微量NO2对氨氧化过程中产物的影响

在无O2条件下,氨氧化速率越高,氨氧化过程中产生的NO-2-N、NO-3-N浓度和氮损失越大;NO2为25×10-6 mg/L时氮损失率最大,约为20.93%.在相同浓度的O2条件下,氮损失与氨氧化速率相关,氨氧化速率增加时,氮损失增大.在O2的体积分数为2%时,50×10-6 mg/L NO2时的氮损失率最大,为27.57%;在O2的体积分数为21%时,100×10-6 mg/L NO2时的氮损失率最大,为34.19%.     

还原剂对Ag/Al2O3催化剂上NO还原的影响

在富氧条件下,研究了CH4、C3H8、C 3H6、C8H18、CH 3OH、C2H5OH,以及C3H6与CH3OH、C3H6与C2H5OH组合作还原剂时,在Ag/Al2O3催化剂上NO的还原活性.结果表明,不同碳氢化合物还原NO的活性温度存在较大的差异.SO2的存在会导致CH3OH还原NO的活性提高,而其他碳氢化合物还原NO的活性降低.随着还原剂浓度提高,NOx转化率增大,不过,过高的还原剂浓度对NO还原不利.组合使用CH3OH与C3H6或C2H5OH与C3H6作为还原剂,能显著拓宽活性温度范围.     

NO2--N和盐度对反硝化除磷及N2O释放的影响

以驯化好的反硝化除磷污泥为研究对象,通过批式实验考察了NO2--N和NaCl浓度对反硝化除磷率及N2O释放的影响。当进水亚硝酸盐的浓度由15 mg·L-1升高至25和40 mg·L-1时,除磷率由68.81%±0.5%降至66.25%±1%和62.88%±0.8%,TN的去除率由90.6%±0.7%降至74.55%±1.5%和51.65%±2%,N2O释放量分别为4.82、13.83和17.06 mg。当NaCl质量分数为0%、0.5%、1%和2%时,TN的去除率由74.55%±1%降至68%±2%、64.2%±1%和54.3%±2.5%,除磷率由66.37%±1.5%降至61.29%±1%、50.47%±2%和36.7%±0.5%,N2O-N转化率为41.1%±2%、41.4%±2.5%、48.94%±0.6%和51.03%±2%。因此,NO2--N和NaCl质量分数的升高均会降低脱氮除磷效率,但增加了N2O释放量;兼顾脱氮除磷效率前提下,NO2--N为25 mg·L-1、NaCl质量分数为1%是N2O释放量增加的优化条件。     

ClO2气相氧化NO和SO2的特性及反应机理

考察了ClO2气相氧化NO和SO2的特性,并对反应机理进行了分析,结果表明：在气相无水条件下,SO2几乎不被ClO2氧化,而对NO表现出较强的氧化性能,在温度30℃,n（ClO2）/n（NO）=1,停留时间5 s条件下,NO氧化率可高于90%;当气相中水分大于0.45%后,ClO2气相氧化NO的反应历程基本不发生改变,但SO2将被优先氧化,即ClO2对SO2和NO的氧化能力发生了反置。在30~150℃范围内,升高温度将使得NO和SO2氧化率显著下降,超过150℃后,氧化率下降幅度变缓。气相中氧含量增加使SO2氧化率下降,对NO氧化率的影响不显著。     

Na-Ba/γ-Al2O3的NO和SO2吸附性能研究

研究了Na-Ba/γ-Al2O3吸附催化剂上NO和SO2的吸附-脱附性能.Na、Ba质量分数分别为6.2%、5.4%,焙烧温度和焙烧时间分别为600 ℃和10 h,吸附温度为100 ℃,其对NO、SO2的最大吸附量分别为0.052 4、0.344 mmol/g.同时考察了添加第三活性组份的影响,结果表明,Fe最为有效,Na-Ba/Fe/γ-Al2O3的NO、SO2最大吸附量分别为0.062 4、0.486 mmol/g.漫反射红外光谱研究结果表明,Fe降低了硫酸盐分解温度,促进吸附催化剂的再生.     

