“无废城市”建设下的“无废校园”固废产量预测模型——以内蒙古工业大学为例

开展“无废城市”建设是我国建设生态文明、实现美丽中国目标的重要工作内容,是推动实现绿色低碳高质量发展的有力抓手,而“无废校园”建设则是“无废城市”建设的必要补充,旨在全面实现校园固废资源化与无害化,打造低碳、环保、节能、友好的校园环境。本研究以内蒙古工业大学为例,通过文献调研、实地走访调查和预测模型构建相结合的方式,系统研究了内蒙古工业大学校园固废产生规律及固废产量预测模型。结果表明,校园固废具有产生数量大、产生空间集中、产生时间具有阶段性等特点,其中教学楼、操场、住宿楼日固废产生均值分别为(6.08±0.77)、(4.50±0.82)、(23.58±5.41) kg,且不同区域之间固废产量呈现季节性差异;校园固废种类较社会面单一,易于分类管理,其中88.10%的学生非上课时间集中活动在教学科研区与宿舍区,并产生了约92.53%的固废量;基于实际数据及GM(1,1)灰色预测模型构建发现系统对夏季和冬季校园固废拟合精度分别为好和合格,预测结果可靠。本研究结果可为“无废城市”建设下的“无废校园”建设提供参考。     

“无废指数”反馈机制研究——以浙江省“无废城市”建设为例

“无废指数”是定量、客观、科学、系统、简明的综合性指数,是为了反映“无废城市”建设和固体废物治理成效。“无废指数”建立发布之后如何将指数结果反馈给相关部门,提高指数对管理部门的决策指导作用和时效性是“无废指数”最重要的应用功能。基于我国“无废城市”建设指标体系和浙江省“无废城市”建设水平和任务安排,在前期“无废指数”研究基础上建立了“无废指数”反馈机制,通过拆解指标和分析时效数据,强化“无废指数”的实时反馈功能和 “无废城市”建设任务的指导作用。根据浙江省某年“无废指数”测算结果,分别针对性的给出了省级层面和市级层面的应用建议和实例分析,深化了“无废指数”多维度比较分析和研判的应用功能,实现了在工作考核之前的数据动态更新和及时反馈,将提升基层管理策略调整的精准性、时效性,确保年度等目标的实现。为“无废城市”建设中不同层级管理部门制定管理决策提供依据和支撑。“无废指数”反馈机制创新了固体废物污染防治管理工作机制,进一步形成比学赶超的赛马机制,充分发挥了“无废指数”对全域“无废城市”建设的导向引领作用。     

“无废城市”试点建设与碳减排效益分析：以徐州市为例

“无废城市”建设是深化固体废物综合管理改革,实施减污降碳协同增效,助力实现碳达峰、碳中和战略的重要抓手。针对徐州市“无废城市”试点建设期间城乡生活、农业及工业等领域各类固体废物,参考WARM模型并采用排放因子法从源头减量至中端和末端处置环节的碳排放情况进行了全面核算,系统评估了徐州市“无废城市”试点建设与碳排放效益。结果表明,试点建设期间通过源头减量各类固体废物产生量,实现碳减排量1 531.3×10⁴ t CO₂eq,其中工业领域固体废物源头减量贡献最大。各领域固体废物处置环节中,通过提高资源再生利用率、控制城市固体废物的填埋量、减少畜禽粪便的堆肥以及提升工业固体废物的资源回收利用是徐州市碳减排的重要措施。全市在试点建设期间实现碳减排效益1 606.6×10⁴ t CO₂eq,总体上获得了较好的减污降碳协同效益。本研究结果可为推进“无废城市”建设与减污降碳协同增效提供参考。     

“无废城市”建设期间工业固体废物管理体系构建

我国工业固体废物产生量大、种类繁多、风险具有隐蔽性,亟需构建规范化管理体系。“无废城市”建设可充分调动社会资源,统筹推动工业固体废物全过程管理工作,在此期间构建我国工业固体废物管理体系具有重要意义。从我国工业固体废物产生与管理现状出发,剖析工业固体废物管理存在的短板,针对性地提出我国工业固体废物管理体系构建原则、方法和主要内容,以期为提升工业固体废物管理工作提供参考。     

