甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯对中华新米虾的毒性效应

以中华新米虾(Neocaridina denticulata sinensis)为受试生物,采用半静态生物测定方法,研究了TEX污染物对中华新米虾的单一急性毒性和联合毒性效应.在单一毒性试验中,甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯对中华新米虾的96h LC50分别为13.8,10.4,11.3mg/L,毒性大小顺序为乙苯>二甲苯>甲苯.基于等毒性溶液法(ETS)分析了TEX二元混合物的联合毒性,结果表明,甲苯-乙苯、乙苯-二甲苯与甲苯-二甲苯按不同毒性单位比(4:1,3:2,2:3,1:4)组成的二元混合物对中华新米虾的联合毒性作用均表现为相加作用.基于毒性单位法(TU)和混合毒性指数法(MTI)研究了甲苯-乙苯-二甲苯按浓度比1:1:1和毒性单位比1:1:1所组成的三元混合物对中华新米虾的联合毒性,96h LC50分别为11.6,10.7mg/L,毒性大小与3种苯系物单独作用相当.当暴露时间为48h时,联合毒性表现为部分相加作用,而暴露时间为96h时,联合毒性作用为协同作用,即随着暴露时间的增加,甲苯-乙苯-二甲苯组成的三元混合物的联合毒性从部分相加作用转变为协同作用,但是协同作用均不明显,非常接近于相加作用.因此,甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯对中华新米虾的联合毒性作用主要表现为相加作用.     

铬污染土壤稳定化处理对蚯蚓的毒性效应

浸出毒性测试是评价重金属污染土壤稳定化处理效果的主要方法,但该方法不能准确反映稳定化处理后土壤的生物毒性变化.本研究以多硫化钙(CPS)稳定化处理的电镀厂铬(Cr)污染土壤为对象,以赤子爱胜蚓为指示生物,研究评估土壤稳定化处理的生物毒性效应.结果表明,在Cr污染土壤中,随着CPS投加量的增加,蚯蚓的毒性效应逐渐减弱随后增强.高浓度Cr污染土壤经过CPS稳定化处理后仍然具有明显的生物毒性,CPS与土壤中Cr(VI)投加比(物质的量比,下同)为3时土壤浸出毒性虽满足浸出标准,但对蚯蚓的7 d致死效应高达100%,且暴毒期间出现肉眼可见的外部形态变化,回避率为83.3%,在暴毒第5 d时蚯蚓体内总Cr含量为20.9 mg·kg~(-1).CPS对蚯蚓具有较强的生物毒性作用,在不含Cr污染的对照组土壤中,CPS投加量与稳定化处理Cr污染土壤中稳定化药剂投加比为5相同时,蚯蚓的7 d急性毒性致死率为100%.蚯蚓的致死率和外部形态变化可快速直观地反映重金属污染土壤的生物毒性,可为土壤稳定化处理的安全性与生物毒性评估提供参考依据.     

3种PAEs对蚯蚓的毒性作用和组织酶活性影响的研究

以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)为受试生物,通过滤纸接触法和自然土壤法研究邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl Phthalate,DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(Diethyl Phthalate,DEP)和邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(Di-n-butyl Phthalate,DBP)的急性毒性效应.结果表明,DEP和DMP对赤子爱胜蚓毒性显著,滤纸接触法染毒48 h时,DMP和DEP的半数致死剂量(LD50)分别为129.603μg·cm-2和145.336μg·cm-2.自然土壤法染毒14 d时,DMP和DEP的LC50分别为1 560.120 mg·kg-1和1 516.186 mg·kg-1.DBP的LD50尚无确切数据.自然土壤法研究DMP、DEP与DBP对蚯蚓组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性的影响.结果表明,SOD、CAT和AChE活性对DMP、DEP和DBP的毒性响应各不相同,其中,DMP、DEP和DBP的浓度对SOD、CAT和AChE活性呈显著性影响.SOD活性被DMP和DEP诱导增加.CAT的活性在DEP和DBP低浓度下诱导高浓度作用下抑制,而AChE活性在DEP和DBP低浓度下抑制高浓度下诱导.处理时间对SOD、AChE活性无显著性影响.     

