Rapid removal of bisphenol A on highly ordered mesoporous carbon

Bisphenol A (BPA) is of global concern due to its disruption of endocrine systems and ubiquity in the aquatic environment. It is important, therefore, that e orts are made to remove it from the aqueous phase. A novel adsorbent, mesoporous carbon CMK-3, prepared from hexagonal SBA-15 mesoporous silica was studied for BPA removal from aqueous phase, and compared with conventional powdered activated carbon (PAC). Characterization of CMK-3 by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray di raction, and nitrogen adsorption indicated that prepared CMK-3 had an ordered mesoporous structure with a high specific surface area of 920 m2/g and a pore-size of about 4.9 nm. The adsorption of BPA on CMK-3 followed a pseudo second-order kinetic model. The kinetic constant was 0.00049 g/(mg min), much higher than the adsorption of BPA on PAC. The adsorption isotherm fitted slightly better with the Freundlich model than the Langmuir model, and adsorption capacity decreased as temperature increased from 10 to 40°C. No significant influence of pH on adsorption was observed at pH 3 to 9; however, adsorption capacity decreased dramatically from pH 9 to 13.     

Chemically modified silica gel with 1-{4-[(2-hydroxy-benzylidene)amino]phenyl}ethanone: Synthesis, characterization and application as an efficient and reusable solid phase extractant for selective removal of Zn(II) from mycorrhizal treated fly-ash samples

1-{4-[(2-hydroxy-benzylidene)amino]phenyl}ethanone functionalized silica gel was synthesized and used as a highly efficient, selective and reusable solid phase extractant for separation and preconcentration of trace amount of Zn(II) from environmental matrices. The adsorbent was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis,¹³C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and BET surface area analysis. The dependence of zinc extraction on various analytical parameters such as pH, type and amount of eluent, sample flow rate and interfering ions were investigated in detail. The material exhibited superior adsorption efficiency for Zn(II) with high metal loading capacity of 1.0 mmol/g under optimum conditions. After adsorption, the recovery (> 98%) of metal ions was accomplished using 1.0 mol/L HNO₃ as an eluent. The sorbent was also regenerated by microwave treatment in milder acidic environment (0.1 mol/L HNO₃). The lower detection limit and preconcentration factor of the present method were found out to be 0.04 μg/L and 312.5 respectively. The modified silica surface possessed excellent selectivity for the target analytes and the adsorption/desorption process remained effective for at least ten consecutive cycles. The optimized procedure was successfully implemented for the extraction of Zn(II) from mycorrhizal treated fly ash and pharmaceutical samples with reproducible results.     

网状聚合物冠醚对重金属离子的吸附性能

以Hg（NO3）2、Cu（NO3）2水溶液为模拟工业废水，以侧链具N、S配位基的网状聚合物冠醚为吸附剂，研究了聚合物冠醚对HP(2＋)、Cu(2＋)的吸附性能。讨论了溶液温度、pH值、金属离子浓度及时间对吸附性能的影响，该聚合物冠醚对Hg(2＋)具有较高的吸附容量和较快的吸附速度。     

Removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution by hydrous manganese dioxide: Adsorption behavior and mechanism

Hydrous manganese dioxide (HMO) synthesized by redox of potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide was used as an adsorbent for Pb(Ⅱ) removal.The specific surface area,pore volume and BJH pore diameter of the HMO were 79.31m2/g,0.07cm3/g and 3.38 nm,respectively.The adsorption equilibrium at 298K could be well described by the Langmuir isotherm equation with q max value of 352.55mg/g.The negative values of G and the positive values of H and S indicated the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic.The pseudo second-order equation could best fit the adsorption data.The value of the calculated activation energy for Pb(Ⅱ) adsorption onto the HMO was 38.23 kJ/mol.The uptake of Pb(Ⅱ) by HMO was correlated with increasing surface hydroxyl group content and the main adsorbed speciation was PbOH+.The final chemical state of Pb(Ⅱ) on the surface of HMO was similar to PbO.HMO was a promising candidate for Pb(Ⅱ) removal from aqueous solution.     

