粒铅含量则多以距路肩50m和100m处较高。公路交通铅污染仍然是影响公路两侧农产品质量安全的重要因子之一。     

5种水培蔬菜对金属元素富集水平研究

检测分析了5种水培蔬菜中4种常量金属元素、18种稀有金属元素以及10种重金属元素含量,并与对照组陆生蔬菜金属元素含量进行比较,评价水培蔬菜的食用安全性。结果表明,污染水体中水培蔬菜的金属元素富集水平是不同的。常量金属元素平均富集系数为2~150倍;稀有元素平均富集量总体上高于陆生蔬菜;重金属元素富集系数大多在10倍左右,与陆生蔬菜重金属元素含量相比,两者均在同一水平,低于国家2001年10月1日执行的蔬菜农产品安全质量标准。     

干旱区绿洲灌漠土Cu、Zn和Pb的吸附解吸特征

土壤重金属吸附解吸是影响土壤系统中重金属移动性和归宿的主要过程,影响重金属的生物有效性以及重金属在食物链中的传递等.配制一系列不同浓度的重金属,灌漠土对重金属溶液进行吸附实验24 h以达到平衡,再用硝酸铵和乙酸铵进行解吸实验24 h以达到平衡.利用热力学吸附平衡法,对西北干旱区绿洲灌漠土重金属Cu、Ni和Pb的吸附解吸行为进行序批实验研究.实验结果表明:(1)灰漠土在常温下对铜、锌和铅重金属离子的吸附等温线符合Freundlich型吸附模式,灰漠土对重金属铜、锌和铅的吸附能力由强到弱的顺序为:铅,铜,锌.(2)硝酸铵和乙酸铵解吸重金属的量与灰漠土吸附重金属量呈现出线性正相关,乙酸铵解吸重金属的量比硝酸铵解吸重金属的量大,两种解吸剂对铜、锌和铅重金属离子的解吸能力由大到小的顺序都为:铜,锌,铅,说明了一般外源的铜、锌和铅进入土壤以后,铜和锌可能比铅容易向四周转移.(3)硝酸铵和乙酸铵的解吸率呈谷形曲线,开始时硝酸铵和乙酸铵解吸重金属量的百分比随灰漠土吸附重金属量的增加而减小,在吸附量达到某一特定值时,解吸率随吸附量的增加而增加.灰漠土对铜、锌和铅的吸附作用以专性吸附为主,被灰漠土吸附的铜、锌和铅重金属离子较难解吸.     

Mobilization of different metals between Tamarix parts and their crystal salts – soil system at the banks of river Nile,Aswan, Egypt

In order to study the relation of the mobility and distribution of metals between Tamarix parts and their crystal salts – soil system, different experiments were conducted with plant-rich and plant-free soils at the banks of river Nile, Aswan, Egypt. For these purposes, Tamarix top and subsoil samples near and far from the plant were collected from six different locations at the banks of river Nile. Elemental analysis of Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd and Pb in soil, and in different parts of Tamarix and their crystal salt samples was carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry, whereas Na and K were measured by atomic emission spectrophotometry. The bioavailability of metals in the soil samples was evaluated by determining their contents using sequential extraction single-step, providing higher metal concentrations in occluded Fe/Mn oxide fraction. The ratio of heavy metal concentrations in topsoil to that in subsoil enhancement (RTE) ranged from 0.67 to 4.4 and 0.22 to 4.61 for soil Tamarix and soil free from plant, respectively for all measured total element concentrations. Data indicate that the mobility expressed as transfer factor (TF) was obtained as Fe?>?Mg?>?Cr?>?Mn?>?Ca?>?K?>?Na, for Tamarix leaves. The major part of accumulated Na in Tamarix is retained in the plant leaves, while roots accumulated high concentration of Co.     

Soil selenium concentration and Kashin-Beck disease prevalence in Tibet, China

In order to investigate the correlation between the prevalence of Kashin-Back disease (KBD) and Se concentrations, natural soil samples and cultivated soil samples were collected from southeastern Tibet, China; and the soil Se concentrations were measured by atomic fluorescent spectrophotometer. It was found that the mean Se concentrations of natural soil samples in KBD areas, from the first layer to the third layer, were 0.17 mg/kg, 0.11 mg/kg, and 0.10 mg/kg, respectively, and in nondisease areas were 0.21 mg/kg, 0.24 mg/kg, and 0.13mg/kg, respectively. The mean Se concentrations of cultivated soil samples were 0.10 mg/kg in KBD areas and 0.23 mg/kg in non-disease areas, respectively. Soil Se concentrations in KBD areas were lower than that in non-disease areas, and the mean concentrations of soil Se in Tibet were lower than the average of China (0.29 mg/kg). Therefore, there is a close relationship between soil Se concentrations and KBD in Tibet. More studies should be concentrated on the impacts of Se deficiency in soils and its relationship with Se concentrations in food-grain and the human body in Tibet areas.     

