纳米材料对心血管系统影响的研究进展(Research Progress of the Influences of Nanoscale Materials on the Cardiovascular System)

随着纳米材料生物安全性及纳米毒理学相关研究的深入,纳米尺度物质对心血管系统的潜在危害受到极大关注.论文综述了纳米尺度物质对心血管系统影响的流行病研究和实验研究的最新进展,探讨了纳米尺度物质对心血管系统影响的分子机制,提出了心血管系统是纳米尺度物质所致毒性效应的主要靶点之一的观点,在此基础上对纳米尺度物质对心血管系统影响研究的发展方向进行了展望.     

包装材料及食品中纳米材料的检测与表征技术

随着纳米技术的发展,纳米材料在包装行业及食品工业中得到了广泛的应用。然而,纳米材料的安全应用高度依赖于对其生物及环境效应的了解。有研究表明,纳米材料对人类健康及生态环境存在着潜在危害,这使得纳米材料的安全性成为毒理学领域的热点研究课题。同时纳米材料的安全性问题也成为纳米复合包装材料及纳米食品研究和开发的新瓶颈。在对纳米材料没有充分认识的情况下,为了消费者和生态环境的安全,必须控制包装材料及食品中纳米颗粒的种类、来源、含量及可能的释放,这就需要可靠的方法对纳米颗粒的性质和结构进行检测及表征。首先,综述了目前纳米材料在复合包装材料及食品加工中的应用,然后总结了包装材料及食品中纳米材料的检测技术及表征方法,例如显微技术、色谱分离技术、光谱与质谱技术等。由于纳米材料的理化性质参数众多,应用多种分析手段来检测和表征纳米材料成为必然。最后对目前检测技术及表征方法的不足和今后发展方向进行了探讨。     

二氧化钛纳米材料的环境健康和生态毒理效应

伴随着纳米科技的迅猛发展,各式各样的纳米材料被开发和生产出来,逐步进入到周围环境及生命体中,纳米材料的生物安全性和生态毒理学问题已引起了社会各界的普遍关注.纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)因具有良好的光催化特性、耐化学腐蚀性和热稳定性,而被广泛应用于涂料、废水处理、杀菌、化妆品、食品添加剂和生物医用陶瓷材料等与日常生活紧密相关的领域,因此,其将不可避免地进入环境和生态系统中引起相应的生物学效应(毒理学).论文从流行病学调查和实验研究两方面出发,综述了纳米TiO2对生物体(皮肤、肺、肝、肾和脑)、细胞(细胞膜、细胞生长和凋亡)和生态系统的影响,探讨了其毒性产生的可能机制.希望今后进一步加强对纳米TiO2的环境健康和生态毒性研究,以建立纳米TiO2的环境健康安全暴露评价体系,促进纳米技术的健康、安全和可持续发展。     

海洋环境中纳米金属的生物吸收及生物效应

当前随着纳米科技的发展,纳米材料,特别是纳米金属,因其独特的物化性质,在各行各业中的使用量呈指数增长,致使其在大气、水域、土壤环境中的安全性问题引起公众关注。尤其是在受到人类活动密切影响的近岸海洋环境中,纳米金属的潜在生态效应成为当前国内外研究的热点之一。本文重点综述了由于海洋环境的理化因子以及纳米金属独特的物化性质导致的纳米金属的环境行为,海洋生物对纳米金属的吸收,以及纳米金属的生物效应和可能的致毒机制,旨在为评估海洋环境中纳米金属的潜在生态危害,完善纳米材料的监管机制及保障纳米科技的可持续发展提供思路。     

纳米材料的环境行为及其毒理学研究进展

随着纳米科技的迅速发展,纳米材料被广泛应用于工业、农业、食品、日用品、医药等领域.在纳米材料广泛应用的同时,其不可避免地会被释放到环境中(包括水体、空气和土壤),对生态系统产生不利影响.与常规物质相比,纳米材料具有独特的物理、化学性质,其对生态系统生物种群和个体的潜在负面影响不容忽视.在总结国内外相关研究基础上,论文对纳米材料在水体、大气和土壤中的环境行为和生态毒性进行了综述.     

