土壤中有机污染物迁移行为的研究方法

土壤中的有机污染物可能影响土壤的正常功能,甚至造成地下水、大气和食物链的污染,对人类健康和环境质量产生威胁。研究有机污染物在土壤中的迁移行为,对于了解其进入土壤后的归趋,评价土壤环境质量,进行污染防治具有重要意义。本文分类介绍了研究土壤中有机污染物迁移行为的各种方法,认为建立条件控制良好的模拟实验体系是进行此类研究的重要手段。     

如东县菜篮子蔬菜基地土壤环境质量评价

从与人们日常生活息息相关的蔬菜基地的土壤环境质量入手，通过对如东菜篮子蔬菜基地土壤中的各主要重金属含量进行监测分析，运用单因子质量指数评价方法，结果表明，如东菜篮子蔬菜基地所有单项污染指数均小于1，完全符合无公害蔬菜产地的环境要求。     

土壤有机物污染控制标准制订的方法学研究

指出了中国现行土壤环境质量标准存在的问题.对日本和美国等发达国家的有机物污染土壤质量控制标准进行了分析.从土壤环境质量基准制订的方法学和污染控制标准的确定原则上,提出了制订中国土壤有机物污染控制标准的建议.     

无公害蔬菜生产基地环境质量研究

无公害蔬菜的产地,必须达到一定的环境质量标准,故生产基地环境质量研究是生产无公害蔬菜的第一关。主要环境要素有：土壤、水质、大气环境,同时检测基地现产蔬菜中农药残留量。     

我国部分地区土壤的铬背景值及其富集的规律性

研究铬在土壤中的自然背景及其分布,对于评价土壤环境质量,确定环境容量,制定环境标准有着重要的意义。本文针对近年来我国部分地区不同土类有关铬的背景值的     

土壤重金属的植物污染化学研究进展

针对中国土壤重金属污染加剧的趋势,为改善土壤环境质量和保障农产品安全,提出了土壤重金属的植物污染化学研究领域.结合多年的研究工作,从土壤重金属的植物根际化学行为、土壤重金属的植物吸收与解毒机制和重金属污染土壤的植物-微生物交互作用等方面简要阐述了土壤-植物系统中重金属的分布、存在形态、迁移转化、累积及生物学效应和控制规律的研究进展,并对将来的植物污染化学理论研究提出了展望.     

大气环境质量的人工神经网络决策模型

为了对环境质量进行综合评价，运用误差反向传播算法的人工神经网络方法建立了环境质量评价的Ｂ－Ｐ决策模型。用此模型研究实例的大气环境质量，结果表明Ｂ－Ｐ网络用于环境质量评价具有客观性和实用性。     

兰州地区土壤中10种重金属的污染程度及其形成原因

本文从环境保护角度出发,以大量数据与资料为依据,运用了地球化学与环境质量评价方法,探讨了兰州地区表层土壤中Cu、Ph、Zn、Sb、Cd、Be、Mo、Se、Hg、As等元素污染程度及其形成的主要原因,指出了改善与防止土壤进一步污染的途径。     

天津地区土壤中铁、钛、钙、锌、锶、锆背景值的初步探讨

土壤中元素背景值的测定,是环境科学的一项基础性工作。为了确定一个地区或某种土壤类型背景值的正常范围,并为判断土壤污染与否和发展区域性环境质量评价、研究元素的迁移,富集和转化规律以及环境对     

关于土壤环境质量评价中若干方法问题的探讨——以北戴河风景区土壤中重金属为例

一九七八年至一九七九年对北戴河风景区土壤开展了两次调查,在调查基础上,对本区土壤重金属的环境质量评价做了尝试。此评价从北戴河风景区土壤实际情况出发,在传统综合评价方法的基础上,对土壤环境质量综合评价的标准、权重、标准化方法、重金属毒性及环境质量等级等问题,进行了探索,力图避免评价中的主观性和任意性。实践证明,这种方法收到了比较好的效果。 通过对北戴河风景区土壤重金属含量的调查,获得了大量的数据,对该区土壤中重金属含量状况有了一些了解。这些调查数据,是评价该区重金属污染状况的基础。但是,在应用综合评价方法,评价土壤环境质量时,如何选择适宜的评价标准,应用恰当的评价模式,确定客观的权系数,划分妥当的土壤环境质量等级,这是关系到评价结果的可信赖性和真实性的重要问题。然而,到目前为止,国内外还没有一个统一的评价方法和评价标准,作为土壤环境质量评价的一些基础性工作,跟不上实际需要,因而在处理上述问题时,往往采用相对比较方法,带有很大的主观性,这在一定程度上影响了评价的效果。随着环境保护工作的深入开展,要求尽快摆脱评价工作中的主观性因素,提高评价结果的质量。因而在北戴河风景区土壤环境质量评价研究中,首先对一些基本方法问题,进行了初步尝式,并以此对北戴     

Spatial extraction model for soil environmental quality of anomalous areas in a geographic scale

An approach to establish a soil environmental assessment model was proposed to evaluate the soil environmental quality level. The kriging technique and a self-organizing map (SOM) were integrated to investigate the soil environmental quality in a geographic information system (GIS). In this study, SOM was applied to categorize the data set of nine heavy metals in topsoil. A total of 261 topsoil samples were collected to determine the concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Hg, As, and Mn. The samples were clustered into three classes by SOM and visualized by GIS. The results show that different environmental quality categories are significantly different and that the soil environmental quality assessment model is effective.     