FeCl3改性MOFs在低温下对Hg0的吸附性能

为提高吸附剂对Hg0（零价汞）的吸附效率,利用MOFs（金属有机框架）材料发达的孔隙结构和高比表面积（1 997.010 0 m2/g）,采用FeCl₃溶液浸渍改性,制备了吸附剂FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）用于脱除Hg0.在小型固定床反应器上考察了浸渍浓度、反应温度、氧含量等对Hg0去除的影响.结果表明:FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）在进口ρ（Hg0）为2×10-3 mg/L,c（FeCl₃）为0.2 mol/L,反应温度60℃,气体流速400 mL/min,φ（O₂）为1%的条件下,吸附穿透时间长达62 h,相应的吸附容量为14.27 mg/g.在此基础上,进一步利用BET（比表面积测试）、SEM（扫描电镜）-EDX（能量色散X射线光谱）、XRD（X射线衍射）、XPS（X射线光电子能谱）等常用表征手段研究了改性前后吸附剂的物理化学特性,证明了吸附剂FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）吸附零价汞是物理吸附与化学吸附共同作用的结果,含氯官能团在吸附Hg0过程中也发挥了相当大的作用,并且氧气可促进其吸附效果.最后,分析了其吸附机理.研究显示,该种吸附剂在低温条件下具有较为优良的脱汞性能,应用前景良好.      

Pb(II) removal from water using Fe-coated bamboo charcoal with the assistance of microwaves

Bamboo charcoal(BC) was used as starting material to prepare iron-modified bamboo charcoal(Fe-MBC) by its impregnation in FeCl 3 and HNO 3 solutions simultaneously,followed by microwave heating.The material can be used as an adsorbent for Pb(Ⅱ) contaminants removal in water.The composites were prepared with Fe molar concentration of 0.5,1.0 and 2.0 mol/L and characterized by means of N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherms,X-ray diffraction spectroscopy(XRD),scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(SEM-EDS),Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) and point of zero charge(pH pzc) measurements.Nitrogen adsorption analyses showed that the BET specific surface area and total pore volume increased with iron impregnation.The adsorbent with Fe molar concentration of 2 mol/L(2Fe-MBC) exhibited the highest surface area and produced the best pore structure.The Pb(Ⅱ) adsorption process of 2Fe-MBC and BC were evaluated in batch experiments and 2Fe-MBC showed an excellent adsorption capability for removal Pb(Ⅱ).The adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) strongly depended on solution pH,with maximum values at pH 5.0.The ionic strength had a significant effect on the adsorption at pH < 6.0.The adsorption isotherms followed the Langmuir isotherm model well,and the maximum adsorption capacity for Pb(Ⅱ) was 200.38 mg/g for 2Fe-MBC.The adsorption processes were well fitted by a pseudo second-order kinetic model.Thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) onto Fe-MBC was feasible,spontaneous,and exothermic under the studied conditions,and the ion exchange mechanism played an significant role.These results have important implications for the design of low-cost and effective adsorbents in the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) from wastewater.     

给水厂污泥对Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附性能

给水厂污泥具有较强的吸附能力,可作为从水溶液中去除重金属的潜在吸附剂。通过试验分析了给水厂污泥(WTR)作为吸附剂去除溶液中Hg(Ⅱ)时,pH值、Hg(Ⅱ)初始浓度、污泥粒径以及温度对Hg(Ⅱ)吸附性能的影响,确定了吸附过程的动力学及吸附等温模型,并探究了其吸附机理。结果表明：溶液pH值对给水厂污泥吸附Hg(Ⅱ)具有较大影响,当pH=8.0时吸附效果最佳。采用粒径较小的污泥有利于对Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附,污泥对Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附量随着初始浓度的增加而增加。给水厂污泥对Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附符合准二级动力学模型,平衡等温线符合Langmuir吸附等温模型,25℃条件下pH为7.0时污泥的饱和吸附量达到69.13 mg/g。升温有利于给水厂污泥对Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附。通过分析吸附前后污泥比表面积和微孔体积的变化发现,颗粒内扩散是给水厂污泥吸附Hg(Ⅱ)的限速步骤。     

