TiO2半导体光催化反应器的研究进展

光催化氧化作为一种高级氧化技术,在环境污染控制方面得到了较快的发展.主要介绍了国内外近年来有关光催化反应中其反应器的设计与研究进展情况,按催化剂在反应器中的存在状态分类论述了各种反应器的结构原理和主要特点,以及反应器在设计中存在的问题和今后发展的方向.     

高级氧化技术降解水中有机磷农药的研究进展

综述了近年来发展迅速的高级氧化技术,主要包括臭氧高级氧化技术、光催化氧化法、超声降解法、电化学水处理技术和超临界水氧化法等.结合有机磷农药废水处理方法的进展,介绍了各种高级氧化技术在机理研究和应用方面取得的成果和存在的问题,并指出了高级氧化技术在有机废水处理方面所具有的潜力.     

电助光催化氧化过程中羟基自由基（OH·）的定量分析

电助光催化氧化技术是一种增强型的光催化氧化技术,应用前景广阔.对电助光催化氧化过程中产生的羟基自由基(OH·)进行定量分析对进一步探讨电场辅助作用机理十分重要.以对氯苯甲酸为探针化合物对电助光催化氧化过程中的OH·进行定量分析,发现电助光催化氧化过程中的OH·浓度是普通光催化氧化过程的2倍.对苯甲酰胺进行电助光催化氧化降解试验,求得了苯甲酰胺与羟基自由基的二级反应动力学常数.研究还对电场辅助作用机理进行了分析.     

自然生境中氨氧化细菌的分子生物学研究进展

摘要 硝化过程是自然界氨氮污染降解的主要生化机制,氨氧化细菌对于富营养的河流、海洋及土壤环境等自然生境具有重要作用.氨氧化细菌的群落结构很复杂,且在不同研究区的时空上存在很大差异性.随着分子生物技术的发展,各种自然环境中存在的氨氧化细菌得到了研究.目前,中国对氨氧化细菌的研究多集中于污水处理、土壤等方面,采用非培养方法对自然环境中氨氧化细菌的研究较少.首先介绍了氨氧化细菌的发现过程和生理特性,其次论述了不同的分子生物学方法对土壤和水生生态环境等自然生境中氨氧化细菌研究进展和研究方法,最后提出了自然生境中氨氧化细菌研究的问题和展望.     

光催化高级氧化与无机陶瓷膜分离技术耦合的研究

近年来,光催化高级氧化技术在深度水处理中已引起广泛关注.悬浮式光催化反应器作为一种高效光催化反应器,传质效果好、光利用率高,但光催化剂尤其是纳米光催化剂从悬浮液中的分离回收成为光催化高级氧化技术应用的难题.引入无机陶瓷膜分离技术来解决这一难题,设计了工艺流程,搭建了耦合装置并优化了工艺参数.该耦合系统在光催化高级氧化降解甲基橙(降解率达到99.1％以上)后能实现光催化剂的高效分离回收再利用,对光催化剂能达到99％以上的截留率.同时,研究更廉价、阻力降更小的膜材料及新型可见光响应光催化剂成为该技术发展的关键.     

一种新兴的高级氧化技术--超临界水氧化法

超临界水氧化法在处理废水方面具有独特的优势.从超临界水的性质,超临界水氧化法原理、工艺、应用和优越性等方面阐述了超临界水氧化法作为一种新兴的高级氧化技术具有广阔的应用前景,并且提出了解决现存问题的建议.     

燃煤烟气汞污染控制技术研究进展

针对近年来的燃煤烟气汞污染控制技术的发展现状,综述了吸附脱汞和氧化脱汞技术的最新研究进展,重点介绍了活性炭吸附剂吸附脱汞技术和光催化氧化脱汞技术.鉴于活性炭吸附脱汞和光催化氧化脱汞都同时存在吸附和氧化2种反应,提出吸附—光催化脱汞技术将成为今后燃煤烟气汞污染控制的研究方向.     

臭氧化去除水中丹宁、甲醛及苯的特性分析

一、前言 臭氧具有很强的氧化能力,能够氧化降解多种多样的有机化合物,但是在水处理过程中,反应物不同,臭氧化产物,去除过程和去除难易都有较大的不同.试验表明,尽管臭氧氧化能力很强,但对某些物质是无能为力的.例如,臭氧在一般投量下不能氧化去除水中的氨氮、硝酸盐氮以及氯仿等某些三卤甲烷,而对一些硝基芳烃则虽能氧化去除,但却会使其出水中COD值升高.     

