咸海的变化是20世纪最惨痛的生态灾难之一

中亚的咸海曾经是世界第四大湖泊,但无节制地将滋润咸海的河流,比如阿姆河和锡尔河,用于作物的灌溉,使得水量大减,再加上大规模的开垦,不得不使这一世界大湖渐渐干涸,萎缩成只有三个小小的残留湖,湖泊的面积锐减到只有原来     

用污泥制燃料

据报道,日本滋贺县栗东市的永和公司,日前成功开发出一项新技术:用二氯甲烷等溶剂加热至80℃,继而利用产生的气体熏蒸污泥约3 h,可获得16 kg左右的灰色砂粒状燃料。这项新技术,为污泥变废为宝找到了一条新路子。     

微囊藻毒素生物降解的研究进展

蓝藻水华污染造成的最主要危害之一是产生和释放以微囊藻毒素(microcystins,MCs)为主的多种藻毒素,其在饮用水中的存在可以导致人类癌症,因此对人们的健康构成了严重威胁.从MCs降解微生物菌种、酶催化降解途径和降解基因3个方面,介绍了近年来国内外MCs生物降解的研究进展.     

制备高纯二氧化氯技术的重大突破

四川大学化学学院与成都川大金钟科技有限公司联合开发成功一种新型还原剂，与氯酸盐在酸性条件下反应，可生产纯度大于95％的二氧化氯，并在500g／h生产高纯二氧化氯发生器上应用成功。     

酸性甲醛改性对花生壳吸附重金属离子的影响

花生壳的酸性甲醛改性对重金属离子的吸附有较大影响.改性过程使花生壳中一些含有羟基、羧基、芳香环、C-O和C-O-C键的混合物被脱除.改性后花生壳的等电点略有升高,而和羧基有关的表面负电荷量则明显降低.混合物的脱除使Pb2 的吸附量明显降低,Cr3 、Cu2 的吸附量改变不大.改性使羧基减少的同时也暴露了新的Cr3 、Cu2 的吸附位点.改性还有利于增加重金属离子在花生壳内孔中的传质速率,从而使吸附达到平衡的时间略有减少.     

ARIMA模型在苏州河总磷预测中的应用

目前苏州河面临潜在的富营养化危机,氮、磷含量较高的污染源是富营养化形成的直接诱因.选择总磷指标为研究对象,介绍运用时间序列分析法对总磷进行ARIMA建模预测,确定ARIMA(11,0,0)即AR(11)为最终模型,用1986～2003年数据对2004和2005年进行预测,结果得出苏州河总磷在未来2年呈波动下降趋势,最终在0.4～0.6 mg/L之间上下波动,但仍高于地面水Ⅴ类标准.模型适用于苏州河总磷的短期预测,完善苏州河富营养化预测管理系统.     

SRT影响MBR污泥体系去除污染物动力学研究

利用Eckenfelder公式得出了MBR系统中不同污泥停留时间底物降解速率和氨氮的去除速率,结果表明在对数增长阶段和减数增长阶段,SRT为17 d时,对有机底物的降解速率和氨氮的去除速率都高于SRT为8、27、37和42 d的污泥系统对两者的去除,说明SRT对MBR污泥系统的活性有较大影响,确定排泥时间应综合考虑污泥活性、污泥产量和膜通量等因素.     

生物法和化学法回收制革污泥中铬的对比研究

研究了嗜酸性硫杆菌(Thiobacillus)生物沥滤法和1:1硫酸化学沥滤法分离回收制革污泥中的铬.比较了嗜酸性硫杆菌生物沥滤法和化学沥滤法回收制革污泥铬过程中pH、氧化还原电位(ORP)、沉降比(SV)以及铬的沥滤率的变化.试验结果表明,pH是影响制革污泥中铬的沥滤率的关键因素.生物沥滤法在使污泥pH大幅度降低的同时,能很好地改善污泥的沉降性能,对铬的沥滤效果好于化学沥滤法.     

生活垃圾热解处理

福建省福清市日辉生活垃圾处理有限公司研制成功生活垃圾热解处理工艺和设施，通过鉴定并试生产。生活垃圾在不需分检的情况下，经过压缩后长时间(1～2h)的低温(炉外550℃，炉内300℃)无空气条件下加热，使垃圾中长链碳氢化合物断裂成小分子碳氢化合物，同时少量生产碳黑废渣，不产生二曙英，裂解产生的尾气经过处理后，可提取液化气和接近天然气的气体，用作能源，市场前景可观。     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Spectrophotometric Determination of Atmospheric Acidity by means of the Displacement of the Equilibrium of Acid-Base Indicators

A method is described for determining acidity by means of the spectrophotometric determination of the displacement of the equilibrium of açid-base indicators. The method is simple, sensitive and free of known interferences. There is no dependence on costly or sophisticated equipment and the results obtained are reliable and reproducible.     

嗜盐菌的特性与高盐废水生物处理的进展

论述了嗜盐菌的形态特征、营养构成、生理特性和嗜盐机理，以及利用其特性在含盐有机废水处理中的应用，综述了国内外生化处理高含盐量有机工业废水的实验研究成果、在实际废水工程中的应用及其发展方向。对嗜盐菌的培养与驯化有一定的参考价值，对含盐废水处理工程的设计与运行有指导意义。