NaClO2/尿素复合吸收剂湿法脱除烟气中的SO2和NO

在自行设计的喷淋塔中对NaClO2/尿素复合吸收剂脱除烟气中的SO2和NO进行了实验研究,实验分析了NaClO2/尿素复合吸收剂脱除SO2和NO机理。结果表明：SO2被吸收液吸收的过程分为2个部分,一部分SO2溶于水被NaClO2氧化为SO42-,另一部分SO2溶于水与尿素和氧气反应生成（NH4）2SO4;难溶于水的NO被NaClO2主要氧化为NO3-,进而被尿素吸收,NO被还原为环境友好气体N2。此外,实验主要探索了NaClO2浓度、尿素浓度、NO进口浓度、SO2进口浓度、初始pH值、温度对脱除NO的影响,优化选择最佳工艺条件,NaClO2浓度为4 mmol·L-1,尿素浓度为0.5 mol·L-1,吸收液初始pH值为7.0,温度为50℃时,平均SO2和NO脱除率分别为100%和95.2%。     

还原剂对Ag／Al2O3催化剂上NO还原的影响

在富氧条件下，研究了CH4、C3H8、C3H6、C8H18CH3OH、C2H5OH，以及C3H6与CH30H、C3H6与C2H50H组合作还原剂时，在Ag／Al2O3催化剂上NO的还原活性。结果表明，不同碳氢化合物还原NO的活性温度存在较大的差异。SO2的存在会导致CH，OH还原NO的活性提高，而其他碳氢化合物还原NO的活性降低。随着还原剂浓度提高，NOx转化率增大，不过，过高的还原剂浓度对NO还原不利。组合使用CH，OH与C3H。或C2H，OH与C3H。作为还原剂，能显著拓宽活性温度范围。     

基于MAX-DOAS的乌鲁木齐市NO2时空变化

为研究乌鲁木齐市NO2污染状况,了解其时空分布特征及其影响因素,基于多轴差分吸收光谱技术（MAX-DOAS）,利用2014年4月—2015年12月3个监测点和多次车载移动观测的数据,反演了乌鲁木齐对流层NO2垂直柱浓度（VCD）,并且结合气象和地形等因素进行了分析。结果表明：NO2 VCD由高到低的季节依次是冬季、春季、秋季和夏季,均值为10.84、7.78、5.98和3.56×1015 molec·cm-2;由高到低的监测站依次是城区站、工业区站和郊区站,年均值为9.52、8.44和5.58×1015 molec·cm-2;日变化上春冬两季呈U型,夏秋两季呈双峰型;NO2空间分布由南到北呈明显的\"两头低中间高\",高值通常出现在市区高架桥附近;乌鲁木齐NO2 VCD与气象因子温度、风速、相对湿度、日照时数都有较好的相关性;乌鲁木齐夏季盛行西北风,顺势于地形利于市区污染物传输出去,冬季盛行东北风,而东面有博格达山阻挡致使风速较低,污染物滞留堆积浓度高。     

微量NO2对厌氧氨氧化甲烷化反硝化耦合影响的动力学分析

采用批试验方法,研究微量NO2对颗粒污泥厌氧氨氧化、甲烷化和反硝化耦合的影响。基于Haldane模型建立了厌氧氨氧化的NO2强化函数,估计了强化函数中的最大强化系数（30.55）、NO2半饱和常数（1.96 mg/L）、NO2抑制常数（0.0082 mg/L）和基础速率系数（0.0314）。微量NO2对甲烷化和反硝化动力学可用反竞争性抑制动力学方程进行描述。甲烷化的最大比乙酸盐去除速率为0.15 mg COD/（mg VSS·h）,乙酸盐半饱和常数为395 mg COD/L,NO2抑制系数为0.623 mg/L。反硝化的亚硝酸盐氮最大去除速率0.00685 h-1,亚硝酸盐氮半饱和常数 0.214 mg/L,NO2抑制系数为22.4 mg/L。试验中大部分的NOx气体物质出现损失。     

新疆库尔勒对流层NO2特征分析

利用地基多轴差分吸收光谱仪(MAX-DOAS),选择新疆开孔河流域绿洲城市库尔勒为研究区,于2014—2016年对其市区及郊区的对流层NO_2垂直柱浓度(VCD)进行观测,结果表明:(1)从日变化来看,市区在不同季节的NO_2VCD日均值为冬季秋季春季夏季,郊区为冬季春季秋季夏季。(2)从季节变化来看,市区和郊区的NO_2VCD波峰均出现在冬季,波谷基本出现在夏季;NO_2VCD的年均值在2014年最高,2015年有所下降,2016年又开始回升。(3)NO_2VCD与同期NO_2地面浓度变化趋势基本一致,两者相关性良好(R=0.795)。(4)地形与风向影响使得库尔勒污染物不断向郊区扩散,造成郊区NO_2浓度的增加;冬季漫长的采暖期、风沙天气频发以及不利于污染物扩散的静稳天气条件导致污染物的聚集,难以及时扩散。     

Have driving restrictions reduced air pollution: evidence from prefecture-level cities of China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - With rapid economic development, air pollution became a serious problem in China. Vehicle’s exhaust emissions are among the main sources of air...     