催化氧化法处理有机废水催化剂的选择应用

催化氧化法是处理难降解有机废水的一项重要的新技术。在对化学氧化法的不断改进中，逐步发展出湿式催化氧化法、光催化氧化法、均相催化氧化法和多相催化氧化法。不同的氧化方法所用的催化剂不相同，有机化合物的种类和结构不同，催化剂与氧化剂之间存在匹配问题，因此对催化剂要进行筛选评价。     

臭氧水处理技术的进展

臭氧氧化技术是高级氧化技术的一种，在水处理中已有百年的历史。近年来由于对微污染物和难降解有机废水的关注，臭氧处理技术有了新的发展。本文总结了臭氧的应用和三种臭氧氧化技术，指出了臭氧技术发展的方向。     

Community Management of Natural Resources: A Case Study from Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar

We analyzed the management, resource use and conservation of the Ankarafantsika National Park (Madagascar) to develop a management plan, which provides a sustainable development strategy of the area while empowering the local residents. Using qualitative methodology we performed interviews with villagers and local organizations to assess the park’s successes and failures from local stakeholders’ perspectives. People living in a village with a permanent Madagascar National Parks (MNP) agent are more favorable to and supportive of the park conservation. People living in the park are supportive but are more divided. On the other hand, people living on the periphery of the park see conservation as more of a burden. Strategies like more equitable distribution of wealth, environment improvement and decentralization of power are discussed to achieve a more sustainable management plan based on community natural resources management. Short-term, medium, and long-term interventions from park authorities are needed to ensure the cooperation of local people in conservation endeavors.     

Comparison of homologous and heterologous formats in nanocolloidal gold-based immunoassays for parathion residue determination

The effectiveness of homologous and heterologous formats in a nanocolloidal gold-based immunoassay for pesticide residue determination was investigated. Parathion, one of the most toxic organophosphorus pesticides, was used as the target analyte. One-step homologous and heterologous test strips based on a nanocolloidal gold-labeled monoclonal antibody were developed for the rapid detection of parathion residues. The results showed that the heterologous format was more effective than the homologous format, being more sensitive, more specific to parathion and more tolerant of matrix interferences. The best competitive hapten was found to have a moderate heterology and the opposite electronic distribution to the immunizing hapten. The detection limits for parathion using the preferred heterologous strip were 1 μg/L in water samples and 5 μg/kg in soil and food samples.     

The spatial variation of the weekday/weekend differences in the Baltimore area

This study examined the spatial distribution of the weekday/weekend difference in Baltimore, MD, and vicinity. The difference in Baltimore was characterized by having approximately 39% more NOx, approximately 59% more CO, and approximately 27% more volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on the average weekday, but there was approximately 13% more O3 on the weekend day. Spatially, the difference was elongated in the northeast-southwest direction. It decreased from 13% more O3 in Baltimore to 6% at approximately 20 km west of Baltimore and to 4% at approximately 40 km south of Baltimore. It also appeared to decrease to the east, but the magnitude of the decrease could not be determined because of the lack of data east of the Chesapeake Bay. However, the difference increased to the north, reaching a value of almost 18% at a northern Delaware site.     

Effect of some pesticides on in-vitro lipid and protein synthesis by the liver of the freshwater teleost, Channa punctatus (Bl.)

In vitro incorporation of (14)C-glucose/acetate into lipids and (14)C-leucine into proteins by the liver of Channa punctatus, exposed to safe application rate (SAR) and sublethal (SL) concentrations of malathion and carbaryl for 30 days (mid-February to mid-March) during the preparatory phase of the reproductive cycle, declined more in the fish exposed to SL concentrations than to SAR concentrations of the pesticides. The decline in incorporation was more marked in the malathion-exposed fish, than in those exposed to was more marked in the malathion-exposed fish, than in those exposed to carbaryl. Hence, malathion is considered more toxic than carbaryl in inhibiting the de-novo synthesis of lipids and proteins by the liver.     