纳米氧化锌的健康危害与生态安全性研究进展(Review of Health Hazards and Ecological Safety of Nano-ZnO)

随着纳米ZnO的大量生产和广泛应用,其将不可避免地进入环境和生命体中,从而对人类健康和生态系统安全性造成危害,因此纳米ZnO的生物安全性和生态毒理学问题已引起了普遍关注.论文系统总结了目前关于纳米ZnO的生物学效应的研究现状,综述了纳米ZnO对生物体、细胞、和生态系统的影响,探讨了纳米ZnO可能产生毒性的作用机制,并分析了目前存在的问题,希望为今后进一步研究纳米ZnO的毒性效应并建立完善的健康与安全评价系统提供参考.     

定量有害结局路径(qAOP)评估环境化学物质毒性的研究进展Ⅱ:类二噁英物质及AhR-qAOP

环境中不断检出具有二噁英结构并存在潜在生物毒性的新型污染物类二噁英物质(dioxin-like compounds,DLCs),识别并评估其生态与人体毒性对化学品风险防控具有重要意义.传统的化学品毒性测试方法已不能满足评估大批环境化学物质风险的需求,基于芳香烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor,AhR)的有害结局路径(adverse outcome pathway,AOP)为准确评估潜在DLCs的生态与健康风险提供了新的策略.为指导预测新型DLCs的毒性,需在定性AhR-AOP基础上发展定量AOP.本文综述了AhR-AOP的研究现状,并总结了"AhR激活-胚胎毒性"定量AOP的最新进展,包括定量模型的开发、相关体外测试技术、对新型DLCs和不同物种的危害评估的适用性等.最后探讨了AhR-qAOP发展过程中的问题与潜在解决方案,对其应用于DLCs生态危害与风险评价的前景进行了展望.     

纳米二氧化铈的潜在生态风险及毒性作用机制研究进展

作为重要的纳米稀土化合物,纳米二氧化铈(CeO2 )被广泛应用于工、农、医学等领域,随之而来的是大量的纳米CeO2 在其生产使用和处理处置等过程中被释放进入到环境中,进而导致其生物安全性受到越来越多的关注.本文从纳米CeO2 对细胞、组织器官、植物、水生生物和土壤生物产生的毒性效应入手,系统综述了纳米CeO2 的潜在环...     

人工纳米材料的生物效应及其对生态环境的影响

人工纳米材料由于具有独特的物理化学性质而得到广泛的应用,其对人体健康及环境的潜在影响也已引起科学界及政府部门的关注.通过总结近年来的相关研究资料,分类归纳了目前国内外对一些常见的人工纳米材料如富勒烯、碳纳米管、量子点、二氧化钛、纳米铁材料及纳米铝材料的生物和生态效应研究,详细总结了纳米材料毒理学的研究对象、研究方法以及最新研究成果,同时分析了各种纳米材料生物毒性的可能机制,最后对纳米材料安全性今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

纳米颗粒物对雄性生殖系统影响的研究进展

纳米颗粒物因其独特的性质(表面效应、量子尺寸效应和宏观量子隧道效应),在化学、力学、电磁、光学以及生物医学等方面得到了广泛的应用。由于纳米颗粒物具有特殊的性质,使其更容易进入机体并对机体产生生物学效应,其对人体的潜在危害也已逐渐引起人们的关注。生殖健康作为健康的一个重要部分,关系着人类的繁衍与发展,因此纳米颗粒物对生殖系统的影响也逐渐引起人们的重视。本文主要总结了近几年来纳米颗粒物对雄性生殖系统影响的研究,为进一步的研究提供建议和帮助。     

Nanotechnology innovations,industrial applications and patents

Nanotechnology can be defined as the use of nanomaterials for human benefit. Nanomaterials have unique properties due to their physical and chemical characteristics at the nanoscale (10^?9 nm). Nowadays, nanotechnology is providing new products in all industrial sectors. This article reviews innovations in fields such as biomedical, diagnosis of diseases, therapeutics, agriculture and food, nanofertilizers, oil, gas, textile and cosmeceuticals and packaging. Recent trends of patents and scholarly publications in nanotechnology are also discussed.     

