基于层次分析法的电解锰废水处理技术评价

基于电解锰废水处理技术现状,采用层次分析法建立了一个4层10指标3方案的技术评价体系,从环境效益、经济效益、技术性能3个方面,对3种电解锰废水处理技术进行分析。采用专家评分的方法,根据各指标的权重,对3种技术进行评分。结果表明,电解锰废水全过程控制技术由于低廉的运行成本,较易运行,较高的锰、铬、氨氮去除率和回收率等优点使其总评分高于其他2种技术,是电解锰废水处理技术的首选。     

基于LCA的POPs控制技术系统评估方法研究

POPs控制的技术举措是各行业削减POPs排放的重要手段。为了在众多POPs控制技术中筛选出更可靠、更经济可行的技术,将POPs控制技术分为替代技术、入料控制技术、过程控制技术及末端处置技术四个大类,并结合综合指标法和生命周期法建立了POPs控制技术系统评估框架。同时,以山西某焦化厂出焦除尘布袋技术作为案例进行定量评估,系统地给出了布袋除尘器在经济运行、环境保护以及技术效果三方面的指标值。评价结果显示布袋除尘技术在技术稳定性、去除POPs污染物效果等技术指标上有较好的表现,并且不会产生额外的环境影响负荷。     

铅冶炼污染防治技术评价指标体系的构建

从铅冶炼工艺入手,根据铅冶炼整个过程中的重污染环节,对铅冶炼污染防治技术评价指标体系的构建进行了探讨.首先根据铅冶炼过程中的重污染环节,采用生命周期法(LCA)确定了从备料至铅锭产出的全过程的评价范围,在此基础上进行了污染物质流分析.再结合污染物质流分析结果,提出了铅冶炼污染防控的关键工序,包括冶炼工序、“三废”治理工序.最后,以《有色金属产业调整和振兴规划》、《铅锌行业准入条件》、《清洁生产标准》、《铅、锌工业污染物排放标准》等为依据,在遵循针对性、客观性等原则下,构建了目标层、子目标层、指标层三层结构的铅冶炼污染防治技术评价指标体系,目标层为铅冶炼污染防治技术水平,子目标层包括环境管理、冶炼工艺与装备、烟气制酸程度、“三废”处理情况、余热利用情况、周边环境整治情况等六大污染防控因子,指标层包含24项具体指标,并给出了每个指标的明确涵义或计算方法.     

基于生命周期评价的选择性催化还原脱硝技术还原剂的选择研究

应用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,以燃煤电厂选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝技术中还原剂的选择为研究对象,对液氨与尿素的生产、运输、存储与供应、脱硝及废液处理5个过程进行了清单分析,着重分析了液氨与尿素的生产、运输的能耗及其对环境的影响。计算结果表明,尿素对环境的负面影响大于液氨对环境的负面影响。因此,如果从对环境的影响看,燃煤电厂SCR脱硝技术在选择还原剂时,应采用对环境负面影响小的液氨。     

饮食业油烟净化技术综合评价

本文首先通过专家调查的方法建立了饮食业油烟净化技术综合评价指标体系,并确定相应的权数,然后采用模糊决策分析方法对现有净化技术进行了分析评价。结果表明,复合式和静电式技术是现有各种技术中最好的。     

基于AHP的POPs污染控制技术评价方法研究

POPs污染控制技术的引进和推广是削减POPs排放的重要手段,对最大限度地控制我国POPs污染,提升国家履行《斯德哥尔摩公约》的能力具有重要意义。为了筛选出适合我国发展需求与经济水平的技术,在对POPs污染控制技术进行分类研究的基础上,基于层次分析法(AHP)建立了POPs污染控制技术综合评价指标体系和评价方法。同时,选择钢铁行业的两种烟气POPs控制技术进行案例分析,证明了建立的评价方法具有较好的可行性。此外,评价结果表明,高炉煤气干式除尘余压压差发电技术优于转炉煤气干法烟气除尘及尘泥压块技术,应优先考虑在钢铁行业进行应用与推广,以提升行业POPs污染控制能力。     

