The effects of compost prepared from waste material of banana on the growth, yield and quality properties of banana plants

Three doses (15-30-45 kg plant(-1)) of the compost prepared from the clone of Dwarf cavendish banana were compared with farmyard manure (50 kg plant(-1)), mineral fertilizers (180 g N+ 150 g P +335 g K plant(-1)) and farmyard manure+ mineral fertilizers (25 kg FM+ 180 g N+ 150 g P +335 g K plant(-1)) which determined positive effects on the growth, yield and fruit quality characteristics of banana plants. The banana plants were grown under a heated glasshouse and in a soil with physical and chemical properties are suitable for banana growing. The contents of N, P, K and Mg in compost and in farmyard manure were found to be similar. Farmyard manure, farmyard manure + mineral fertilizers and 45 kg plant(-1) of compost increased growth, yield and fruit quality characteristics. According to obtained results, 45 kg plant(-1) of compost was determined more suitable in terms of economical production and organic farming than the other fertilizer types.     

石灰预处理对树叶堆肥过程中养分转化的影响

以树叶干质量的0%、1.00%、2.50%和4.00%的石灰预处理树叶,24h后分别将预处理后的树叶与鸡粪联合堆肥,研究不同用量石灰预处理树叶对树叶堆肥过程中养分转化的影响。试验在自制的堆肥反应器内进行,采用间歇式强制通风的方式,进行为期59d的堆肥试验。结果表明:石灰预处理树叶24h可以有效的降低树叶中的有机质质量分数,以4.00%的石灰预处理的树叶其有机质降幅达6.00%;石灰预处理24h后,各处理pH相差不大;EC的变化与pH相似;预处理前后,各处理总氮、总磷和总钾的质量分数相差不大。用石灰预处理后的树叶堆肥有利于堆肥有机质的降解,尤以2.50%石灰预处理的效果最好;有利于堆肥w(C)/w(N)的降低,其降低幅度与石灰用量成正比;有利于减少堆肥过程中氮素的损失,且氮素损失与石灰使用量呈反比;有利于堆肥NH4 -N质量分数的降低;提高堆肥终产品NO3--N的质量分数,其质量分数与石灰用量呈正比;有利于堆肥中钾的浓缩;对堆肥的pH、EC、w(NH4 -N)/w(NO3--N)和总磷的影响不大。综合考虑试验结果后认为,以4.00%石灰预处理的效果最为理想。     

贵州喀斯特山区植物营养元素含量特征

贵州喀斯特山区是我国乃至世界喀斯特分布面积最大的片区之一,由于其生态系统的脆弱性,加之人类活动的干扰,使得该区的植被退化较为严重。文章选择该区的12种主要植物作为研究对象,对其营养元素进行了研究。结果表明:>1000μg·g-1的元素有N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S,100～1000μg·g-1的元素有Fe、Mn、Al,10～100μg·g-1的元素有Zn、Sr,<10μg·g-1的元素为Cu、Mo,其中Mo含量最低,仅为0.17μg·g-1。这些元素中,Ca、P、K元素高于所报道的陆生植物的含量范围。元素含量特点是Ca>K>Mg型。N、P、K、Mg元素的频数分布为正态分布,Ca、Al、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Sr、S元素为对数正态分布。变异系数大于100%的元素有Al、Fe、Mn、Sr,变异系数小于60%的元素有N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Cu,其中Ca的变异系数最小,仅为11.8%。不同生境下相同植物的营养元素含量有较大的差异,石灰土上植物的N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Al、Cu、Mo元素含量要高于黄壤上植物的。元素间的相关分析表明:P和K、P和Cu、Al和Fe、Al和Zn、Fe和Zn元素具有显著相关关系;N和P、P和Mg、K和Al、K和Cu、Ca和Sr、S和Mo元素具有一般相关关系。     

废石膏制备硫酸钙晶须的高附加值利用前景

目前全球范围内石膏资源储量丰富,种类繁多,但开发利用率低.特别是脱硫石膏、磷石膏固有堆存量大,其每年年产量逐渐剧增,大部分废石膏中含有大量有害组分,不仅会对地表水和地下水体造成污染威胁、影响环境卫生,而且会造成资源的极大浪费;由于其处理成本高、具有较大的潜在风险,截至目前,仍没有较好的石膏处理途径.石膏的主要成分是硫酸钙,硫酸钙晶须是一种良好的材料合成添加剂,对材料的各项性能均有改善作用,因而具有广阔的研究价值和市场前景.本文通过对比石膏的多种处理方法和硫酸钙晶须的制备方法,突出硫酸钙晶须的运用前景、市场前景,表明其市场价值和环境价值,提出运用石膏制备硫酸钙晶须的新控制理论,为石膏制备硫酸钙晶须的高附加值资源化利用提供理论支撑.     

Polyphenol contents of five of medicinal plants from Cameroon and effects of their extracts on antioxidant capacities of human breast cancer cells

The aim of the study was to investigate the antiproliferative properties of extracts of five plants on breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and their effects on antioxidant activities. The total phenol contents of the extracts were determined to establish a correlation to their antiproliferative effects which were evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide viability assay. Enzymes involved in oxidative stress were also determined. Total polyphenol contents of the five extracts varied from 170 to 440 mg L^?1 of gallic acid per mg of extract with the highest value for the extract of Sida cordifolia. Cell growth inhibition was observed within 24 h, with inhibitory concentration values ranging from 7.3 to 25 mg L^?1 depending on plant extract. At concentrations between 100 and 200 mg L^?1, all the extracts exhibited significant reduction of cell proliferation in time-dependent and linear manner. The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase of cells treated for 24 h with the extract of S. cordifolia were 3.5 U per mg protein and 8 mole H₂O₂ consumed per min per mg protein higher than those of cells treated with an extract of Viscum album.     

植物类脂的提取及对菲吸附的影响

讨论了有机溶剂极性对植物类脂提取的影响,分别采用(Ⅰ)非极性正己烷和(Ⅱ)极性三氯甲烷∶甲醇(2∶1)溶液从青椒和油麦菜干样中索氏提取植物类脂,进一步研究了上述植物干样、提取类脂和去类脂组分对菲的吸附.实验结果表明,两种方法提取得到的类脂含量不同,方法(Ⅰ)从青椒和油麦菜中提取得到类脂含量为(1.9±0.1)%和(5.0±0.4)%;而方法 (Ⅱ)提取得到的相应值分别为(2.6±0.2)%和(9.5±0.5)%.两种方法得到提取类脂对菲的吸附贡献无显著性差异(P>0.05),均约占整个青椒干样对菲吸附的20%,而油麦菜的这一比例约为60%.但采用正己烷提取可避免极性物质的析出而更好地分离类脂和去类脂组分.去类脂组分在青椒和油麦菜中对菲的吸附贡献分别约为80%和40%,即去类脂组分对菲仍有较强的吸附能力,因此不能简单视为碳水化合物.     

四种植物提取物的杀螺效果研究

福寿螺是我国华南地区一种危害十分严重的外来入侵生物。采用分布广泛的四种植物：水蜈蚣（Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb.）、红花酢浆草（Oxalis corymbosa DC）、红叶乌桕（Euphorbia cotinifolia L.）和辣蓼草（Polygonum flaccidum Meissn.）作为原料,在实验室内通过人工研磨方法提取植物体内的有效成分作为药剂,分别对福寿螺幼螺进行室内毒杀及刺激其上爬的效果研究。结果表明：水蜈蚣提取物的杀螺效果不明显,而红花酢浆草、红叶乌桕、辣蓼草等三种植物提取物具有较好的杀螺效果。72h的毒性实验表明,这三种植物提取物在质量浓度为400mg·L-1时,均能全部杀死福寿螺幼螺;其中,红花酢浆草的杀螺效果最强,质量浓度为100mg·L-1时的杀螺率就达到80%,200mg·L-1的质量浓度下已能全部杀死福寿螺,红叶乌桕在200mg·L-1质量浓度时的杀螺率为56.67%,而在此质量浓度下辣蓼草仅为26.67%。另外,提取物刺激福寿螺上爬实验结果表明,红花酢浆草和红叶乌桕均有刺激福寿螺向上爬的作用,且红花酢浆草刺激作用稍强于红叶乌桕。综合杀螺和刺激福寿螺上爬作用的效果,可以得出在控制福寿螺上红花酢浆草和红叶乌桕是比较理想的备选植物。     

广州白云山风景区阔叶植物叶片中的多环芳烃

多环芳烃(PAHs)在环境中分布极广,作为持久性亲脂有机污染物,具有很强的生物累积性。植物对周围环境有着高度的依赖性,阔叶植物由于叶面巨大的表面积,容易吸收富集环境中的多环芳烃。采集了白云山9种阔叶植物叶片样品,利用GC-MS对样品中的多环芳烃进行了定量分析。结果表明,白云山阔叶植物叶片样品中的PAHs以芘所占比例最高,总PAHs为460.2～1303.5ng·g-1(干质量)。从组成上看,白云山阔叶植物叶片中多环芳烃以3环、4环为主,比较发现这种组成特征与大气中PAHs相似。运用分子标志物比值法分析PAHs的来源,发现阔叶植物样品中PAHs主要是热成因来源。广州市工业发达,环境中含有较高PAHs在白云山阔叶植物叶片中已有明显的反映,应加强对环境中PAHs监控和治理。     

土壤干旱胁迫对Larrea tridentata叶片矿质营养元素含量的影响

研究了土壤干旱胁迫对Larrea tridentata叶片10种营养元素含量的影响.结果表明:N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量在土壤干旱胁迫下的变化趋势基本相同,都是在轻度水分胁迫时略有下降,随着土壤水分胁迫的加重,含量逐渐增加,只有P含量在重度水分胁迫(土壤水势为-2.415 MPa)时有所下降;在土壤水势超过了萎蔫系数后,L.tridentata的各大量营养元素含量仍能维持在较高水平有助于增强其抗旱性;L.tridentata叶片微量元素(Fe、B、Mn、Cu、Mo)含量对土壤干旱胁迫的反映不敏感,各微量营养元素的含量在土壤干旱胁迫时与正常土壤水分状态时没有显著差异;总的来讲,在土壤水分胁迫状况下,L.tridentata能通过对自身营养元素调节的方式来提高自身的抗旱性,表现出较强的抗旱性.     

Assessment of the impacts of municipal solid waste dumps on soils and plants

The study aimed at evaluating the impacts of open municipal solid wastes dumps on soil and vegetation near the main roads linking major cities in Nigeria. We hypothesised that the metals from the wastes exerted substantial impacts at the dump sites which affect the soil and plants. Data were analysed from five dump sites and five control sites. The result revealed that the effects of the heavy metals (HM) were significant and higher at the dump sites where their concentrations were far above the EU, and Canadian environmental quality permissible limits for agricultural soils and vegetation. In contrast with dump sites, a significant relationship (R²?=?0.70; p??Cr?>?Pb at both dump sites and control sites. Further study on the effects of more HM on soil and plant is recommended in the area. Recycling and bio-phytoremediation processes should also be introduced.     

Multivariate optimization of Cd(II) biosorption onto Ulmus tree leaves from aqueous waste

Ulmus tree leaves were successfully used as a novel and efficient biosorbent for removing cadmium, (Cd(II)), from aqueous solutions in a batch system. A multivariate strategy for optimization of removal efficiency conditions of Cd(II) was carried out. A 2³ full factorial design with three center points (9 runs) was performed for screening the main variables and reducing the large number of experimental runs. Initial concentration of metal ion (C _m), amount of sorbent (m), and pH were considered as the three main variables at two different levels. The maximum removal efficiency of Cd(II) was achieved within 1 h contact time. It was found that all the main factors and their interactions were significant at p < 0.05. Doehlert response surface methodology was utilized (13 runs) for finding a suitable mathematical model. The analysis of variance and some statistical tests such as lack-of-fit, coefficient of determination (R ²), and residual distribution plot confirmed the validity of the model. The optimum conditions for maximum removal of Cd(II) by Ulmus tree leaves were found as pH = 3.4, m (amount of sorbent) = 0.128 g, C _m (initial concentration of metal ion) = 12.1 mg L^?1.     

Effect of humic acid and metal ions on the debromination of BDE209 by nZVM prepared from steel pickling waste liquor

As a promising in situ remediation technology, nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) can remove polybrominated diphenyl ethers such as decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) effectively, However its use is limited by its high production cost. Using steel pickling waste liquor as a raw material to prepare nanoscale zero-valent metal (nZVM) can overcome this deficiency. It has been shown that humic acid and metal ions have the greatest influence on remediation. The results showed that nZVM and nZVI both can effectively remove BDE209 with little difference in their removal efficiencies, and humic acid inhibited the removal efficiency, whereas metal ions promoted it. The promoting effects followed the order Ni²⁺>Cu²⁺>Co²⁺ and the cumulative effect of the two factors was a combination of the promoting and inhibitory individual effects. The major difference between nZVM and nZVI lies in their crystal form, as nZVI was found to be amorphous while that of nZVM was crystal. However, it was found that both nZVM and nZVI removed BDE209 with similar removal efficiencies. The effects and cumulative effects of humic acid and metal ions on nZVM and nZVI were very similar in terms of the efficiency of the BDE209 removal.     

Modelling the biochemical oxidation processes in artificial conditions of waste treatment plants

For natural water bodies there are many models of biochemical oxidation of organic pollutants, from simple to complicated ones. For the artificial conditions of waste water treatment plants there are numerous models of oxidation processes too. The authors believe that a better understanding of these processes in nature would be gained if the oxidation processes in more simple artificial conditions were understood.An attempt has been made to explain the variety of types of models of waste treatment in an activated sludge system or a biofilm reactor by the diffusion mechanism of oxidation of single substrates on the one hand, and by superposition of the kinetics of oxidation of single substrates in measurements of the dynamics of oxidation of a complex pollutant on the other hand.The conditions in which zero- and first-order models are valid in the oxidation of single substrates are derived. Respective formulae for rate constants are given. Monod's model is valid in a broader range of substrate concentration variations. An approximate formula for the half-saturation constant is proposed. Satisfactory agreement with experimental data for glucose and ammonia substrates is shown.The formal character of models being used at present is claimed for multicomponent substrates. The accuracy of the calculation is largely governed by the number of model coefficients. Similar results obtained by Monod's and Grau's models, often used in practice, are emphasized.     

两种生长在铜矿渣上的菊科植物的铜含量

对生长于云南鸡冠山铜矿渣上的艾蒿(Artemisiaargyi)和湖北铜绿山铜矿渣上的滨蒿(Artemisiascoparia)进行调查和铜含量测定,结果表明,2种菊科植物具有比较高的生物量,均为铜矿区的优势植物,其根周围土壤的铜含量高。艾蒿根和叶的铜含量都较高,其根部铜含量为41～156mg·kg-1,平均83±29mg·kg-1;叶部铜含量为58～464mg·kg-1,平均216±96mg·kg-1。滨蒿根部铜含量较高,其变化范围为58～513mg·kg-1,平均183±101mg·kg-1,而茎叶部铜含量相对于根部较低,为42～259mg·kg-1,平均97±52mg·kg-1(含铜量均以干重计)。研究还发现,2种植物对铜的耐受机制不同,艾蒿表现出较强的蓄积铜的潜力,而滨蒿表现出对铜污染土壤的植物固定潜能,因此2者均可作为植物修复铜污染土壤的先锋物种。     

Biosynthesis and effects of copper nanoparticles on plants

Copper nanoparticles have improved properties compared to the bulk copper material. Copper nanoparticles indeed find applications in gas sensors, heat transfer fluids, catalysis, solar energy and batteries. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of copper nanoparticles find applications in the agriculture and healthcare sectors. Nonetheless, careless use of copper nanoparticles may cause environmental pollution and health effects. Here we review the biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using plant materials, named phytosynthesis, and micro-organisms. We also discuss the effect of copper nanoparticles on crops and pathogenic micro-organisms. Copper nanoparticles varying in sizes from 5 to 295 nm have been synthesized using leaf extracts and latex from plants, and using bacteria and fungi. Biosynthesized copper nanoparticles show good antimicrobial activity inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria and pathogenic fungi. Copper nanoparticles enhance the germination and growth of some plants at lower concentrations, whereas high concentrations result in retarded growth.     

2种入侵植物对根际土壤微生物种群及代谢的影响

选取2种入侵植物（一年蓬Annual Fleabane及加拿大蓬Erigeron Canadensis）及本土植物（艾蒿Artemisia argyi）的根际土壤微生物种群为研究对象,以分析不同根际土壤微生物种群的数量及测定根际土壤微生物酶活的活性为切入点来探析入侵植物对土壤微生物的影响及其响应机制。结果显示：2种入侵植物显著增加了其根际土壤中的细菌的数量,而显著抑制了真菌与放线菌的数量。另外,入侵植物一年蓬显著抑制其根际土壤中纤维素酶的活性,而3种植物的根际土壤硝酸还原酶活性无显著差异。入侵植物对其他3种土壤酶（即转化酶、脲酶及酸性磷酸酶）活性的影响却呈现出截然相反的影响,即一年蓬显著增加了3种根际土壤酶的活性,而加拿大蓬却显著减少了3种根际土壤酶的活性。导致这种现象的原因可能是不同入侵植物的根系释放不同的化学物质进而对土壤微生物的数量和活性造成不同的影响。     

The effects of intensive aquaculture on nutrient residence time and transport in a coastal embayment

Aquaculture in many countries around the world has become the biggest source of seafood for human consumption. While it alleviates the pressure on wild capture fisheries, the long-term impacts of large-scale, intensive aquaculture on natural coastal systems need to be better understood. In particular, aquaculture may alter habitat and exceed the carrying capacity of coastal marine ecosystems. In this paper, we develop a high-resolution numerical model for Sanggou Bay, one of the largest kelp and shellfish aquaculture sites in Northern China, to investigate the effects of aquaculture on nutrient transport and residence time in the bay. Drag from aquaculture is parameterized for surface infrastructure, kelp canopies, and bivalve cages. A model for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) includes transport, vertical turbulent mixing, sediment and bivalve sources, and a sink due to kelp uptake. Test cases show that, due to drag from the dense aquaculture and thus a reduction of horizontal transport, kelp production is limited because DIN from the Yellow Sea is consumed before reaching the interior of the kelp farms. Aquaculture drag also causes an increase in the nutrient residence time from an average of 5 to 10 days in the middle of Sanggou Bay, and from 25 to 40 days in the shallow inner bay. Low exchange rates and a lack of DIN uptake by kelp make these regions more susceptible to phytoplankton blooms due to high nutrient retention. The risk is further increased when DIN concentrations rise due to river inflows.     

The effects of pricing waste generation: A synthetic control approach

To internalize pollution externalities into household waste generation, Unit Pricing Systems (UPS) have been adopted worldwide. This paper evaluates the causal effects of a UPS on the disposal of municipal solid waste in Trento, Italy. Using a unique panel dataset of monthly waste generation in Italian municipalities, we employ the synthetic control method, which allows us to account for possible time-varying effects of unobservables. Our results show that the policy was effective, with a significant decrease of the priced waste stream, unsorted waste, by 37.5%. This effect seems to be largely driven by behavioral changes towards waste avoidance (−8.6%) and possibly by a smaller increase in recycling (+6.1%). By comparing these results to those obtained by a difference-in-differences approach, we show that failing to account for time-varying effects of unobservables may lead to a mismeasurement of policy effects.     

城市近地面大气颗粒物空间分布的监测与分析

城市近地面环境与人呼吸带高度范围相当,近地面大气颗粒物对行人健康有直接影响.当常规环境监测点位置和数量不足以全面反映近地表大气颗粒物空间分布状况时,选择合适的颗粒物载体显得十分必要.植物叶片的滞尘效应使之成为大气颗粒物的良好指标,尤其是常绿灌木叶片更能直接反映近地表环境悬浮颗粒物状况.以大气颗粒物污染严重的代表性城市石家庄市为研究区域,选择道路绿篱灌木大叶黄杨,于连续晴朗干燥天气条件下采集了3个5 d周期内、63处样点的滞尘叶片样品,测试叶片滞尘量和滞尘颗粒物粒度,利用ArcGIS讨论叶片滞尘量和滞尘颗粒粒度的空间分布及空间变异特征.结果显示,石家庄市大叶黄杨叶片平均滞尘量为0.3843 g·m-2·d-1 (变化于0.09310.9155 g·m-2·d-1),滞尘颗粒物粒度均值为1.9185μm(变化于1.30672.2500 μm),98.27%的颗粒小于10 μm,表明大叶黄杨叶片在城市近地表环境中对可吸入颗粒物有较好滞留性能,对行人呼吸健康有益.空间变异性分析表明,大叶黄杨叶片滞尘量和滞尘颗粒物粒度均具有空间自相关性,其中滞尘颗粒物粒度的块金值/基台值更小,即空间自相关性更强,表明滞尘颗粒物尺度除受局地污染源影响外,叶片表面属性因素起更重要作用;而滞尘量相对较大的块金值说明局地小尺度过程的影响不容忽视,即更易受到局地起尘源的影响.通过PM1、PM2.5、PM5、PM10等不同粒级颗粒物的分析表明,颗粒物越细其空间分布差异越大,这种细颗粒物的空间变化为进一步探讨城市不同地区人对大气颗粒物的暴露风险研究提供了基础.     

Nature of the action of a compost from olive mill wastewater on Cu sorption by soils

The reaction of two soils that have received composted OMW as manure with Cu solutions is studied. The data were fitted into a multi‐reaction model which considers both reversible and irreversible adsorption sites, and an ‘instantaneous’ fraction. The presence of composted OMW caused a strong increase in the distribution coefficient describing the instantaneous fraction, and the disappearance of the irreversible fraction. This behaviour was attributed to blocking of some sorbing surfaces by the organics, and to new surfaces present in the compost. These effects can have some environmental significance from the viewpoint of Cu mobility.