福州市城市化进程与大气污染关系研究

以福州市为研究区域,选取福州市1996—2012年的时间序列数据,将大气污染物浓度作为被解释变量,城市化水平作为解释变量,分别设定二次曲线模型和三次曲线模型,通过比较PM10、SO2、NO2浓度与城市化水平的二次曲线和三次曲线模型的回归拟合效果,得出福州市大气污染与城市化水平之间的演化规律。结果表明,1996—2012年,福州市城市化水平平稳上升,城市的大气污染程度与城市化水平之间的关系并不完全符合"倒U型"的环境库兹涅茨曲线,不同的污染物类型具有不同的演化规律。PM10、SO2与城市化水平呈"倒N型"的曲线关系;NO2与城市化水平之间呈现"倒U型"曲线关系。由于研究的时间序列较短,因而研究结果可能只是真实曲线的一部分,福州市的大气污染与城市化水平之间的关系还有待进一步研究。     

Some aspects of air pollution in Buenos Aires city

This paper presents three aspects of air pollution in the city of Buenos Aires (Argentina). First, we describe the main features of air pollution climatology in the city: the characteristics of wind flow, atmospheric stability and mixing heights. Then, we present the results of the application of DAUMOD and ISCST3 atmospheric dispersion models to calculate spatial and temporal distributions of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides background concentrations. Finally, we present the main features of carbon monoxide concentrations observed in a narrow street canyon located downtown.     

广州市机动车排放污染三维仿真模拟研究

基于三维的对流一扩散方程,采用50 m× 50 m× 20 m的高分辨率网格对广州市机动车排放污染扩散的宏观分布状况进行了数值模拟研究,应用有限体积法数值求解上述方程.模拟过程综合考虑了广州市的路网结构、交通流和路网线源排放强度等因素,进行了均匀风速的简单气象条件试算.结果表明,机动车排放污染物浓度随交通流量而变化,随高度增加而下降,上风向污染物浓度大于下风向,模拟结果与实际污染情况具有较好的一致性.     

Air pollution and agricultural aphid pests. I: Fumigation experiments with SO2 and NO2

A wide range of aphid/host-crop systems was surveyed by means of fumigation experiments in closed chambers for sensitivity to SO(2) and NO(2) at a concentration of 100 nl litre(-1). Aphid performance was measured by the mean relative growth rate (MRGR) of individual aphids. In all cases, except for Acrythosiphon pisum (Harris) on Vicia fabaL., there were increases in the MRGR of the aphids feeding on fumigated plants as compared to clean air controls, both during and post fumigation. The increases in MRGR ranged from 6 to 75%, with the majority falling between 25 and 40%. A. pisum on V. faba showed a consistent negative response, with decreases in MRGR between -9 and -12%. The changes in aohid MRGR were not due to direct effects, as no significant differences in MRGR were observed between fumigated and clean air chambers when aphids were fed on artificial diet sachets during fumigation.     

Assessment of vehicular pollution in China

As the motor vehicle population in China continues to increase at an annual rate of approximately 15%, air pollution related to vehicular emissions has become the focus of attention, especially in large cities. There is an urgent need to identify the severity of this pollution in China. Based on an investigation into vehicle service characteristics, this study used a series of driving cycle tests of in-use Chinese motor vehicles for their emission factors in laboratories, which indicated that CO and HC emission factors are 5-10 times higher, and NOx 2-5 times higher, than levels in developed countries. The MOBILE5 model was adapted to the Chinese situation and used to calculate the emission of pollutants from motor vehicles. Results show that vehicle emission is concentrated in major cities, such as Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Tianjin. Motor vehicle emissions contribute a significant proportion of pollutants in those cities, with contribution rates of CO and NOx greater than 80% and 40%, respectively, in Beijing and Guangzhou. Urban air quality is far worse than the national ambient air quality standard. In conclusion, although China has a relatively small number of motor vehicles, most of them are concentrated within metropolitan areas, and their emissions are closely related to urban air pollution problems in large cities.     