The Spatial Variation of the Weekday/Weekend Differences in the Baltimore Area

ABSTRACT

This study examined the spatial distribution of the weekday/weekend difference in Baltimore, MD, and vicinity. The difference in Baltimore was characterized by having ~39% more NO_x , ~59% more CO, and ~27% more volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on the average weekday, but there was ~13% more O₃ on the weekend day. Spatially, the difference was elongated in the northeast-southwest direction. It decreased from 13% more O₃ in Baltimore to 6% at ~20 km west of Baltimore and to 4% at ~40 km south of Baltimore. It also appeared to decrease to the east, but the magnitude of the decrease could not be determined because of the lack of data east of the Chesapeake Bay. However, the difference increased to the north, reaching a value of almost 18% at a northern Delaware site.     

Comparison of homologous and heterologous formats in nanocolloidal gold-based immunoassays for parathion residue determination

The effectiveness of homologous and heterologous formats in a nanocolloidal gold-based immunoassay for pesticide residue determination was investigated. Parathion, one of the most toxic organophosphorus pesticides, was used as the target analyte. One-step homologous and heterologous test strips based on a nanocolloidal gold-labeled monoclonal antibody were developed for the rapid detection of parathion residues. The results showed that the heterologous format was more effective than the homologous format, being more sensitive, more specific to parathion and more tolerant of matrix interferences. The best competitive hapten was found to have a moderate heterology and the opposite electronic distribution to the immunizing hapten. The detection limits for parathion using the preferred heterologous strip were 1 μg/L in water samples and 5 μg/kg in soil and food samples.     

旋流场超细颗粒聚集实验研究

不同粒径分布和浓度的催化裂化(FCC)三旋回收超细催化剂颗粒在旋流场中经过50 h循环回流,颗粒中值粒径变化明显。物料中分散相越多、颗粒粒径越小时,颗粒碰撞越频繁,其聚集趋势越明显。颗粒聚集体在旋流场内不够稳定,通过对比不同进料速率下的旋流场聚集效果,得到最适合颗粒聚集的旋流场雷诺数为20 000。颗粒聚集体存在聚集极限粒径,其最佳聚集时间约为40 h,颗粒聚集后的旋流分离效率提高近5%。     

SMFC as a tool for the removal of hydrocarbons and metals in the marine environment: a concise research update

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Marine pollution is becoming more and more serious, especially in coastal areas. Because of the sequestration and consequent accumulation of...     

A multi-process phytoremediation system for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soils

To improve phytoremediation processes, multiple techniques that comprise different aspects of contaminant removal from soils have been combined. Using creosote as a test contaminant, a multi-process phytoremediation system composed of physical (volatilization), photochemical (photooxidation) and microbial remediation, and phytoremediation (plant-assisted remediation) processes was developed. The techniques applied to realize these processes were land-farming (aeration and light exposure), introduction of contaminant degrading bacteria, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and plant growth of contaminant-tolerant tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Over a 4-month period, the average efficiency of removal of 16 priority PAHs by the multi-process remediation system was twice that of land-farming, 50% more than bioremediation alone, and 45% more than phytoremediation by itself. Importantly, the multi-process system was capable of removing most of the highly hydrophobic, soil-bound PAHs from soil. The key elements for successful phytoremediation were the use of plant species that have the ability to proliferate in the presence of high levels of contaminants and strains of PGPR that increase plant tolerance to contaminants and accelerate plant growth in heavily contaminated soils. The synergistic use of these approaches resulted in rapid and massive biomass accumulation of plant tissue in contaminated soil, putatively providing more active metabolic processes, leading to more rapid and more complete removal of PAHs.     

Ozone stress and antioxidant substances in Trifolium repens and Centaurea jacea leaves

Ozone-sensitive (NC-S clone) and resistant plants (NC-R clone) of Trifolium repens and Centaurea jacea were exposed to moderate ozone concentrations in ambient air. The aim of this study was the investigation of the relation between ozone-sensitivity and leaf concentrations of antioxidants (ascorbic acid, total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity). NC-R clone showed the highest concentrations of antioxidants with 50-70% more ascorbic acid than NC-S. NC-R had about 5 times more ascorbic acid in the young leaves and 9 times more in the old leaves than Centaurea. In a fumigation experiment with acute ozone stress (100 nl L(-1)) the antioxidant levels changed profoundly. The ozone-injured leaves of NC-S had 6-8 times more total phenolics than uninjured leaves. Generally older leaves had lower antioxidant concentrations and were more prone to ozone injury than younger leaves. Ascorbic acid concentrations were closer related to the appearance of visible ozone injury than the other antioxidative parameters.