Heavy metal contamination in the Tanat Valley,North Wales

The Tanat Valley area of North Powys, Wales, has a long history of metalliferous mining, the most active period of extraction being during the 18th century, while the largest mine, Llangynog, was in production until 1899. Ore minerals found in the area include galena (PbS), sphalerite (ZnS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). Below the Llangynog mine the valley is heavily contaminated with elevated levels of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in soils and river sediments. On the valley floor subsoil metal levels frequently greatly exceed those of topsoils which probably reflects contamination of the floodplain during the peak period of mining. High levels of base metals in the stream sediments some 2 km downstream of the mine area are thought to be due to river erosion of the contaminated bank material. Contamination derived from the old mine tips results in extremely high levels of heavy metals in soils and stream sediments in the immediate vicinty of the old workings. Some metal contamination is also thought to derive from previously undetected mineralisation.     

The degradation of plastic litter in rivers: Implications for beaches

Polythene sheeting is a major litter component on estuarine beaches and river banks. Sanitary towel backing strips, which are one of the commonest items of sewage related debris found on beaches, enter the riverine system via combined sewer overflows. Investigations on these items, positioned at natural riverine stranding levels, showed that after an initial rapid breakdown little further loss of tensile strength occurred. Experiments carried out on backing strips, buried in the bank suspended from a tree and tethered to the bank, showed significant change. Buried samples retained the greatest tensile strength retention, dropping no lower than 90 %, the other samples showed similar retention rates at 80%. The difference is probably due to photodegradation as biodegradation effects were minimal. Probably, the longevity of such plastics is a major reason for their abundance and widespread distribution both on river banks and beaches.     

祁连山北坡亚高山草地退耕还林草混合植被对土壤碳氮磷的影响

土壤有机碳、氮素和磷素是生态系统中极其重要的生态因子,土地利用变化将会引起土壤中碳、氮、磷等元素含量的变化。以祁连山北坡亚高山草地区域内三种利用方式（自由放牧天然草地、开垦20年的燕麦（Avena nuda）耕地、退耕8年的还林草混合植被）的土壤为研究对象,通过采集0~30 cm的土壤,分析土壤的理化性质得到土壤碳、氮、磷的含量,再将其转换为土壤碳、氮、磷储量,分析三种利用方式下土壤碳、氮、磷储量的差异以及影响土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量比的因子,旨在探讨退耕还林草工程对该地区土壤养分的影响。结果表明,3个样地的土壤碳、氮、磷储量差异显著（P〈0.05）,天然草地的有机碳、全氮储量（72.17、6.80 t·hm-2）显著高于退耕还林草地的（66.75、4.96 t·hm-2）和燕麦耕地的（36.61、3.61 t·hm-2）。这是因为,其一,比较而言天然草地受干扰小。其二,对于退耕还林草地和燕麦耕地来说,由于刈割获取地上部分,可能使得从土壤中获取的有机碳和氮素大于归还的。全磷储量则表现为燕麦耕地的（2.51 t·hm-2）显著高于天然草地的（2.17 t·hm-2）和退耕还林草地的（1.96 t·hm-2）。这是因为燕麦耕地中化肥的施用使得磷元素富集起来,所以其储量较高。与天然草地相比,耕种20年的燕麦地0-30 cm的有机碳和全氮储量分别低了35.56、3.19 t·hm-2,年平均减少速率分别为1.78、0.16 t·hm-2·a-1。与燕麦耕地相比,退耕8年的还林草地土壤有机碳和全氮储量显著升高了30.14、1.35 t·hm-2,年平均增加速率分别为3.77、0.17 t·hm-2·a-1。退耕8年的还林草地轻组有机碳比例（10.93%）显著高于天然草地（9.72%）和燕麦耕地（8.61%）。土壤含水量、容重和微生物量碳氮是影响土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量的重要因子。总结认为,退耕还林草混合植被对土壤碳、氮、磷库具有重要?     

Bioavailability, ecotoxicity, and geological characteristics of trace lead in sediments from two sites on Negro River, Uruguay, South America

Bioassays of two sites along the Rio Negro in Uruguay indicate ecotoxicity, which could be attributable to trace concentrations of lead in river sediments. Monthly samples at two sites at Baygorria and Bonete locations were analyzed for both particle size and lead. Lead was determined by atomic spectrometry in river water and sediment and particle size by sieving and sedimentation. Data showed that Baygorria's sediments have greater percentage of clay than Bonete's (20.4 and 5.8%, respectively). Lead was measurable in Baygorria's sediments, meanwhile in Bonete's, it was always below the detection limit. In water samples, lead was below detection limit at both sites. Bioassays using sub-lethal growth and survival test with Hyalella curvispina amphipod, screening with bioluminescent bacteria Photobacterium leiognathi, and acute toxicity bioassay with Pimephales promelas fish indicated toxicity at Baygorria, with much less effect at Bonete. Even though no lethal effects could be demonstrated, higher sub-lethal toxicity was found in samples from Baygorria site, showing a possible concentration of the contaminant in the clay fraction.