试论污染源普查的质量保证

以《全国污染源普查条例》为依据，结合工业污染源调查、排污申报以及环境统计的体会，阐述了影响污染源普查的质量内涵、制约因素，提出了相应的对策，对污染源普查具有一定的借鉴作用。     

南京市污染源普查的质控工作探讨

对南京市在污染源普查过程中采取的质控措施进行了探讨,分析出普查质控工作的不足,并提出了几点建议。为提高以后普查的质量拓宽思路。     

污染源普查档案应用于环境管理的思考

简述了建立污染源普查档案的关键环节,对污染源普查档案的运用与环境管理进行了认真的思考,并提出了现实性的建议。     

第一次全国污染源普查重点污染源空间数据管理与信息共享服务平台建设研究

第一次全国污染源普查是重大的国情调查,分析和利用好第一次全国污染源普查数据具有重要意义.针对第一次全国污染源普查重点污染源数据,采用地理信息系统(GIS)技术,基于面向服务架构(SOA)设计,开发了第一次全国污染源普查重点污染源空间数据管理与信息共享服务平台,平台包括数据库、数据库管理系统、信息发布与共享服务平台.平台为污染源普查数据的制图、可视化分析、汇总和发布提供空间数据服务和技术支撑,为第一次全国污染源普查工作办公室提供了可视化的管理平台,也为相关业务部门和科研机构提供了方便的数据查询、分级浏览和分发服务等功能,有力地支撑了污染源普查数据的共享、分析和应用.     

物料衡算法在第一次全国污染源普查工业源污染物排放量核算中应用的探讨

物料衡算法是污染源普查技术规定的污染物排放量核算方法之一,但对物料衡算法的方法技巧缺乏深入全面的归纳和总结,难以为基层污染源普查人员所掌握运用。在分析存在问题的基础上,结合排污量的核定的实践,总结出进行物料衡算的一些技巧,并提出通过策略性的手段,提高调查数据可信度的观点。     

清江流域水环境面源污染源强核算及主要环境问题分析

清江是湖北省境内最大的一条长江支流,为及时掌握和控制流域内日益严重的面源污染问题,对清江流域水环境面源污染进行匡算。通过对计算结果的分析,得出该区域农田径流和畜禽养殖为重要面源污染源,恩施段,建始段、长阳段和宜都段是清江流域面源污染控制重点区域。农田径流污染主要与当地水土流失严重,土地利用方式不合理,及化肥施用量较大有关。畜禽养殖污染主要由分散式养殖、畜禽粪尿无序排放引起。面源污染控制重点区域内的环境问题与当地经济水平、人口密度和国土面积有关。     

浅谈工业源产排污系数的应用

第一次全国污染源普查,是一项重大的国情调查。如何正确运用工业源的产排污系数,将直接关系到这次普查的成败。据此,阐述了工业源产排污系数的适用性和作用,针对其应用中存在的局限性,提出了一些建议。     

浙江省农业面源污染源头控制途径与对策

农业面源污染末端治理难度大、成本高,必须将其控制在农业生产源头.分析了浙江省农业面源污染的主要成因,提出根据不同区域的环境功能和农业区划调整农业产业结构.从农业投入品源头控制、耕作方式革新、循环农业技术推广、绿色补贴政策引导和完善农业服务体系等途径实现农业面源污染源头控制.     

农业面源污染基础信息数据库的设计与实现

针对农业面源污染研究与防控对基础数据信息的需求,以东北地区为例,建立了农业面源污染基础信息数据库。该数据库可以实现农业面源污染基础信息的收集、存储和信息共享,为东北地区农业面源污染的研究和污染防治提供基础数据信息的支持与管理。根据规范设计方法,通过需求分析、概念设计、逻辑设计、物理设计、实现与测试、运行维护6个阶段建立了数据库。数据内容包括种植业、畜禽业、农村生活、自然地理、水文水质、气象监测、社会经济、点源污染、参数数据。该数据库的实现基于Microsoft Excel(Excel)、Microsoft Access(Access)和Microsoft Visual Studio 2010(VS 2010)等3个软件的支持。其中,Excel用于数据的输入和修改,Access用于数据库文件的生成和连接数据源与界面,VS 2010实现了数据库界面的设计与实现。     