我国“无废城市”建设成效评价体系的构建方法研究

“十四五”时期,我国“无废城市”建设进入全面推进阶段,构建一套科学规范、简便易行的成效评价体系尤为重要。全面分析我国不同层级固体废物领域成效评价经验,研究提出“确定评价重点内容—筛选评价指标—明确评分标准”三步法成效评价技术路径。根据我国“十四五”时期“无废城市”建设重要任务,提出评价重点内容：工作推进机制建设、重点领域建设成效、保障能力提升、经验模式及宣传教育及公众满意度5个部分;根据《“无废城市”建设指标体系 (2021年版) 》及国家各部门重点工作筛选评价指标;结合近几年环境统计数据及各部门已有评价体系明确评分标准。“无废城市”建设成效评价体系可为国家科学评价城市“无废城市”建设成效和固体废物综合治理水平提供重要参考。此外,本研究选取10个典型城市进行测算分析,由结果可知,该套“无废城市”建设成效评价体系可实现对城市“无废城市”建设成效的有效评价,协助城市识别工作短板问题,充分调动和发挥地方工作积极性、主动性和创造性;同时,还可协助国家从整体层面识别重点工作落实情况,及时做出反应和工作调整,加强顶层设计,进一步提升我国固体废物综合治理水平。     

省域“无废城市”建设探索与建议

开展“无废城市”建设是在城市层面系统解决固体废物管理问题的重要抓手,为全面提升省域内城市发展与固体废物统筹管理水平,各省结合国家“十四五”时期“无废城市”建设工作要求和本省实际,研究制定省域“无废城市”建设实施方案,积极开展省域“无废城市”建设。目前,已有15个省 (市) 开展了全省域“无废城市”建设或次第推进省域内“无废城市”建设,还有一些省份也在积极推动全省“无废城市”建设工作。全域“无废城市”建设是一项创新性工作,各项工作基本都在试点探索的阶段。部分省份在“十四五”开局抓住机遇,率先探索出一批好的经验模式。为更好挖掘省域“无废城市”建设典型经验做法,形成可复制可推广模式,以浙江、江苏、重庆等3个正在开展全省域“无废城市”建设的省 (市) 为例,重点梳理总结各省的探索创新做法,同时,结合各省在“无废城市”建设中凝练出共性特征,有针对性的从加强组织领导、强化法治保障、积极探索创新、加大宣传教育等4个方面提出具体建议。本研究结果可为正在开展或即将开展省域“无废城市”建设的省份提供借鉴与示范。     

助力乡村生态振兴——“无废城市”建设治理农业固体废物路径研究

农业固体废物治理是“无废城市”建设的主要内容之一,也是实现乡村生态振兴的重要工作。做好农业固体废物污染环境防治工作是推进农村生态文明建设,解决农村生态环境问题,打好污染防治攻坚战,促进乡村生态振兴的根本要求。本研究聚焦农业固体废物污染环境防治,分析“无废城市”建设与乡村生态振兴的关系,梳理农业固体废物治理面临的难点与挑战,系统凝练在“无废城市”建设中农业固体废物的治理体系和治理路径,为支撑“无废城市”开展农业固体废物污染环境防治提供借鉴和参考。     

Comparison of environmental impacts related to municipal solid waste and construction and demolition waste management and recycling in a Latin American developing city

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Construction and demolition waste (CDW) and municipal solid waste (MSW) are the waste flows mostly generated at a global level. In developing...     

Forecasting generation of urban solid waste in developing countries--a case study in Mexico

Based on a study of the composition of urban solid waste (USW) and of socioeconomic variables in Morelia, Mexico, generation rates were estimated. In addition, the generation of residential solid waste (RSW) and nonresidential solid waste (NRSW) was forecasted by means of a multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis. For residential sources, the independent variables analyzed were monthly wages, persons per dwelling, age, and educational level of the heads of the household. For nonresidential sources, variables analyzed were number of employees, area of facilities, number of working days, and working hours per day. The forecasted values for residential waste were similar to those observed. This approach may be applied to areas in which available data are scarce, and in which there is an urgent need for the planning of adequate management of USW.     

Sustainable multi-trip periodic redesign-routing model for municipal solid waste collection network: the case study of Tehran

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Daily transportation of wastes due to its environmental, financial, and social aspects has been considered a challenging issue in developing...     