土壤铬(Ⅵ)对赤子爱胜蚓的生态毒性效应

为研究土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的毒性效应,以人工土壤为测试介质,按照OECD指南中的方法,测定了Cr(Ⅵ)对赤子爱胜蚓的LC₅₀(半数致死浓度),并考察了w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕为10~160mg/kg(以干质量计,下同)时Cr(Ⅵ)对赤子爱胜蚓的生长和生殖的影响. 结果表明:①Cr(Ⅵ)在人工土壤中14d的LC₅₀为245.06mg/kg,95%置信限为208.31~288.29mg/kg;②与对照组相比,暴露28d时,w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕为10~20mg/kg试验组的赤子爱胜蚓体质量显著增加(P<0.01);w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕为80~160mg/kg试验组的赤子爱胜蚓体质量则受到显著抑制(P<0.01);③赤子爱胜蚓的产茧量和幼蚓孵化量均随着w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕的升高而降低,其中,Cr(Ⅵ)抑制赤子爱胜蚓产茧量和幼蚓孵化量的EC₅₀(半数有效浓度)分别为62.32和49.92mg/kg. 赤子爱胜蚓的体质量、产茧量和幼蚓孵化量均对土壤中w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕比较敏感,尤其幼蚓孵化量是赤子爱胜蚓毒性效应的几项测试终点中最为敏感的一种,可以作为生态风险评估的指标.      

添加EM菌对蚯蚓处理鲜牛粪的影响

蚯蚓处理鲜牛粪时,添加EM菌,通过堆制过程中pH、温度、速效养分含量、种子发芽率指数的变化以及添加EM菌对蚯蚓生长繁殖的影响,研究添加EM菌对蚯蚓处理鲜牛粪的影响。结果表明:加EM菌能显著提高蚯蚓的日增重倍数,对蚯蚓日繁殖倍数影响不大,以添加EM菌质量分数0.4%为宜。整个堆制过程加EM菌和未加EM菌的处理温度均未超过30℃,但在最初7d加EM菌处理的堆体温度略高于气温,在夏季利用蚯蚓处理鲜牛粪时,应注意翻堆散热,以利于蚯蚓生长。加EM菌能使鲜牛粪的初始pH从9.28降至8.76,利于蚯蚓适应环境。加EM菌能增加堆肥中速效氮、速效钾含量。加EM菌和未加EM菌的处理种子发芽指数均随堆制时间的增加而增大,堆制50d后种子发芽指数均达85%左右,且两者无显著差异,说明在蚯蚓处理鲜牛粪时,添加EM菌不能加速鲜牛粪的腐熟。     

土壤锑胁迫下赤子爱胜蚓在个体和细胞水平的毒性效应

随着锑(Sb)矿的开采,Sb及其化合物对矿区周围生物暴露风险增大,Sb污染研究在国内外日益受到重视. 为阐明矿区Sb污染土壤对周边生物的毒性效应,本文通过向人工土壤添加焦锑酸钾(KSbO₆H₆)模拟受污染土壤,分别探究了Sb对土壤无脊椎模式生物——赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)存活、Sb富集、总蛋白、抗氧化系统酶、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)的影响,并利用生物标志物响应指数(biomarker response index, BRI)对Sb胁迫下蚯蚓的毒性效应进行综合评价. 结果表明:①蚯蚓死亡率与土壤Sb浓度和暴露时间剂量效应关系明显,经计算蚯蚓56 d LC₅₀为4 380.37 mg/kg. ②蚯蚓对Sb仅有少量吸收,最高处理组(12 800 mg/kg)在暴露56 d后Sb富集量仅为213 mg/kg. ③超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)、MDA在暴露28 d内呈现先升高后降低的倒“U”型变化,过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)总体呈现“上升—下降—上升—下降”的变化趋势;总蛋白随时间和处理水平增加呈现不断下降趋势. ④在暴露期间共计24个含Sb处理组中,20个处理受到中等及以下水平健康影响,仅有4个处理组BRI小于2.5,属于严重健康影响. 研究显示,总蛋白、SOD、CAT、POD、MDA均对Sb比较敏感,Sb对赤子爱胜蚓的毒性效应不强,该研究结果可为我国土壤Sb污染提供关键毒理学数据.      