镇江市农业面源污染监控系统的设计开发与模糊综合评价模型的应用

基于地理信息系统具有强大的空间数据管理、分析和制图能力,结合镇江典型区域农业面源污染的实际污染监测数据,建立了农业面源污染的模糊综合评判模型,并阐述了系统的体系结构、数据库设计和主要功能。     

Evaluating sources of indoor air pollution

Evaluation of indoor air pollution problems requires an understanding of the relationship between sources, air movement, and outdoor air exchange. Research is underway to investigate these relationships. A three-phase program is being implemented: 1) Environmental chambers are used to provide source emission factors for specific indoor pollutants; 2) An IAQ (Indoor Air Quality) model has been developed to calculate indoor pollutant concentrations based on chamber emissions data and the air exchange and air movement within the indoor environment; and 3) An IAQ test house is used to conduct experiments to evaluate the model results. Examples are provided to show how this coordinated approach can be used to evaluate specific sources of indoor air pollution. Two sources are examined: 1) para-dichlorobenzene emissions from solid moth repellant; and 2) particle emissions from unvented kerosene heaters. The evaluation process for both sources followed the three-phase approach discussed above. Para-dichlorobenzene emission factors were determined by small chamber testing at EPA's Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory. Particle emission factors for the kerosene heaters were developed in large chambers at the J. B. Pierce Foundation Laboratory. Both sources were subsequently evaluated in EPA's IAQ test house. The IAQ model predictions showed good agreement with the test house measurements when appropriate values were provided for source emissions, outside air exchange, in-house air movement, and deposition on "sink" surfaces.     

use of 1970 census of population data for air pollution research

Today, many more communities in the United States are in a better position to undertake the study of the possible health effects of the air pollution in their environment than has been possible before. Further, such study may furnish baseline data for evaluating the efficacy of air pollution control activity in those cities.

Assessment by city and county control officials can be accomplished by examining the relationship between the demographic characteristics of the area as reported in the 1970 Census of Population, the aerometric measurements now being made routinely in many areas, and mortality in the population as reported to the state office of vital statistics. From the census, detailed demographic or population data will be available by census tract in urban areas. These areas include virtually every U. S. city with a population of 50,000 or more.

The procedures used in the Buffalo and Nashville Air Pollution Studies are discussed with a view toward possible replication by other geographic areas. The need to take account of differences in socio-economic status is emphasized, as is the desirability of obtaining smoking histories. Another major type of air pollution research which is again made possible by the 1970 Census is the comparison of mortality experience, on an agespecific and an age-adjusted basis centered around 1970, for the more than 200 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the United States.     

铅同位素解析技术在工业园污染溯源中的应用

针对土壤中重金属污染溯源及解析不同污染源对土壤中铅的相对贡献率问题,以陕西西部某工业园区为例,采集土壤样品、铅锌冶炼厂矿石混合样、热电厂煤样及焦化厂混合煤样共40个,用ICP-MS测定样品的铅浓度及铅同位素比值(208Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb、206Pb/204Pb).借助于铅同位素比值散点图来对比分析采样点土壤、背景点土壤和可能的污染源样品的铅同位素特征分布,判定其主要污染来源.用混合多元模型计算不同污染区域各污染源的贡献率,结果表明,土壤中的铅同位素比值落在铅锌矿石、炼焦用煤及热电燃煤及背景点的铅同位素比值之间,说明各端元介质均有可能对工业园区土壤中的铅污染有贡献.在铅同位素比值散点图中土壤铅浓度大于60 mg/kg的采样点的铅同位素比值集中落在热电燃煤与炼焦用煤附近.统计定量解析结果可知,对工业园区土壤铅污染的贡献大小依次为热电厂、焦化厂和铅锌冶炼厂.研究表明,铅同位素指纹解析技术用于定性与定量解析工业园区土壤铅污染效果较为理想.     