Simultaneous removal of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) by Mg–Al–Cl layered double hydroxide and mechanism insight

Mg–Al–Cl layered double hydroxide (Cl-LDH) was prepared to simultaneously remove Cu(II) and Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. The coexisting Cu(II) (20 mg/L) and Cr(VI) (40 mg/L) were completely removed within 30 min by Cl-LDH in a dosage of 2.0 g/L; the removal rate of Cu(II) was accelerated in the presence of Cr(VI). Moreover, compared with the adsorption of single Cu(II) or Cr(VI), the adsorption capacities of Cl-LDH for Cu(II) and Cr(VI) can be improved by 81.05% and 49.56%, respectively, in the case of coexisting Cu(II) (200 mg/L) and Cr(VI) (400 mg/L). The affecting factors (such as solution initial pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time) have been systematically investigated. Besides, the changes of pH values and the concentrations of Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺ in relevant solutions were monitored. To get the underlying mechanism, the Cl-LDH samples before and after adsorption were thoroughly characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. On the basis of these analyses, a possible mechanism was proposed. The coadsorption process involves anion exchange of Cr(VI) with Cl⁻ in Cl-LDH interlayer, isomorphic substitution of Mg²⁺ with Cu²⁺, formation of Cu₂Cl(OH)₃ precipitation, and the adsorption of Cr(VI) by Cu₂Cl(OH)₃. This work provides a new insight into simultaneous removal of heavy metal cations and anions from wastewater by Cl-LDH.     

影响大气汞化学过程的敏感因子分析

为了分析汞在大气中的化学行为,在一个化学模式中加入汞的气相、气液平衡和液相反应,模拟大气汞及其化合物的演变规律,并分析了气象因子(云、光解率、温度)和化学因子(气态O3、H2O2、HO2、OH和气态零价汞Hg0(g))的初始体积分数对各形态汞及其化合物浓度和Hg0(g)转化率的影响.模拟结果表明,在中等大气污染条件下,Hg0(g)的每小时平均转化率为2.91%.敏感性试验结果表明,云量、光解率、温度、O3和Hg0(g)的初始体积分数对不同形态汞的影响较为显著.云量的增加、光解率的增加、臭氧初始体积分数的升高,各形态汞的平衡时间缩短,除气态氧化汞和一价汞离子外,其他形态汞的平衡浓度均会降低,Hg0(g)的转化率增加.温度增加将抑制Hg0(g)的转化.Hg0(g)的初始体积分数增加,各形态汞的浓度升高,但其平均转化率没有显著变化.不同因子对汞化学过程的相对作用对区域或全球大气汞的环境模拟具有指导意义.     

Amino-functionalized core-shell magnetic mesoporous composite microspheres for Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal

Amino-functionalized Fe3O4@mesoporous SiO/ core-shell composite microspheres NH2-MS in created in multiple synthesis steps have been investigated for Pb（Ⅱ） and Cd（Ⅱ） adsorption. The microspheres were characterized by transmission electron microscope （TEM）, scanning electron microscope （SEM）, N2 adsorption-desorption, zeta potential measurements and vibrating sample magnetometer. Batch adsorption tests indicated that NH2-MS exhibited higher adsorption affinity toward Pb（Ⅱ） and Cd（Ⅱ） than MS did. The Langmuir model could fit the adsorption isotherm very well with maximum adsorption capacity of 128.21 and 51.81 mg/g for Pb（Ⅱ） and Cd（Ⅱ）, respectively, implying that adsorption processes involved monolayer adsorption. Pb（Ⅱ） and Cd（Ⅱ） adsorption could be well described by the pseudo second-order kinetics model, and was found to be strongly dependent on pH and humic acid. The Pb（Ⅱ）- and Cd（Ⅱ）-loaded microspheres were effectively desorbed using 0.01 mol/L HC1 or EDTA solution. NH2-MS have promise for use as adsorbents in the removal of Pb（Ⅱ） and Cd（Ⅱ） in wastewater treatment processes.     

