咸海的变化是20世纪最惨痛的生态灾难之一

中亚的咸海曾经是世界第四大湖泊,但无节制地将滋润咸海的河流,比如阿姆河和锡尔河,用于作物的灌溉,使得水量大减,再加上大规模的开垦,不得不使这一世界大湖渐渐干涸,萎缩成只有三个小小的残留湖,湖泊的面积锐减到只有原来     

用污泥制燃料

据报道,日本滋贺县栗东市的永和公司,日前成功开发出一项新技术:用二氯甲烷等溶剂加热至80℃,继而利用产生的气体熏蒸污泥约3 h,可获得16 kg左右的灰色砂粒状燃料。这项新技术,为污泥变废为宝找到了一条新路子。     

赵挺到省环境科学学会调研指导工作

2011年2月16日下午,省环保厅副厅长赵挺来学会调研指导工作,对学会工作人员致以新春的祝福。学会汇报了2010年度所做的工作和取得的成绩,突出表现在以下几个方面:一是学会工作获     

日本已研制出给建筑物加固的抗震“绷带”

据《科技日报》报道,在地震频发的日本,一种新型廉价的防震加固技术悄然兴起。这种技术采用树指材料作为抗震绷带,包裹建筑物支柱,从而达到在地震时防止支柱发生倒塌的目的。抗震绷带采用树指纤维制造,形状类似安全带。施工时,将抗震绷带涂上黏合剂,包裹固定在建筑物的支柱上,当地震发生时,支柱即使出现内部损伤也不会倒塌,这样可以确保建筑物内人员的生存空间。     

微囊藻毒素生物降解的研究进展

蓝藻水华污染造成的最主要危害之一是产生和释放以微囊藻毒素(microcystins,MCs)为主的多种藻毒素,其在饮用水中的存在可以导致人类癌症,因此对人们的健康构成了严重威胁.从MCs降解微生物菌种、酶催化降解途径和降解基因3个方面,介绍了近年来国内外MCs生物降解的研究进展.     

对氯化氢环境空气质量标准的商榷

通过对现行大气中的氯化氢(HCl)质量标准的来源、毒理作用的分析、各类标准的比较及标准的可行性等几方面的阐述，指出了现行标准在执行中存在的缺陷，提出了应对现行大气中HCl的标准进行重新核定的建议。     

来自天堂的碎片——陨石

陨石是脱离母体小行星后被抛出、随后又被地球引力捕获的石块。科学家可以通过考察陨石来了解小行星的历史。最常见的陨石是球粒陨石，这类陨石通常含有许多称之为“陨石球粒”的微小球。地球化学家把陨石切成薄片后，放在显微镜下仔细观察其晶体结构，可以找到加热和撞击的证据。     

多食蔬菜防衰老

美国芝加哥拉什大学医学中心的研究人员,对1 944名65岁以上男女老人,进行了长达6年的饮食习惯跟踪调查,结果发现,多吃蔬菜和少吃蔬菜、甚至不吃蔬菜的老人相比,每天食用两份以上蔬菜的老人,大脑衰老速度要慢40%,相当于     

不同措施在防治山地果园水土流失及面源污染中的应用研究

通过施用生物毯、生物带和秸秆覆盖3种措施,模拟人工降雨,测定山地果园的水土流失量,比较不同措施在防治山地果园水土流失中的效果.结果表明,在降雨强度为1.33 mm/min时,与对照相比生物毯和秸秆覆盖能减少50%以上的氮磷流失量,生物带减少氮磷流失量也达到30%以上;在降雨强度为2.33 mm/min时,秸秆覆盖防治水土流失的效果最好;在高降雨强度(2.33mm/min)时,各种措施防治效果降低,但效果仍然明显,对磷的防治效果好于对氮的防治效果,与对照相比生物毯能减少44.5%的磷流失量.山地果园水土流失相当严重,施用生物毯和秸秆覆盖能有效防治山地果园的面源污染.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

有机官能团对改性硅吸附微囊藻毒素的影响

考察了不同有机改性硅对微囊藻毒素LR(mLR)和LA(mLA)的等温吸附行为。结果表明,有机改性硅可有效吸附去除水体中<0.1×10-6(质量分数)的微囊藻毒素,并且吸附去除效果随表面改性官能团中碳原子数量的增加而增加;相同条件下,有机改性硅在微囊藻毒素异构体之间存在着一定的吸附选择性。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.