降解石油丝状真菌的筛选及其降解特性

从大庆石油污染土壤中分离得到14株石油降解丝状真菌,用以筛选可高效降解石油的菌群. 经过ITS(转录间隔区序列)分析,其中9株属于镰孢霉属(Fusarium sp.),2株属于黄白生丛赤壳菌属(Bionectria sp.),另外3株分别属于葡萄穗酶菌属(Stachybotrys sp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillus sp.)和雅致放射毛霉属(Actinomucor sp.);在固体培养基中各菌株的生长速率差异显著(P<0.01). 不同菌株能够特异降解不同的石油组分. 将筛选的优势菌株组成2个菌群,菌群1由菌株3、D2、D3和D52组成,菌群2由菌株3、6、D2和D3组成,分别考察单菌和2个菌群对原油的降解效果,结果表明:菌株原油降解试验30d后,单菌菌株D52对原油去除率最大,为64.25%;菌群1和菌群2对原油的去除率较高,分别达到74.55%和72.64%,可以考虑用于污油生物修复治理的工程菌群开发研究.      

砷胁迫下石油烃降解菌的分离、鉴定及其降解特性

以湖北省某砷-石油烃复合污染场地的土壤为研究对象，分离纯化砷胁迫下石油烃降解菌，采用16S rDNA测序技术进行菌种鉴定，分析降解菌的生长特性与降解特征，验证降解菌对复合污染土壤的实际修复效果。结果表明：从耐As高效石油烃降解菌株系列中筛选出菌株JYZ-03,其鉴定结果为不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.);菌株JYZ-03最佳生长和降解条件为pH=7、温度30℃、盐度0.1%和初始接种量2%;此条件下菌株JYZ-03对石油烃的降解效率为84.05%,对石油烃各组分降解能力存在差异，难易程度表现为长链烷(C26—C38)>多环芳烃>支链烷烃>中长碳链烷烃(C11—C25),石油烃降解效果显著，具有较好的实际修复效果。该研究丰富了石油烃污染修复功能菌株库，可为复合污染场地修复提供更多选择。     

石油污染土壤中芘高效降解菌群的筛选及降解特性研究

从长期受石油污染土壤中驯化筛选到能以芘为惟一碳源生长的混合菌群GP3,其主要由假单胞菌株GP3A（Pseudomonos sp．）和菌株GP3B（Pandoraea pnomenusa）组成。采用摇瓶振荡培养方法,研究了不同环境条件对混合菌GP3降解芘效能的影响。结果表明,在30℃,150r/min振荡培养下,混合菌GP3对15mg/L芘的7d降解率为90．6％。混合菌GP3降解芘的最适宜温度为35℃,最佳pH值为6．2。加入低浓度葡萄糖（100mg/L）或菲（10mg/L）作为共代谢底物,均可提高GP3对芘的降解率。混合菌对芘的降解速率（PDR）与芘的初始浓度呈正相关。研究重金属离子胁迫下GP3对芘的降解时发现。10mg/L Zn^2＋的存在对芘降解效能影响较小,Cu^2＋对芘的降解有抑制作用,Cd^2＋对混合菌GP3有很强的毒性。     

石油降解菌对石油烃中不同组分的降解及演化特征研究

从甘肃华庆油田油井附近石油污染的土壤中得到5种菌属的石油降解菌,以各菌剂对原油不同组分的降解率及其标志物演化参数为基础,利用GC-MS联用技术分析测定了7 d和15 d石油烃中正构烷烃、藿烷、芳香烃的降解率,用各种标志物反映各菌剂对原油中正构烷烃、藿烷、芳香烃演化特征.结果表明:F2、A5、混合菌(H)对于高碳数段的正构烷烃降解率高达60%以上,混合菌剂对于正构烷烃的降解较均衡;正构烷烃在前后两个阶段的降解呈现出对低碳和高碳降解的互补规律,奇偶碳数优势(OEP)在15 d更明显;F2菌剂的w(∑C21-)/w(∑C22+)值说明对其高碳数降解优势最明显;各菌w(Pr)/w(Ph)比值均大于原油,说明原油中类异戊二烯烷烃在不同菌剂的作用中发生了明显的降解.各菌剂作用能促使五环三萜类化合物的手性碳R构型向更稳定的S构型转化,短期内已接近转化终点;A5对藿烷降解的w(Ts)/w(Tm)比值最大(0.966),转化最彻底;A5、D4和F2菌株后期作用原油时,藿烷系列的降解速率明显大于正构烷烃系列,表现出降解藿烷的优势;各菌剂对芳香烃具有强烈的去甲基化作用,A5和D4菌降解芳烃优势更明显.     