Adsorption characteristics of copper, lead, zinc and cadmium ions by tourmaline

The adsorption characteristics of heavy metals： Cu（Ⅱ）, Pb（Ⅱ）, Zn（Ⅱ） and Cd（Ⅱ） ions on tourmaline were studied. Adsorption equilibrium was established. The adsorption isotherms of all the four metal ions followed well Langmuir equation. Tourmaline was found to remove heavy metal ions efficiently from aqueous solution with selectivity in the order of Pb（Ⅱ）〉Cu（Ⅱ）〉Cd（Ⅱ）〉Zn（Ⅱ）. The adsorption of metal ions by tourmaline increased with the initial concentration of metal ions increasing in the medium. Tourmaline could also increase pH value of metal solution.The maximum heavy metal ions adsorbed by tourmaline was found to be 78.86, 154.08, 67.25, and 66.67 mg/g for Cu（Ⅱ）, Pb（U）, Zn（Ⅱ） and Cd（U）, respectively. The temperature （25-55℃） had a small effect on the adsorption capacity of tourmaline. Competitive adsorption of Cu（Ⅱ）, Pb（Ⅱ）, Zn（Ⅱ） and Cd（Ⅱ） ions was also studied. The adsorption capacity of tourmaline for single metal decreased in the order of Pb〉Cu〉Zn 〉Cd and inhibition dominance observed in two metal systems was Pb〉Cu, Pb〉Zn, Pb〉Cd, Cu〉Zn, Cu〉Cd, and Cd〉Zn.     

新型胺化介孔炭的制备及其对Pb(II)的吸附

采用微波辅助磷酸活化制备了高中孔率蔗渣基介孔炭,并通过硝酸氧化和乙二胺聚合在其孔道内修饰了含氮多胺基团,探索了溶液浓度、温度、吸附剂剂量等对改性介孔炭的Pb(II)吸附性能、行为和热力学特性的影响.结果表明,蔗渣基介孔炭较宽的孔道结构可通过乙二胺缩水聚合反应在其表面接枝酰胺、仲胺等含氮基团;胺化改性增强化了介孔炭对水溶液中Pb(II)的固定作用,改性后介孔炭对Pb(II)的吸附量高达180mg/g,是改性前介孔炭的1.5倍;改性介孔炭对Pb(II)的去除率显著增加,对溶液浓度<60mg/L的Pb(II)去除率接近100%.等温吸附与热力学数据表明,胺化改性介孔炭对Pb(II)的吸附位能量存在差异化,吸附是自发的吸热反应过程,温度对铅(II)离子吸附有促进作用,化学作用在吸附过程中发挥了重要作用.     

Photo-induced transformations of Hg(Ⅱ) species in the presence of Nitzschia hantzschiana,ferric ion,and humic acid

Effects of algae Nitzschia hantzschiana, Fe(Ⅲ) ions, humic acid, and pH on the photochemical reduction of Hg(Ⅱ) using the irradiation of metal halide lamps (λ 365 nm, 250 W) were investigated. The photoreduction rate of Hg(Ⅱ) was found to increase with increasing concentrations of algae, Fe(Ⅲ) ions, and humic acid. Alteration of pH value affected the photoreduction of Hg(Ⅱ) in aqueous solution with or without algae. The photoreduction rate of Hg(II) decreased with increasing initial Hg(Ⅱ) concentration in aqueous solution in the presence of algae. The photochemical kinetics of initial Hg(Ⅱ) and algae concentrations on the photoreduction of Hg(Ⅱ) were studied at pH 7.0. The study on the total Hg mass balance in terms of photochemical process revealed that more than 42% of Hg(Ⅱ) from the algal suspension was reduced to volatile metallic Hg under the conditions investigated.     