Trace element concentrations in soils along urbanization gradients in the city of Wien, Austria

Urban soil is an important component of urban ecosystems. This study focuses on heavy metal contamination in soils of Wien (Austria) and results are compared to those for a few large European cities. We analysed the elemental contents of 96 samples of topsoil from urban, suburban and rural areas in Wien along a dynamic (floodplain forest) and a stable (oak–hornbeam forest) urbanization gradient. The following elements were quantified using ICP-OES technique: Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Pb, P, S and Zn. For heavy metals PI (pollution index) values were used to assess the level of pollution. The PI values indicated high level of pollution by Pb in the suburban and rural area of stable gradient and in the urban area of dynamic gradient; moderate level of pollution was indicated for Cd in the urban area of stable gradient. The level of pollution was moderate for Co in the suburban and rural area of the stable gradient, and for Cu in suburban area of stable gradient, and urban area of dynamic gradient. The pollution level of Zn was moderate in all areas. Urban soils, especially in urban parks and green areas may have a direct influence on human health. Thus, the elemental analysis of soil samples is one of the best ways to study the effects of urbanization. Our results indicated that the heavy metal contamination was higher in Wien than in a few large European cities.     

Air pollution assessment based on elemental concentration of leaves tissue and foliage dust along an urbanization gradient in Vienna

Foliage dust contains heavy metal that may have harmful effects on human health. The elemental contents of tree leaves and foliage dust are especially useful to assess air environmental pollution. We studied the elemental concentrations in foliage dust and leaves of Acer pseudoplatanus along an urbanization gradient in Vienna, Austria. Samples were collected from urban, suburban and rural areas. We analysed 19 elements in both kind of samples: aluminium, barium, calcium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, sodium, phosphor, sulphur, strontium and zinc. We found that the elemental concentrations of foliage dust were significantly higher in the urban area than in the rural area for aluminium, barium, iron, lead, phosphor and selenium. Elemental concentrations of leaves were significantly higher in urban than in rural area for manganese and strontium. Urbanization changed significantly the elemental concentrations of foliage dust and leaves and the applied method can be useful for monitoring the environmental load.     

Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve of PM2.5 concentration: evidence from prefecture-level and above cities of China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this paper, the panel data of China’s four municipalities and 223 prefecture-level cities were used to investigate whether the EKC hypothesis...     

Impact of urbanization on hydrochemical evolution of groundwater and on unsaturated-zone gas composition in the coastal city of Tel Aviv, Israel

The coastal city of Tel Aviv was founded at the beginning of the 20th century. The number of its inhabitants and its water consumption increased rapidly. This study analyses a 15-year record (1934-1948) of pre-industrial development of groundwater chemistry in the urban area. Archive data on concentrations of major ions, dissolved gases (CO2 and O2), organic matter, and pH were available for each half-year during the period of 1934-1948. The major factors causing changes in the chemistry of groundwater flowing in three sandy sub-aquifers have been seawater encroachment due to overpumping, and infiltration of effluents from pit-latrine collectors. Influence of these factors decreases with depth. Landward-penetrating seawater passed through clayey coastal sediments, interbedded among sands and calcareous sandstones, and spread into the Kurkar Group aquifer. This has led to exchange of sodium (dominant in seawater) with calcium adsorbed on clay particles, enriching groundwater with calcium. Intensity of cation exchange decreases inland and with depth. Infiltration of pit-latrine effluents has introduced large amounts of ammonium into the unsaturated zone. Its rapid oxidation in unsaturated sediments has caused massive nitrate production, accompanied by pore-water acidification. This process induces dissolution of vadose carbonate, resulting in enrichment of groundwater recharge in calcium. Anthropogenically induced dissolution of calcite in the unsaturated zone has been the major factor for the increase of Ca2+ concentration in groundwater, accounting for about 80% of this increase. In the interface zone, an additional 20% of calcium has been supplied by cation exchange. Owing to pH increase caused by denitrification in the aquifer, Ca(2+)-rich waters supersaturated with calcite could be formed, especially in the capillary fringe of the uppermost sub-aquifer, which could induce calcite precipitation and ultimately lead to the cementation of sandy aquifers. Urban development has caused drastic changes in the gas content in the unsaturated zone and in groundwater. Carbon dioxide was intensively generated by nitrification-denitrification processes, by hydration of urea, to a lesser degree by oxidation of organic matter, and probably by anoxic biodegradation of organics. Between 1934 and 1948, concentrations of CO2 in unsaturated sediment air rose from 3.2% to 7.6%. In the unsaturated zone, oxygen consumption for oxidation of ammonium and organic matter lowered O2 concentrations in sediment air to unusually low values of 3.9-12.9%. Nitrification in the urban unsaturated zone could thus serve as a pump, sucking in atmospheric oxygen at a rate of about 0.3-0.5 g m-2 day-1. The extreme concentrations of CO2 and O2 in unsaturated sediments have been preserved due to production and consumption of gas under conditions of diminishing areas open to the atmosphere, uncovered by buildings and by roads.