纳米铁对蚯蚓蛋白质含量和抗氧化酶系的影响

采用人工土壤法,研究了不同暴露浓度下纳米铁对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)体内蛋白质含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)等抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:当纳米铁浓度在10~500 mg/kg时,纳米铁对蚯蚓体内蛋白质含量未产生显著性影响(P0.05)。2 000 mg/kg组比对照组蛋白质含量有明显增加,最高时比对照组增加了74%。蚯蚓体内CAT、SOD和GSH-PX对纳米铁浓度响应不同,在10~100 mg/kg时CAT、SOD和GSH-PX均无响应,当纳米铁浓度在500~2 000 mg/kg时这3种酶的活性变化趋势基本一致,都呈现先增加后降低的趋势。     

老化土壤中铅对赤子爱胜蚓生长及繁殖的影响

采用赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)为测试生物,人工土壤为测试介质,Pb(NO3)2为土壤污染物,研究土壤老化对赤子爱胜蚓生长及繁殖的影响.结果表明,与对照组相比,污染土壤中赤子爱胜蚓体重随土壤中Pb(NO3)2浓度的升高呈现降低的趋势.Pb(NO3)2在人工土壤中老化0、7、28和84 d后,不同老化时间,Pb(NO3)2抑制赤子爱胜蚓的生长也不相同,影响最明显的是1 000 mg·kg-1和1 500 mg·kg-1试验组.不同老化时间的Pb(NO3)2对赤子爱胜蚓繁殖的影响有很大差异,其产茧量的半数有效浓度(EC50)分别为1 085.10、1 163.32、1 666.86和1 606.94 mg·kg-1;幼蚓孵化量的EC50分别为700.01、703.88、1 031.34和1 017.89 mg·kg-1.Pb(NO3)2在人工土壤中经过不同老化时间后,其对赤子爱胜蚓生长及繁殖的影响有很大的差异,这种差异影响到对土壤Pb(NO3)2污染的毒性评估,因此,进行Pb(NO3)2毒性试验时应考虑其在土壤中的老化作用.此研究结果可为老化土壤中污染物的生态风险评估以及土壤环境质量标准的制定提供科学依据.     

蚯蚓对重金属污染土壤中铅的富集研究

蚯蚓在陆地生态系统中具有十分重要的功能,利用蚯蚓处理重金属污染土壤是一种新型的绿色生物技术。实验通过测定重金属污染土壤中不同铅浓度梯度下蚯蚓在培养期内对铅富集量的研究,结果表明：蚯蚓对铅有较强的富集作用,且随铅浓度的增加,蚯蚓体内的富集量也增加;单住质量蚯蚓培养期内吸收铅量与铅浓度梯度表现出极显著性差异,说明蚯蚓可以作为检测重金属污染土壤中铅的重要生物指标,论证了在重金属污染土壤动物修复中引入蚯蚓的可行性。     

生物质炭对重金属污染红壤中蚯蚓活性的影响

生物质炭改良剂在钝化污染土壤中重金属的同时,显著改善土壤物理、化学和生物性质。该文通过添加2%400℃下制备的玉米、水稻、小麦、大豆、豌豆等秸秆生物质炭到Cd和Pb染毒红壤中,研究蚯蚓（赤子爱胜蚓）暴露30 d后的体重损失率、死亡率和体内抗氧化酶活性等指标的影响。结果表明,施加生物质炭显著降低Cd、Pb染毒土壤中可交换态重金属含量。另外,蚯蚓体重损失率分别从改良前的37.16%和38.81%降低至改良后的(31.92%±2.54%)和(28.02%±1.46%),同时死亡率从46.67%分别降低至(40.00%±2.98%)和(32.00%±6.29%),但都未达显著水平（P>0.05）。相比于染毒土壤,施加生物质炭处理土壤中蚯蚓体内过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量在Cd污染土壤中分别显著降低15.19%～44.89%、12.09%～56.57%、32.52%～59.13%;在Pb污染土壤中分别显著降低1.54%～20.70%、18.44%～48.94%、44.65%～58.46%。相关性分析结果表明,Cd和Pb污染土壤中蚯蚓的CAT、POD活...     