饮食业油烟净化技术综合评价

本文首先通过专家调查的方法建立了饮食业油烟净化技术综合评价指标体系，并确定相应的权数，然后采用模糊决策分析方法对现有净化技术进行了分析评价，结果表明，复合式和静电式技术是现有各种技术中最好的。     

SBR技术的发展及应用

综述了SBR基本运行原理及工艺特点，着重对SBR各种工艺形式的结构、特点进行了分析和评价，并对其研究和应用现状进行了介绍，认为具有脱氮除磷功能的新型SBR的研究，将成为污水处理领域的新热点。     

炼铁技术可持续性评价与筛选及其影响因素研究

为确定高炉炼铁技术(BF)、直接还原炼铁技术和熔融还原炼铁技术这3类主要炼铁技术的可持续性,选择了8种具有代表性的炼铁技术,在确定系统边界、构建指标体系、综合集成赋权后,运用灰色关联度模型对炼铁技术的可持续性进行排序,并采用拉氏加法分解分析了影响炼铁技术可持续性的主要因素.结果表明:(1)8种炼铁技术的可持续性排序为MIDREX＞COREX-DR＞1Tmk3＞ FASTMET＞COREX C-3000＞ FINEX＞ BF＞ HISMELT(竖炉).(2)环境排放(吨铁SO2排放、吨铁危险废物产生和吨铁颗粒物排放)、二次能源回收与利用(吨铁回收能源消耗、吨铁余能回用潜力)以及铁产品品质(吨铁磷含量、吨铁硫含量)等已成为制约炼铁业可持续性的重要瓶颈,也是炼铁技术研发和工艺选取应考虑的主要因素.(3)可以尝试新的炼铁模式——COREX C-3000与MIDREX联合炼铁技术,将其作为发展非高炉炼铁技术的重点方向.     

应用生命周期模型评价餐厨垃圾处理技术

运用生命周期模型对餐厨垃圾常用处理技术——厌氧发酵、好氧堆肥、饲料化技术、生化处理机进行评价和筛选。结果表明,厌氧发酵、好氧堆肥、饲料化技术、小型生化处理机的环境影响潜力分别为1.35×10-3、4.42×10-3、3.78×10-2和1.18×10-2,单位处理成本为2.1、5.65、0.37和1.4元/（人.a）,综合评估得出厌氧发酵和饲料化是当前具有优势的餐厨垃圾处理技术。     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Kinetic and structural relationships of transition monomeric and oligomeric carboxyl- and choline-esterases

The kinetic and structural relationships of eight electrophoretically pure mammalian serum and liver serine carboxylesterases (CE) and cholinesterases (ChE) have been studied. Eight CE's and ChE's, which were fully resolved but only partially purified, provided additional information. Five of the electrophoretically pure esterases were monomeric, and of these, four belonged to a new and widely distributed class. These four monomeric esterases hydrolyzed choline esters, but at widely differing rates. Thus two were termed monomeric butyrylcholinesterases, mBuChE I and II, and two were monomeric CE's (mCE). The rabbit liver mCE was not a subunit of the oligomeric CE (oCE), although the oCE also hydrolyzed choline esters at a very low rate. The complex kinetics of the mCE's, mBuChE's, oCE's, and of the oligomeric BuChE's of horse and human serum could be interpreted according to a single reaction scheme involving an allosteric site and the equation derived from it. Thus activation and inhibition at high substrate concentrations, together with sigmoidal activity versus substrate concentration plots, all of which characterize the reactions of these esterases, could be interpreted by a single scheme and equation. Structural and kinetic comparisons showed a progressive transition of properties from the oCE's through the mCE's to the oBuChE's. One of the purified mCE's was from horse serum, and it exhibited physical and kinetic properties unlike those of the liver mCE's or oCE's.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Sorption and desorption behavior of chloroanilines and chlorophenols on montmorillonite and kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Bacterial and archaeal diversity in oil fields and reservoirs and their potential role in hydrocarbon recovery and bioprospecting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrocarbon is a primary source of energy in the current urbanized society. Considering the increasing demand, worldwide oil productions are declining...     