Application of spectrometric analysis to the identification of pollution sources causing cultural heritage damage

Black crusts are recognized to have been, up to now, one of the major deterioration forms affecting the built heritage in urban areas. Their formation is demonstrated to occur mainly on carbonate building materials, whose interaction with an SO₂-loaded atmosphere leads to the transformation of calcium carbonate (calcite) into calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) which, together with embedded carbonaceous particles, consequently forms the black crusts on the stone surface. An analytical study was carried out on black crust samples collected from limestone monumental buildings and churches belonging to the European built Heritage, i.e., the Corner Palace in Venice (Italy), the Cathedral of St. Rombouts in Mechelen (Belgium), and the Church of St. Eustache in Paris (France). For a complete characterization of the black crusts, an approach integrating different and complementary techniques was used, including laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, optical and scanning electron microscopy. In particular, the application of LA-ICP-MS permitted to obtain a complete geochemical characterization in terms of trace elements of the black crusts from the inner parts to the external layers contributing to the identification of the major combustion sources responsible for the deterioration over time of the monuments under study. In addition, the obtained results revealed a relation between the height of sampling and the concentration of heavy metals and proved that the crust composition can be a marker to evaluate the variation of the fuels used over time.     

Public perception of air pollution sources across Europe

Air pollution is one of the primary concerns of our society for its effect on human health and the environment. Among the policy measures that can be put in place to limit air pollutant emissions, end-of-pipe technologies and/or regulatory instruments may be implemented through legislative acts. Also, equally important are behavioural measures, requiring citizens’ active involvement. The success of any measure to limit pollutant emissions requires the acceptance by the citizens that, in turn, implies a correct perception of the main pollutant emission drivers. We present here the comparison between the public perception of air pollution sources and the real-world situation through a survey carried out in seven European countries and involving 16 101 respondents. Our study shows a dramatic underestimation of the contribution of the agri-food sector to air pollution. This result is common to all respondents in the seven countries examined and only to a small extent depends on gender, age and socio-economic status of the respondents.     

Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of an European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis

According to the European Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection, the characterization of the content and source of heavy metals in soils are necessary to establish quality standards on a regional level that allow the detection of sampling sites affected by pollution. In relation to this, the surface horizons of 54 agricultural soils under vegetable crops in the Alicante province (Spain), a representative area of the European Mediterranean region, were sampled to determine the content of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Analytical determinations were performed by atomic absorption spectroscopy after microwave sample digestion in acid solution. Results indicated that heavy metal levels were similar to those reported by authors working on agricultural soils from other parts of the Mediterranean region, with the exception of Cu and Pb in some samples. Multivariate analysis (principal component analysis and cluster analysis) was performed to identify a common source for heavy metals. Moreover, soil properties were determined in order to characterize agricultural soils and to analyze relationships between heavy metal contents and soil properties. The content of Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn were associated with parent rocks and corresponded to the first principal component called the lithogenic component. A significant correlation was found between lithogenic metals and some soil properties such as soil organic matter, clay content, and carbonates, indicating an important interaction among them. On the other hand, elements such as Cd, Cu and Pb were related to anthropic activities and comprised the second (Cu and Pb) and third principal components (Cd), designated the anthropogenic components. Generally, Cd, Cu and Pb showed a lower correlation with soil properties due to the fact that they remain in available forms in these agricultural soils. Taking into account these results and other achieved in other parts of the European Mediterranean region, it can be concluded that soil quality standards are highly needed to declare soils affected by human induced pollution. This is particularly relevant for anthropogenic metals (Cd, Cu and Pb, and in some areas also Zn). Further research in other agricultural areas of the region would improve the basis for proposing such soil quality standards.     

湖州市中心城区饮用水源地粪大肠菌群污染特征及源解析研究

根据湖州市中心城区2家市级饮用水源地2005-2009年粪大肠菌群指标监测数据,分析湖州市中心城区饮用水源地粪大肠菌群污染特征,对饮用水源地周边污染源进行排查.结果表明,2家市级饮用水源地粪大肠菌群污染严重,城市污水处理厂出水、市政管网排水系统的雨污合流排放是粪大肠菌群的主要来源.     

中国农业污染优先控制区的划分方法初探

农药污染和化肥污染是当前中国最主要的2个农业污染途径.从全国层面出发,构建因地制宜的农业污染控制方法体系和保障实施机制,有利于指导和监督各级地方政府及时治理农业生产污染,积极改善农村生态环境.基于现有的环境污染控制方法与措施,通过明确农业污染优先控制区的划分原则,引入外部性成本的概念,构建划分的表征指标体系,设计划分的依据与标准,最后形成中国农业污染优先控制区区划图.