类二 多氯联苯对赤子爱胜蚓生理活性的影响

通过人工土壤法,研究0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000μg/kg类二 多氯联苯暴露浓度对赤子爱胜蚓 (Eisenia fetida)抗氧化酶(SOD酶、CAT酶和GST酶)、抗氧化分子(GSH)、氧化损伤物(MDA)等生理活性指标在第2, 7, 14, 28d时的影响.结果显示,类二 多氯联苯刺激赤子爱胜蚓生理活性显著增加(P<0.05),可诱导蚯蚓抗氧化系统应答启动;不同暴露时间下,受试物浓度与蚯蚓生理活性的相关性分析显示,蚯蚓不同生理活性指标对受试物的最佳响应时间不同, Cu-Zn SOD响应最早(7d), SOD, CAT, GSH, MDA次之(14d), GST响应最迟(28d);在最佳响应时间下,受试物暴露浓度对数与生理活性值对数均存在显著的剂量-效应关系(P <0.001)     

重金属Cd、Cu对小麦(Triticum aestivum)幼苗生理生化过程的影响及其毒性机理研究

对Cd、Cu单因子处理下小麦幼苗叶片和根系的SOD、POD酶活、可溶性蛋白含量以及叶片中叶绿素含量的变化进行了研究.结果表明,Cd、Cu胁迫下,小麦幼苗受到损伤的明显症状之一是叶片叶绿素含量下降;小麦植株叶片POD、SOD酶活能够被诱导而升高;重金属Cd、Cu对小麦幼苗根系的损伤较叶片大;重金属对小麦幼苗的毒害机理之一是抑制了蛋白质的生物合成;重金属引起的各个生化指标随着处理浓度和处理时间的变化远比有机污染物(如豆磺隆)简单.     

Ecotoxicological effects of polycyclic musks and cadmium on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Single and joint toxic e ects of polycyclic musks including 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2- benzopyran (HHCB) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene (AHTN) and cadmium (Cd) on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were investigated. The results showed that the toxicity sequence of HHCB toxic to wheat seed germination and seedling growth was similar to that of AHTN, that is, germination rate > shoot elongation > root elongation, while the toxicity of Cd was in the sequence of root elongation > shoot elongation > germination rate, according to the LC50 and EC50 values. It is suggested that polycyclic musks and Cd had di erent toxicological mechanisms. Root and shoot elongation of wheat might be good bioindicators for the contamination of polycyclic musks and Cd in soil. The mixture of polycyclic musks and Cd had synergistic e ects on T. aestivum according to the equi-toxic mixture approach when root elongation was selected as the toxicological endpoint. Thus, the joint toxicity of HHCB and Cd was significantly higher than the single toxicity of HHCB or Cd, which was also confirmed by the EC50 mix value of the mixture (EC50 mix = 0.530 TUmix). The EC50 mix value of the mixture of AHTN and Cd was 0.614 TUmix, which indicated that the mixture toxicity was strengthened when AHTN coexisted with Cd.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos on earthworm Eisenia fetida in phaiozem, northeast China

Introduction W ith the increase in types and am ount of pollutants releasing into soil ecosystem s, research on the joint effects of m ore than one pollutant in soil-plant, soil-anim al and soil-m icroorganism system s is increasingly concerned (Zhou and …     

Residue analysis and dissipation of monosulfuron in soil and wheat

HPLC-UV residue analytical method for monosulfuron [ N-[( 4‘-methyl ) pyrimidin-2‘-yl ]-2-nitrophenylsulfonyl urea] in soil and wheat was developed. Monosulfuron residues were recovered by solvent extraction, followed by liquid-liquid partition, and C18 cartrige clean-up. Excellent method recoveries ranging from 95%-104% for both fortified soil and wheat grain were obtained with coefficients of variation 1.5%-11.8%. The minimum detectable quantities in soil and wheat were both 4 ng, the limit of detection was 0.02 mg/kg. When monosulfuron was applied according to double dosage of maximum recommended use direction(120 g ai/hm^2 of 10% monosulfuron wettable powder sprayed for once during development of wheat ) in field studies conducted in Shandong Province and near Beijing, monosulfuron residues was not detected in soil and wheat samples collected 75 d after application. Laboratory soil degradation studies showed that monosulfuron degraded faster in acidic soil and strong alkaline soil than in neutral or weak alkaline soil. Half lives in Jiangxi soil, Shijiazhuang soil, Jiangsu soil and Heilongjiang soil were 41, 48, 87 and 84 d respectively. Monosulfuron residues dissipated rapidly in Shandong and Beijing field test sites with half-lives of less than 14 d.     