畜禽养殖业污染与循环经济

解决畜禽养殖业的污染问题要以充分利用资源为根本出发点，通过对污染全过程控制及废物综合利用，达到畜禽粪便的减量化、无害化、资源化，走循环经济的发展道路。     

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane levels in urban and industrial areas and possible emission-related activities

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane are becoming relevant compounds in urban and industrial air, as they are used in important amounts in automobile industry and building insulation, as well as in the manufacture of foams, rubber, paints and varnishes. Glass multi-sorbent tubes (Carbotrap, Carbopack, Carboxen) were connected to LCMA-UPC pump samplers for the retention of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexanes. The analysis was performed by automatic thermal desorption (ATD) coupled with capillary gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry detector (MSD). TD-GC/MS was chosen as analytical method due to its versatility and the possibility of analysis of a wide range of volatility and polarity VOC in air samples. The method was satisfactory sensitive, selective and reproducible for the studied compounds. The concentrations of iso- and isothioisocyanatocyclohexanes were evaluated in different urban, residential and industrial locations from extensive VOC air quality and odour episode studies in several cities in the Northeastern edge of Spain. Around 200–300 VOC were determined qualitatively in each sample. Higher values of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane were found in industrial areas than in urban or residential locations. The concentrations ranged between n.d.−246 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively, for industrial areas. On the other hand, urban and residential locations showed concentrations ranging between n.d.−164 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively. The site location (urban or industrial), the kind and nearness of possible iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane emission activities (industrial or building construction) and the changes of wind regimes throughout the year have been found the most important factors influencing the concentrations of these compounds in the different places.     

Degradation in soil and water and ecotoxicity of rimsulfuron and its metabolites.

The degradation and ecotoxicity of sulfonylurea herbicide rimsulfuron and its major metabolites were examined in batch samples of an alluvial sandy loam and in freshwater. An HPLC-DAD method was adapted to simultaneously identify and quantify rimsulfuron and its metabolites, which was successfully validated by GC-MS analysis. In aqueous solutions, pure rimsulfuron was rapidly hydrolyzed into metabolite 1 (N-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-N-(3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinylurea)), which itself was transformed into the more stable metabolite 2 (N-((3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinyl)-4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidineamine)), with half-life (t(1/2)) values of 2 and 2.5 days, respectively. Hydrolysis was instantaneous under alkaline conditions (pH = 10). In aqueous suspensions of the alluvial soil (pH = 8), formulated rimsulfuron had a half-life of 7 days, whereas that of metabolite 1 was similar to that in water (about 3.5 days). The degradation of the two major metabolites was also studied in soil suspensions with the pure compounds at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mg l(-1). The half-life of metabolite 1 ranged from 3.9 to 5 days, close to the previous values. Metabolite 2 was more persistent and its degradation is strongly dependent on the initial concentration (C0): half-life values ranged from 8.1 to 55 days at 2-10 mg l(-1), respectively. These values are higher than those determined from the kinetics of metabolite 1 transformation into metabolite 2 (t(1/2) = 8-19 days). The ecotoxicity of the three chemicals was evaluated through their effect on Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri (Microtox bioassay). No effect was observed on D. magna with 24 and 48 h acute toxicity tests. Similarly, no toxic effect was observed with the Microtox test for the three chemicals in the range of concentrations tested that included the field application dose. Thus, being of low persistence and lacking acute toxicity, these chemicals present a low environmental risk. However, chronic effects should be studied in order to confirm the safety of rimsulfuron and its major metabolites.