酸改性对褐煤半焦脱除烟气中元素态汞性能的影响

为减少燃煤烟气中零价汞的排放,利用HCl和HNO3溶液对褐煤半焦改性研制了一种高效、低成本的吸附剂.运用酸碱滴定、Boehm滴定、BET、SEM和FTIR等技术对半焦吸附剂的表面特性进行表征与分析,利用固定床吸附实验装置及烟气测汞仪在线考察了半焦吸附剂对气态Hg0的吸附特性.结果表明,酸改性使半焦灰分含量降低,增加了半焦比表面积和羧基、酚羟基等官能团含量.酸改性处理可提高半焦对元素态单质汞的脱除效率,特别是盐酸溶液改性褐煤半焦可使吸附温度为140℃时的脱汞效率显著提高,这与改性半焦表面羧基、酚羟基和C-Cl官能团的含量及性质有关,半焦表面这些官能团能为Hg0的化学吸附提供活性位.     

硝酸处理的碳纳米管吸附水溶液中汞离子的研究

碳纳米管是一种具有独特结构和优异性能的纳米材料。该文研究了硝酸处理的碳纳米管作为吸附剂吸附水溶液中的汞离子的吸附特性,考察了溶液pH值、吸附时间、溶液浓度以及吸附剂的量等因素对吸附行为的影响。实验结果表明:在pH值为2～5的范围内,碳纳米管对汞离子的吸附量随着pH值的增大而增大,并在pH为5时(对汞离子的吸附量)达到了最大值,在pH大于5时,pH值对吸附效果影响不大。碳纳米管吸附汞离子的量随着吸附时间的增加而增大,且在60min内达到了吸附平衡,当Hg2+浓度为20mg/L时吸附量为16.63mg/g。通过对Langmuir和Freundlich方程对吸附等温线的拟合比较,Langmuir方程更适合描述吸附特性。随着吸附剂量增加,吸附效率上升。研究结果表明,硝酸处理的碳纳米管是一种有效的水溶液中汞离子的吸附剂。     

β-环糊精/环氧氯丙烷聚合物的制备及其对双酚S的吸附特性

BPS（双酚S）用途广泛,但存在水环境污染问题,容易引起类似于双酚A的雌激素反应,因此需要寻求高效的吸附剂从水溶液中将其脱除.在NaOH水溶液中,以环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,合成了β-CDP（β-环糊精/环氧氯丙烷聚合物）,用于吸附水溶液中的BPS.基于此,考察了吸附时间、pH、初始ρ（BPS）、β-CDP用量对吸附性能的影响以及β-CDP的再生性能,探讨了吸附动力学、等温吸附模型和吸附机理.结果表明:①在温度为298 K、pH为5.4、β-CDP用量为0.05 g、初始ρ（BPS）为100 mg/L、BPS溶液体积为50 mL、吸附时间为60 min的条件下,BPS吸附量为69.7 mg/g,吸附率为69.7%;②吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,表明化学吸附为速率控制步骤;③Langmuir吸附等温模型的成功拟合表明,吸附BPS在β-CDP表面上形成了单分子层覆盖;④β-CDP吸附BPS为放热过程,低温有利于吸附的进行;⑤与初始吸附量（69.7 mg/g）相比,β-CDP连续再生6次,BPS吸附量仍可达68.1 mg/g;⑥吸附机理是通过BPS的羟基与β-CDP形成氢键作为推动力,并借助β-CD（β-环糊精）空腔内部的疏水作用,使得BPS进入空腔形成包结物.研究显示,β-CDP对水溶液中的BPS具有良好的吸附性能,再生循环使用稳定性高,具有较高的性价比.      

Selective adsorption of silver ions from aqueous solution using polystyrene-supported trimercaptotriazine resin

Trimercaptotriazine-functionalized polystyrene chelating resin was prepared and employed for the adsorption of Ag(I) from aqueous solution. The adsorbent was characterized according to the following techniques: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy and the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller method. The effects of initial Ag(I) concentration, contact time, solution pH and coexisting ions on the adsorption capacity of Ag(I) were systematically investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity of Ag(I) was up to 187.1 mg/g resin at pH 0.0 and room temperature. The kinetic experiments indicated that the adsorption rate of Ag(I) onto the chelating resin was quite fast in the first 60 min and reached adsorption equilibrium after 360 min. The adsorption process can be well described by the pseudo second-order kinetic model and the equilibrium adsorption isotherm was closely fitted by the Langmuir model. Moreover, the chelating resin could selectively adsorb more Ag(I) ions than other heavy metal ions including: Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) during competitive adsorption in the binary metal species systems, which indicated that it was a highly selective adsorbent of Ag(I) from aqueous solution.     