Relationship between AtPase activity and conjugated polyamines in mitochondrial membrane from wheat seedling roots under osmotic stress

The effects of osmotic stress on the ATPase activity, the contents of —SH group and conjugated polyamines in mitochondrial membrane from wheat seedling [ Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yumai No. 18 (drought-tolerant) and cv. Yumai No.9(drought-sensitive)] roots were investigated. The results showed that ATPase activity and --SH group content decreased with polyethylene glycol(PEG) 6000( - 0.55 MPa) treatment for 7 d, in concert with the decrease of the ratio of noncovalently conjugated spermidine (NCC-Spd)/noncovalently conjugated putrescine(NCC-Put) and increase of the covalently conjugated putrescine (CC-Put). Osmotic stress injury to Yangmai No.9 seedlings was alleviated greatly with 1 mmol/L exogenous spermidine(Spd), in concert with marked increases of the ratio of NCC-Spd/NCC-Put, --SH group contents and ATPase activity in mitochondrial membrane. Under osmotic stress, the concomitant treatment of Yumai No. 18 seedlings with methylglyoxyl bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), an inhibitor of S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase(SAMDC), and phenanthrolin ( o-Phen), an inhibitor of transglutaminase(TGase), caused a significant decrease of the ratio of NCC-Spd / NCC-Put, CC-Put contents, respectively, in concert with the marked decreases of ATPase activity, --SH group content and its tolerance to osmotic stress. All the results above suggested that osmotic stress tolerance of wheat seedlings was associated with the ATPase activity, the contents of --SH group, NCC-Spd and CC-Put in mitochondrial membrane.     

Bio-removal of mixture of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes/total petroleum hydrocarbons/trichloroethylene from contaminated water

Four pure cultures were isolated from soil samples potentially contaminated with gasoline compounds either at a construction site near a gas station in Fai Chi Kei, Macau SAR or in the northern parts of China (Beijing, and Hebei and Shandong). The e ects of di erent concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and three isomers (ortho-, meta-, and para-) of xylene (BTEX), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and trichloroethylene (TCE), when they were present in mixtures, on the bio-removal e ciencies of microbial isolates were investigated, together with their interactions during the bio-removal process. When the isolates were tested for the BTEX (50–350 mg/L)/TPH (2000 mg/L) mixture, BTEoX in BTEoX/TPH mixture was shown with higher bio-removal e ciencies, while BTEmX in BTEmX/TPH mixture was shown with the lowest, regardless of isolates. The TPH in BTEmX/TPH mixture, on the other hand, were generally shown with higher bio-removal e ciencies compared to when TPH mixed with BTEoX and BTEpX. When these BTEX mixtures (at 350 mg/L) were present with TCE (5–50 mg/L), the stimulatory e ect of TCE toward BTEoX bio-removal was observed for BTEoX/TCE mixture, while the inhibitory e ect of TCE toward BTEmX for BTEmX/TCE mixture. The bio-removal e ciency for TPH was shown lower in TPH (2000 mg/L)/TCE (5–50 mg/L) mixtures compared to TPH present alone, implying the inhibitory e ect of TCE toward TPH bio-removal. For the mixture of BTEX (417 mg/L), TPH (2000 mg/L) along with TCE (5– 50 mg/L), TCE was shown co-metabolically removed more e ciently at 15 mg/L, probably utilizing BTEX and/or TPH as primary substrates.     

微塑料与Cd交互作用对小麦种子发芽的生态毒性研究

为探究微塑料、重金属以及二者的交互作用对农作物种子生长特性的影响,选取小麦(Triticum aestivum L)为实验对象,开展土壤中微塑料聚乙烯(mPE)和聚丙烯(mPP)(0,10,50,100,200,500,1000,5000和10000mg/kg)与重金属镉(Cd)(0,1和5mg/kg)单一及复合污染对...     

日照市夏季VOCs物种空间分布特征及其对臭氧生成的影响

2020年8月22～ 29日期间利用便携式声表面波气相色谱仪(GC-SAW)对日照市区的主要企业源、居民源和道路开展了在线采样分析,获得了大气中多种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的空间分布特征,并对主要组分的化学反应活性进行研究.结果 表明,日照市碳原子大于5的VOCs(VOCC＞5)主要以甲苯、正丙苯和正辛烷为主,且空间分...