Auswirkungen nanotechnologischer Entwicklungen auf die Umwelt

Background

Nanotechnology is about discovering, developing and using materials consisting in their primary stage at a size within the low nanometer range. These ultrafine particles offer new properties and opportunities. Even if the synthesis of nanoparticles has been discovered not until during the last decades, the exposure of humans to ultrafine particles occurred long before, due to the generation of ultrafine particles in ambient air during combustion processing.

Aim

Within this review, only engineered nanoparticles are considered, because these technical products are associated with many hopes for new applications, while only little information is available about their potential adverse effects. At workpiaces, during manufacturing, in technical applications or in drugs, nanoparticles will always have ‘side effects’ which have carefully to be weighed against their advantages, before they can be released in the environment. Therefore, information about their safety and potential hazards is urgently needed.

Results and Discussion

Along with the technical development of nanoparticles, a public discussion has started, leading to extensive investigations on possible negative ‘side effects’ on human health. Research activities have been strengthened in departments for environmental toxicology, hygiene institutes and other academic facilities to identify hazard and risks during handling and use of these new materials. On the other hand, nanotechnology offers the promise to prematurely identify environmental problems through improved detection and monitoring capabilities, and significantly reduced environmental effects from cleaner manufacturing and synthesis approaches, which results in a reduction or elimination of wastes as well as reduced energy use, and unique remediation solutions as well as pollution strategies.

Conclusions

However, the potential impact of manufactured nanomaterials used in various applications also needs to be evaluated in the context of human health with regard to potential toxicology and routes of exposure, environmental effects, including fate, transport, transformation, bio-availability, and bio-accumulation, and an analysis of product-life cycle.     

湖北省生态环境与健康素养水平调查及对策研究

根据2019年7月国务院印发和出台的《国务院关于实施健康中国行动的意见》(国发〔2019〕13号)和《健康中国行动(2019—2030年)》提出的相应考核指标,在基本理念、基本知识和基本技能3个生态环境与健康素养一级分类指标中,当调查对象得分之和大于或等于卷面分数的70％,则认为其具备该分类生态环境与健康素养.居民整体...     

Nanotechnology applications in pollution sensing and degradation in agriculture: a review

With the rise in the global population, the demand for increased supply of food has motivated scientists and engineers to design new methods to boost agricultural production. With limited availability of land and water resources, growth in agriculture can be achieved only by increasing productivity through good agronomy and supporting it with an effective use of modern technology. Advanced agronomical methods lay stress not only on boosting agricultural produce through use of more effective fertilizers and pesticides, but also on the hygienic storage of agricultural produce. The detrimental effects of modern agricultural methods on the ecosystem have raised serious concerns amongst environmentalists. The widespread use of persistent pesticides globally over the last six decades has contaminated groundwater and soil, resulting in diseases and hardships in non-target species such as humans and animals. The first step in the removal of disease causing microbes from food products or harmful contaminants from soil and groundwater is the effective detection of these damaging elements. Nanotechnology offers a lot of promise in the area of pollution sensing and prevention, by exploiting novel properties of nanomaterials. Nanotechnology can augment agricultural production and boost food processing industry through applications of these unique properties. Nanosensors are capable of detecting microbes, humidity and toxic pollutants at very minute levels. Organic pesticides and industrial pollutants can be degraded into harmless and often useful components, through a process called photocatalysis using metal oxide semiconductor nanostructures. Nanotechnology is gradually moving out from the experimental into the practical regime and is making its presence felt in agriculture and the food processing industry. Here we review the contributions of nanotechnology to the sensing and degradation of pollutants for improved agricultural production with sustainable environmental protection.     