中国西北典型城市西宁生活垃圾产生及回收

预测了中国西北典型城市西宁的生活垃圾清运量,同时分析了西宁的生活垃圾物料流向,从而估算西宁未来的生活垃圾产生量,为西宁生活垃圾管理规划提供依据。研究发现,西宁未来生活垃圾清运量和产生量均呈增长状态,2025、2035年西宁生活垃圾产生量分别为240.33万、334.04万t,2020—2035年的平均年增长率为3.71%。在考虑分拣率的条件下,2025、2035年西宁生活垃圾人均日产生量分别为1.72、2.21kg/(人·d)。目前,西宁生活垃圾分两级分拣回收,一级分拣率为35.11%,二级分拣率为0.18%,填埋率为64.71%。为提高资源化利用率,建议西宁加强一级分拣能力,特别是加大对纸类和塑料的回收能力;在末端处置上,建议规划考虑建设生活垃圾焚烧发电设施。     

Influence of solid waste and topography on urban floods: The case of Mexico City

Floods in cities are increasingly common as a consequence of multifactor watershed dynamics, including geomorphology, land-use changes and land subsidence. However, urban managers have focused on infrastructure to address floods by reducing blocked sewage infrastructure, without significant success. Using Mexico City as a case study, we generated a spatial flood risk model with geomorphology and anthropogenic variables. The results helped contrast the implications of different public policies in land use and waste disposal, and correlating them with flood hazards. Waste disposal was only related to small floods. 58% of the city has a high risk of experiencing small floods, and 24% of the city has a risk for large floods. Half of the population with the lowest income is located in the high-risk areas for large floods. These models are easy to build, generate fast results and are able to help to flood policies, by understanding flood interactions in urban areas within the watershed.     

An environmental assessment model of construction and demolition waste based on system dynamics: a case study in Guangzhou

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - At present, China is in the rapid development stage of urbanization, and construction activities are becoming more frequent. This is accompanied by a...     

Model of municipal solid waste source separation activity: a case study of Beijing

One major challenge faced by Beijing is dealing with the enormous amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated, which contains a high percentage of food waste. Source separation is considered an effective means of reducing waste and enhancing recycling. However, few studies have focused on quantification of the mechanism of source separation activity. Therefore, this study was conducted to establish a mathematical model of source separation activity (MSSA) that correlates the source separation ratio with the following parameters: separation facilities, awareness, separation transportation, participation atmosphere, environmental profit, sense of honor, and economic profit. The MSSA consisted of two equations, one related to the behavior generation stage and one related to the behavior stability stage. The source separation ratios of the residential community, office building, and primary and middle school were calculated using the MSSA. Data for analysis were obtained from a 1-yr investigation and a questionnaire conducted at 128 MSW clusters around Beijing. The results revealed that office buildings had an initial separation ratio of 80% and a stable separation ratio of 65.86%, whereas residential communities and primary and middle schools did not have a stable separation ratio. The MSSA curve took on two shapes. In addition, internal motivations and the separation transportation ratio were found to be key parameters of the MSSA. This model can be utilized for other cities and countries.     

废线路板资源化利用企业环保准入条件初步研究——以江苏省为例

介绍了中国废线路板资源化利用的主要方法及存在的环境问题.结合江苏省废线路板资源化利用行业的发展现状,分析了对废线路板资源化利用企业制定环保准人条件的必要性,并初步建立了一套废线路板资源化利用企业的环保准人指标体系,对企业布局及要求,原料的来源、运输和贮存,生产工艺和设备,环境保护,安全生产和监督管理等6个方面做出了较为...     

电子废弃物资源化全生命周期碳减排效益评估——以废弃电冰箱为例

随着电器电子产品的快速消费和流转,我国正面临电子废弃物国内产生量和国外非法进口量迅速增长的现实问题。废弃电器电子产品处理基金政策(简称"基金"政策)推动了我国电子废弃物资源化产业的发展,带来显著的环境效益。通过解析电子废弃物生命周期过程及其关键的碳减排和碳排放环节,提出了电子废弃物资源化全生命周期碳减排效益评估方法,并以废弃电冰箱为例开展了案例研究。结果表明,制冷剂回收所致碳减排量占废弃电冰箱资源化过程全部碳减排量的92.5%;相对于制冷剂的回收,再生材料产出带来的碳减排效益并不显著;拆解处理所消耗电力的生产是资源化过程碳排放的主要来源,所占比例达89.7%;综合来看,单台废弃电冰箱资源化全生命周期的碳减排效益为1 573.17 kg CO2-eq,2013年我国废弃电冰箱在正规处理体系内资源化带来的碳减排总效益为94.86×104t CO2-eq,"基金"政策驱动效应已初步显现。