分离海洋不动杆菌及其对石油烃降解性能研究

石油降解菌在石油污染生物修复技术中起到非常重要的作用。本研究分别以渤海湾油污区采集的水样,油样,水油泥混合样为材料富集分离石油降解菌,对其进行生理生化及分子生物学鉴定,并采用GC-MS测定烷烃、环烃、芳香烃等石油烃组分的变化。其中3株菌具有较高石油烃降解能力,16SrRNA序列分析表明该3株菌均与不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）有99%序列相似性,可初步鉴定为不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）。3株菌的石油烃降解能力依次为Tust-DM21＞Tust-DC12＞Tust-DW04,对原油成分的降解效果依次为烷烃＞芳香烃＞环烃。其中菌株Tust-DM21为一株高效石油烃降解菌,28℃于富集培养基培养10 d后,对烷烃（C10~C30）的降解率可达98%,对芳香烃和环烃的降解率达88%。研究表明,Tust-DM21菌株对烷烃,环烃,芳香烃都有较强的降解能力,是一株具有较好开发前景的石油降解菌。     

一株石油降解赤红球菌(Rhodococcus rubber)特性及处理含油废水研究

从石油污染土壤筛选出一株高效石油降解菌JC-106,经细菌形态学、生理生化及16S r DNA序列分析鉴定为赤红球菌(Rhodococcus rubber).在温度15~40℃、初始p H 6~8、盐度0~4%条件下培养生长良好.该菌能利用十二烷、二十四烷、正辛烷、邻苯二酚、蒽、萘为唯一碳源生长.在较低温度下能有效降解原油,在15和35℃培养15 d对原油降解率分别为41.61%和58.18%,GC-MS分析发现原油组分中正构烷烃(C14~C44)降解率达到96.13%.在含1000 mg·L~(-1)原油的人工废水中加入2%(V/V)赤红球菌JC-106菌悬液,采用SBR间歇式活性污泥法处理含油废水,15 d后出水COD、NH_4+-N、TP平均去除率分别为96.49%、96.88%、99.15%,原油去除率为92.43%,对照组原油去除率仅为53.80%.JC-106在含油废水中稳定生长,数量维持在4.8×1010~1.0×1011cfu·mL~(-1)左右.     

石油烃降解菌株的复配及其降解特性研究

从松原油田石油污染土壤中筛选出3种高效降解石油烃的菌株分别为微嗜酸寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila)YH、类产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes)TM和红球菌(Rhodococcus sp.)K1,对其菌落、菌体形态进行观察,并将3种菌株以不同比例进行复配,研究了3种单菌株及其复配菌株对石油烃的降解效果以及其间的协同降解作用。结果表明:复配菌株与单菌株对石油烃的降解效果有所差异;3种菌株具有协同降解石油烃的作用;3种菌株的复配比例(YH∶TM∶K1)为1∶0.5∶1.5时,对石油烃的降解效果最好;初始浓度为2 000 mg/L的石油烃,加入3 mL复配菌株,在130 r/min、30℃下振荡培养6 d后,石油烃的降解率达94.3%;当石油烃的初始浓度为2 000 mg/L时,复配菌株对石油烃的降解动力学曲线与零级动力学方程的拟合效果良好,其降解动力学方程为y=-309.6x+2 045.0(R~2为0.931),降解半衰期为3.4 d。     

铜绿假单胞菌BS-03对原油的降解作用

研究了铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)BS-03在不同的原油浓度、初始pH值、盐度,添加有机氮源及表面活性剂对降解效率的影响,并通过GC/MS谱图分析原油降解前后的组分变化,得到菌株BS-03降解原油中的烷烃范围大致为C11～C17,其中对C11～C15的组分降解的较为完全,同时产生少量的烃链长度相似文献   

一株高效原油降解不动杆菌的筛选及降解特性分析

为得到高效原油降解菌,从天津大港油田废弃钻井附近的油污染土壤中筛选出一株高效原油降解菌YQJ-1.经生理生化实验、16S rDNA基因序列及系统发育树对该菌株鉴定分析,采用单因素实验研究环境因素对该菌株生长和原油降解特性的影响,并对动力学和烷烃降解进行了探讨。结果表明:该菌株为醋酸钙不动杆菌(Acinetobacter calcoaceticus);在35℃,pH为8,接种量为10mL,氮源为酵母浸粉时降解效果最佳;且1～5 g/L的原油降解与一级动力学模型一致,原油浓度为5g/L时的降解率高达77. 58%,石油降解半衰期仅为4. 93d; GC-FID分析发现,YQJ-1对链长C_(11)—C_(25)的烷烃平均降解率达到87. 84%。该研究为未来高浓度石油污染土壤环境修复提供了良好的候选菌株。     

南海高效石油降解菌的筛选及降解特性研究

以南海10个采样点采集到的样品为研究材料,以石油降解率为筛选依据,初筛获得52株石油降解菌,从中进一步筛选出6株对石油烃有降解能力的细菌,通过16S rRNA序列分析对筛选得到的6株菌进行初步鉴定,并使用GC-MS内标法测定降解产物,对降解菌的降解特性进行进一步研究.结果表明,采用重量法筛选出来的6株细菌对石油的降解率为20%～55%.与Genbank中的16S rRNA基因序列BLAST对比结果显示,所筛选出的6株菌株中,3株菌株属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),2株菌株属于假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas),1株属于交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas).降解特性分析表明,所筛选6株菌的烷烃降解率均在40%以上,多环芳烃降解率均在70%以上,其中,菌株B08500m-3对石油中总烷烃和总芳香烃的降解效果较好,降解率分别为75%和87%.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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