Nanoscience in food and agriculture: research,industries and patents

High population rise and climate changes are increasing issues of agricultural production and food safety. Nanotechnology is finding revolutionary applications to improve agricultural and food systems, notably for better crop production and food preservation. Here we review research, industrial and patent trends of nanoscience in food and agriculture. In a literature survey, we found 44.6% publications in the nano-food research area during the years 2013–2015 and 59.09% publications in the nano-agriculture research area during 2012–2015. USA is leading in the development of nanotechnology firms with a maximum share of 75.5% of the total firms, followed by Germany and France with 8.10 and 4.74%, respectively. USA is leading in the nano-food research with 22 granted patents, whereas China is placed first in nano-agriculture research with 28 granted patents during assessment years 2011–2015. Nano-food research focused mainly on nano-food packaging with 76.84% contributions, whereas in nano-agriculture research, focus has been on nano-fertilizers with 90% contributions. Germany, France, Korea, Italy, Czech Republic, Slovenia and Slovak republic have more than 20% of dedicated nanotechnology firms. A growth of about 45% in nano-food patents has been observed for USA during 2011–2015, and China is leading in the nano-agriculture patents with an increase of 60.7% during 2012–2015.     

Nanotechnology applications and intellectual property rights in agriculture

Nanotechnology research uses specific properties of materials at the nanoscale to develop improved materials, devices, systems and therapeutics. There is a risk of overlapping patent claims and lack of distinction between nano-based and traditional patents due to the interdisciplinary nature of nanotechnology. There is an increasing trend of granted patents. The World Intellectual Property Organization and World Health Organization, regulatory and policy bodies, are working to make a comprehensive property right regulation for nanotechnology products. The USA, the leader of nanotechnology products, has made guidelines to make patent search easier for nano-based products. The European Patent Office has also created a new classification for nano-based inventions. Here we review the status of intellectual property rights protection of nanomaterial, environmental implications and application of nanotechnology in agriculture.     

稀土的hormesis效应及其农用对农业生态环境的潜在影响

毒物刺激效应(hormesis)是指毒物对生物生理过程产生的刺激效应。从稀土元素对生物的刺激效应及其疑似"环境激素"的问题出发,探讨农业应用稀土对农业生态环境的潜在影响。     

Fullerenes toxicity and electronic properties

Nanotechnology globally represents a new direction within scientific development, where the atomic and electronic properties of molecules are used in a unique fashion to produce and construct new and exotic materials and products. Fullerenes (Bucky balls, C₆₀) constitute a particular group within the field of nanotechnology. Fullerenes find applications in medicine, industrial chemistry and electronics. However, there are several unanswered questions about fullerenes and their toxicological properties. Most toxicological studies on fullerenes evolve around the in vitro and in vivo aspects of pristine C₆₀ along with chemically modified C₆₀ molecules. We reviewed toxicology reports on C₆₀. We bring a critical and challenging evaluation of the electronic and quantum properties of C₆₀ molecules in context with the implications on cellular factors and metabolites. The evaluation shows that the reactivity and quantum chemical properties of C₆₀ can have unexpected effects in the cell, by principally absorbing metabolites, such as OH^? and H⁺ ions and alter its reactivity. We thus challenge the present view of C₆₀ solely based on empirical studies, based on the electronic properties of C₆₀ that vary considerably with their size and reaction path. A further example of this is the absorption of divalent zinc ions, which shows an increase in reactivity of the C₆₀ that presents an important pattern of chemical state, reactivity and toxicological potential. The results evaluate the toxicological potential of C₆₀ from a different angle than conventional, by applying a blend of critical review of the findings on C₆₀ toxicity, their chemical and electronic properties.     

农村环境质量区划原则及指标体系

目前工业“三废”对农村环境污染的发展趋势有所减缓，但乡镇工业对农村环境污染的比重仍在逐渐增大，污染势头继续增强。从整体上讲，农村环境质量继续恶化的趋势尚未得到有效的控制。为加强农村环境质量的管理，本文着重论述了农村环境质量区划应遵循的４条原则，以层次分析法为原理，从自然生态环境、人类开发强度、环境状况３个方面，提出由２８个指标组成的农村环境质量区划指标体系，该指标体系简便适用、易于操作，对不同层次、不同地区的具体区划具有指导意义。