A framework of connections between soil and people can help improve sustainability of the food system and soil functions

Globally soil quality and food security continue to decrease indicating that agriculture and the food system need to adapt. Improving connection to the soil by knowledge exchange can help achieve this. We propose a framework of three types of connections that allow the targeting of appropriate messages to different groups of people. Direct connection by, for example, handling soil develops soil awareness for management that can be fostered by farmers joining groups on soil-focused farming such as organic farming or no-till. Indirect connections between soil, food and ecosystem services can inform food choices and environmental awareness in the public and can be promoted by, for example, gardening, education and art. Temporal connection revealed from past usage of soil helps to bring awareness to policy workers of the need for the long-term preservation of soil quality for environmental conservation. The understanding of indirect and temporal connections can be helped by comparing them with the operations of the networks of soil organisms and porosity that sustain soil fertility and soil functions.     

土壤中结合态农药环境毒理研究进展

本文介绍了近年来国内外对土壤中结合态农药的研究动向,叙述了土壤中农药的结合残留量、环境意义及结合残留的分析测试技术,尤其对超临界流体萃取结合残留的技术作了介绍,并对该领域的深入研究提出了还需要解决的问题     

中国土壤环境污染态势及预防、控制和修复策略

在综述中国土壤环境污染态势及成因的基础上,提出了土壤环境污染的预防、控制和修复策略.指出了当前中国土壤环境污染态势严峻,表现出土壤污染范围在扩大,污染物种类在增多,出现了复合型、混合型的高风险污染区,呈现出从污灌型向与大气沉降型并重转变、城郊向农村延伸、局部向区域蔓延的趋势;体现出土壤污染与土壤酸化的叠加、多种传统污染物与新兴污染物相互混合的态势,危及粮食生产、食物质量、生态安全、人体健康以及区域可持续发展.认为以预防为主,预防、控制和修复相结合是中国在相当长时期内的土壤环境保护策略;土壤污染预防需要法律法规、评价标准、管理政策和公众参与,土壤污染控制需要发展物化控制、生物学控制及其协同控制技术,土壤污染修复需要研发工程修复技术、材料、产品与设备,建立技术规范、评价标准和管理体系,推动市场化和产业化发展.     

Short-term exposure to ozone altered the relative feed value of an alfalfa cultivar

Biomonitors are organisms that provide quantitative information on environmental quality. There are some constraints and limitations for the use of plants as biomonitors of soil pollution, as pointed out recently by some authors in this journal. However, we defend the use of plants as biomonitors, and argue that they have important advantages over soil analyses as indicators of soil quality, particularly when investigations are made on a large scale.     

Kinetic and dynamic aspects of soil-plant-snail transfer of cadmium in the field

The proper use of bioaccumulation in the assessment of environmental quality involves accounting for chemical fluxes in organisms. Cadmium (Cd) accumulation kinetics in a soil-plant-snail food chain were therefore investigated in the field under different soil contamination (from 0 to 40 mg kg(-1)), soil pH (6 and 7) and season. Allowing for an accurate and sensitive assessment of Cd transfer to snails, toxicokinetics appears an interesting tool in the improvement of risk assessment procedures and a way to quantify metal bioavailability for a defined target. On the basis of uptake fluxes, snails proved to be sensitive enough to distinguish moderate soil contaminations. The soil pH did not appear, in the range studied, as a modulating parameter of the Cd transfer from soil to snail whereas the season, by influencing the snail mass, may modify the internal concentrations. The present data specifying a time integrated assessment of environmental factors on metal bioavailability and transfer to terrestrial snails should ensure their rational use in environmental biomonitoring.     

Azerbaijan: environmental conditions and outlook

The author describes present environmental conditions in Azerbaijan in relation to the Soviet legacy and measures taken since independence. Environmental projects have been financed largely by international organizations and foreign companies. The most serious problems are contaminants in the Caspian Sea; air, water, and soil pollution in Sumgait; illegal fishing; poor quality of drinking water; cutting of forests for fuel and pasture; overgrazing; and soil erosion and salinization. Progress in developing an environmental conscience, necessary for sustained protection of the environment, will depend most importantly on environmental education, growth of democratic institutions and attitudes that encourage both governmental and citizen responsibility for the environment, and economic development that produces a substantial middle class. Positive advances include a Constitution and laws that require protection of the environment, and individuals who speak out for environmental care. Negative factors include poverty and the present government's low priority for environmental protection.     

污染土壤修复效果评定方法的研究

在实施污染土壤修复的环境工程后，需要通过灵敏和有效的评定方法对污染土壤修复的效果进行评定。然而，单纯依靠化学方法进行污染土壤修复效果的评定，不能揭示土壤的整体质量特征，因此需要生态毒理方法作为相互补充的手段。本文概述了植物毒性评定法、陆生无脊椎动物评定法和土壤微生物评定法及其在污染土壤修复效果评定中的应用，并对污染土壤修复效果评定方法的发展前景进行展望。     

Interactions of Environmental Factors on the Sensitivity of Plants to Air Pollution

Before potential damage to vegetation can be adequately forecast, even after an air pollution alert has been placed in effect, a clear understanding of the interactions of environment on plant sensitivity must be ascertained. This involves detailed study of single factors and then multiple factors using the phytotoxicants in question. Factors studied or suggested include light (quality, intensity, and duration), temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, humidity, wind, soil moisture, soil aeration, nutrient levels, and soil texture. This paper presents a review of the work relating plant injury to specific air pollutants as conditioned by several environmental conditions supported by research on the interactions of ozone with these environmental conditions.