磁性壳聚糖微球吸附水中As(Ⅲ)的实验研究

文章主要考察实验室制得的乙二胺改性磁性壳聚糖微球对毒性高,迁移能力强的A(sⅢ)去除效果。通过单因素实验研究了pH值、吸附时间、A(sⅢ)溶液初始浓度和吸附剂投加量对磁性壳聚糖微球吸附除A(sⅢ)效果的影响。实验结果表明在pH值为2,吸附时间为90 min,磁性壳聚糖微球投加量为0.4 g时,对初始浓度为10 mg/L,体积为100 mL的A(sⅢ)溶液去除率达到96.96%,吸附后溶液中A(sⅢ)浓度仅为0.304 mg/L,低于我国污水综合排放标准中砷含量标准值。磁性壳聚糖微球的解吸实验表明,吸附剂解吸4次后,对A(sⅢ)的去除率仍达到95%以上,吸附性能稳定,具有较好的可重复利用性。因此,磁性壳聚糖微球是一种去除低浓度含砷废水非常有效的材料。     

不同淋洗剂对镍污染砂土的柱淋洗研究

比较了去离子水、阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）、盐酸和柠檬酸对模拟污染砂土中镍（Ⅱ）的柱淋洗作用。SDS浓度为500、1000、1750、2500和3250mg／L,盐酸溶液pH值为0．8、1、2和3,柠檬酸溶液浓度为0．01、0．04、0．1和0．4mol／L。结果表明,几种淋洗剂对土柱中镍的淋洗曲线规律相似,即在淋洗液孔隙体积数为0．5时开始有镍淋出,随着累计孔体积数目的增大,淋洗液中镍的浓度逐渐开始增大,迭到峰值时又开始减小。在去离子水淋洗过程中,镍最大淋出浓度为90．8mg/L;五种不同浓度SDS淋洗过程中,镍最大淋出浓度分别为92．4、90．2、94．1、51．0和53．7mg／L;四种不同pH值的盐酸溶液对应的镍最大淋出浓度分别为959．5、753．3、56．3和23．9mg／L;四种不同浓度的柠檬酸对应的镍最大淋出浓度分别为318．6、793．4、930．1和1464．4mg／L。pH=1的盐酸溶液对镍的淋洗去除率最高为87．3％,其次是浓度为0．1mol／L的柠檬酸溶液,去除率为83．2％;SDS的淋洗效率低,与去离子水相当。0．1mol／L的柠檬酸溶液可为污染土壤重金属镍淋洗用试剂。     

Pb（II） biosorption using chitosan and chitosan derivatives beads： Equilibrium, ion exchange and mechanism studies

The study examined the adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution onto chitosan, chitosan-GLA and chitosan-alginate beads. Several important parameters influencing the adsorption of Pb(II) ions such as initial pH, adsorbent dosage and di erent initial concentration of Pb(II) ions were evaluated. The mechanism involved during the adsorption process was explored based on ion exchange study and using spectroscopic techniques. The adsorption capacities obtained based on non–linear Langmuir isotherm for chitosan, chitosan-GLA and chitosan-alginate beads in single metal system were 34.98, 14.24 and 60.27 mg/g, respectively. However, the adsorption capacity of Pb(II) ions were reduced in the binary metal system due to the competitive adsorption between Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions. Based on the ion exchange study, the release of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+ ions played an important role in the adsorption of Pb(II) ions by all three adsorbents but only at lower concentrations of Pb(II) ions. Infrared spectra showed that the binding between Pb(II) ions and the adsorbents involved mostly the nitrogen and oxygen atoms. All three adsorbents showed satisfactory adsorption capacities and can be considered as an e cient adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions.