重金属污染土壤的微生物响应

土壤微生物在受到重金属污染胁迫后，往往能够在区系组成、生理生化、遗传等方面对重金属作出响应。微生物对土壤重金属污染的上述响应可用来评价土壤的重金属污染状况，并为土壤污染的生物修复提供理论指导。文章对近年来有关重金属胁迫下土壤微生物响应的研究成果作系统综述。     

中国土壤重金属污染修复技术的专利文献计量分析

综述了国内外主要土壤修复技术,进行了技术经济比较分析。利用国家知识产权局专利检索系统,采用主题词检索,从重金属污染物种类、技术类型两个方面分析了中国土壤重金属污染修复技术的专利申请与授权状态。结果表明：土壤重金属污染修复技术以植物修复与微生物技术为主,其次为固定修复技术;土壤镉、铅、铜、砷的修复技术专利申请量明显高于其余重金属的;农田土壤重金属污染修复技术专利申请量明显高于场地重金属修复技术的;农田土壤重金属污染修复除降低土壤中重金属含量外,还可以从植物营养调控与土壤调理剂的角度降低农产品中重金属含量。最后,进行了土壤污染修复产业政策分析。     

土壤重金属污染生物修复的研究进展

土壤重金属污染的生物修复是污染整治的重要手段之一 ,是目前世界范围内的研究热点 ,亦是目前仅见的土壤污染治理的环境友好技术。主要评述了重金属污染土壤的植物修复的原理、类型与技术 ,植物修复的优点 ,微生物修复等进展情况。并对今后的研究重点进行了简要的讨论     

土壤铬（VI）污染及微生物修复研究进展（Progress on Microbial Remediation of Chromium-Contaminated Soil）

在总结国内外相关研究基础上,介绍了土壤环境中铬(Cr)的污染来源、现状及其对生物的危害,阐述了Cr在土壤中的存在形态和转化机理,并重点综述了土壤重金属Cr(VI)污染的微生物修复机理:土壤中的Cr(VI)可以在微生物还原作用、生物吸附、富集等作用下降低其生物可利用性和毒性,从而达到Cr污染土壤修复的目的.此外,针对微生物修复过程中存在的问题,提出了提高微生物修复Cr污染土壤效果的措施,并对土壤Cr污染微生物修复的发展趋势进行了展望.     

石灰对土壤重金属污染修复研究进展

全球土地资源污染严重,石灰由于其在污染土壤修复方面具有成本低廉,操作简单等特点而受到广泛关注,其修复效果及修复机理已成为当前环境科学研究的热点之一。综述了国内外近20年来有关石灰修复重金属污染土壤研究的最新进展,探讨了影响石灰对污染土壤修复效果的主要因素,阐明了石灰对土壤重金属生物有效性的影响机理。研究表明,石灰及不同的石灰性物质对土壤重金属修复的效果存在差异。石灰对重金属生物有效性的影响机理主要是通过改变土壤p H、土壤阳离子交换量、土壤微生物群落组成、土壤氧化还原电位等多种机制协同作用对重金属进行吸附、络合等,石灰对重金属污染土壤的修复效果受石灰施用量、土壤类型、土壤p H值、重金属污染类型、重金属种类等因素综合影响。在实际修复中,应根据土壤类型和土壤中主要重金属污染类型确定石灰或石灰类物质的最佳施用量。由于长期连续施用石灰容易导致土壤出现板结现象,未来应结合纳米等新技术对石灰及石灰类物质进行改性,加强可以长期连续施用的石灰及石灰类物质的研发,并深化其修复机理的研究,构建石灰与其他修复剂的联合修复体系,以期为重金属污染土壤修复提供科学依据和新途径。     

重金属污染对土壤微生物生态特征的影响研究进展

土壤中微生物对重金属胁迫的敏感程度大于动物和植物,因此,可以利用土壤微生物生态特征的变化来预测土壤环境质量的变化,将其作为评估土壤污染状况的重要指标。论文归纳了重金属污染对土壤微生物的影响及作用机制的研究现状,主要从微生物生物量、微生物群落结构/功能和多样性、微生物耐性基因/蛋白质和代谢能力、土壤呼吸强度和酶活性等几个方面进行了评述。研究表明,重金属污染对土壤微生物生态特征的影响结果存在差异,有促进作用、抑制作用或无明显影响。这是由于土壤微生物体系比较复杂、重金属种类和浓度以及土壤理化性质的差异引起的。近年来,分子生物学的快速发展,使重金属污染胁迫与土壤微生物生态特征变化的关系的研究不断取得新的进展,尤其是在对微生物群落的功能基因、蛋白质及相关代谢途径的影响方面。然而,由于重金属污染与土壤微生物之间关系十分复杂,对其影响因素进行综合并定量化分析是明确重金属对土壤微生物生态特性的影响及相关机理的关键。另外,还需加强分子生物学新技术的应用,明确微生物种群对重金属胁迫的响应机制。重点开展重金属剂量及暴露时间对土壤微生物生态特征的影响研究,并在此基础上确定重金属对土壤微生物的毒害浓度临界值,针对不同的土壤类型和重金属种类建立相应的微生物评价指标体系,以期为评估土壤的重金属污染状况和治理修复提供理论依据。     

土壤重金属污染生物修复的研究进展

土壤重金属污染的生物修复是污染整治的重要手段之一,是目前世界范围内的研究热点。亦是目前仅见的土壤污染治理的环境友好技术,主要评述了重金属污染土壤的植物修复的原理、类型与技术植物修复的优点,微生物修复等进展情况。并对今珀的研究重点进行了简要的讨论。     

锰化厂土壤重金属污染及微生物群落结构特征

土壤一旦受到重金属污染,土壤微生物的生长代谢将受到影响,导致微生物群落结构发生变化。为探究不同深度土壤重金属与微生物群落结构之间的关系,对锰化厂同一污染点的不同深度(0.3~0.5、1.0~1.5、2.0~2.5、3.0~3.5 m)土壤进行样品采集,发现其重金属污染包括:锰(Mn)、铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)和铅(Pb),且在土壤3.5 m深度以上均超出了广东省土壤背景值。运用传统内梅罗污染指数法对采样区土壤断面进行污染评价,采用典型相关和典范对应分析法,对不同土层重金属含量和微生物群落丰度的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:该污染区土壤3.0 m深度以上伴有多种重金属复合污染,且1.5 m深度以上土壤属于重度污染;通过高通量测序对土壤微生物的分析,发现微生物群落组成大体一致,但不同重金属污染程度的土层所对应形成的微生物群落丰度不同,初步确定该污染区的优势菌为Sphingomonas;该区对土壤微生物影响较大的多种重金属复合污染因子主要包括Ni、Zn、Cd、Mn和Hg,且在土壤2.0~2.5m深度范围内富集了多种重金属抗性菌。该研究从多角度分析了不同土层重金属污染与微生物群落的关系,为同类污染矿区土壤环境质量评价提供科学依据,为重金属抗性菌的实验室分离提供一定的场地选择依据,可在一定程度上指导矿区重金属污染土壤的改良及修复。     

根际环境与土壤污染的植物修复研究进展

土壤污染的植物修复通常与植物根际微生物紧密相关。根际微生物群落变化与土壤污染物在根际环境中的动态，可能是对土壤污染成功进行植物修复的基本过程。可见根际环境在土壤污染的植物修复中具有明显的重要作用。文章介绍了有关重金属在根际环境中的动态、有机污染物在根际环境中的降解转化、土壤重金属污染与土壤有机污染的植物修复研究进展。     

重金属与多环芳烃复合污染土壤的分布特征及修复技术研究进展

土壤中污染物通常以复合污染的形式存在,各种污染物之间的相互作用增加了修复的难度,仅针对单一污染物进行治理通常难以达到土壤修复的要求。该文对重金属与多环芳烃复合污染的分布特征及两者之间的交互作用进行了总结,综述了几种复合污染土壤修复技术(淋洗法、植物修复、微生物修复和电动法)的作用机理及适用条件,并对该类型复合污染土壤修复技术的研究方向提出了展望。     

Microorganisms for remediation of cadmium-contaminated soils

An alternative to the cleaning-up of agricultural soil contaminated by heavy metals is to avoid their transfer from soil to plant by inoculating soil with selected microorganisms able to biosorb heavy metals. Here, four bacteria species and a fungus isolated from contaminated soils revealed their ability to grow in the presence of high cadmium level. We tested their growth capacity related to pH and Cd concentration on synthetic and soil extract media. The comparison of their growth rate, the biosorbed cadmium rate and the specific biosorption allowed to select the most efficient microorganism to be used in bioremediation.     

Some aspects of heavy metals contamination remediation and role of biosurfactants

Contamination by heavy metals is the result of different industrial activities. The presence of heavy metals in soil and water causes serious problems, as these materials are not biodegradable and do contaminate both biological systems and the subsoil. Biological surface-active compounds otherwise known as biosurfactants in general and rhamnolipids biosurfactants in particular have been successfully employed in the remediation of environments contaminated with heavy metal ions. The aim of the present review is to highlight potential applications of these tensioactive compounds for use in environmental heavy metals removal and bioremediation and processes involved.     

Heavy metals and soil microbes

Heavy metal pollution is a global issue due to health risks associated with metal contamination. Although many metals are essential for life, they can be harmful to man, animal, plant and microorganisms at toxic levels. Occurrence of heavy metals in soil is mainly attributed to natural weathering of metal-rich parent material and anthropogenic activities such as industrial, mining, agricultural activities. Here we review the effect of soil microbes on the biosorption and bioavailability of heavy metals; the mechanisms of heavy metals sequestration by plant and microbes; and the effects of pollution on soil microbial diversity and activities. The major points are: anthropogenic activities constitute the major source of heavy metals in the environment. Soil chemistry is the major determinant of metal solubility, movement and availability in the soil. High levels of heavy metals in living tissues cause severe organ impairment, neurological disorders and eventual death. Elevated levels of heavy metals in soils decrease microbial population, diversity and activities. Nonetheless, certain soil microbes tolerate and use heavy metals in their systems; as such they are used for bioremediation of polluted soils. Soil microbes can be used for remediation of contaminated soils either directly or by making heavy metals bioavailable in the rhizosphere of plants. Such plants can accumulate 100 mg g^?1 Cd and As; 1000 mg g^?1 Co, Cu, Cr, Ni and 10,000 mg g^?1 Pb, Mn and Ni; and translocate metals to harvestable parts. Microbial activity changes soil physical properties such as soil structure and biochemical properties such as pH, soil redox state, soil enzymes that influence the solubility and bioavailability of heavy metals. The concept of ecological dose (ED₅₀) and lethal concentration (LC₅₀) was developed in response to the need to easily quantify the influence of pollutants on microbial-mediated ecological processes in various ecosystems.     

甘肃某冶炼厂区土壤重金属铅、镉污染特征及其对微生物群落结构的影响

长期受到重金属铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)污染的土壤生态危害指数较高,土壤微生物群落结构容易受到重金属的影响,重金属对土壤微生物的毒性与重金属的生物利用度直接相关.以白银市重金属污染土壤为样本,分析了土壤的理化性质、重金属Pb和Cd的污染状况及土壤微生物群落结构,探究它们之间的关联性.样本采自距离污染中心由近及远的4个位置(...     

A feasibility study on bioelectrokinetics for the removal of heavy metals from tailing soil

The combination of bioremediation and electrokinetics, termed bioelectrokinetics, has been studied constantly to enhance the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from soil. The use of the bioleaching process originating from Fe- and/or S-oxidizing bacteria may be a feasible technology for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. In this study, the bioleaching process driven by injection of S-oxidizing bacteria, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, was evaluated as a pre-treatment step. The bioleaching process was sequentially integrated with the electrokinetic soil process, and the final removal efficiency of the combined process was compared with those of individual processes. Tailing soil, heavily contaminated with Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, and As, was collected from an abandoned mine area in Korea. The results of geochemical studies supported that this tailing soil contains the reduced forms of sulfur that can be an energy source for A. thiooxidans. From the result of the combined process, we could conclude that the bioleaching process might be a good pre-treatment step to mobilize heavy metals in tailing soil. Additionally, the electrokinetic process can be an effective technology for the removal of heavy metals from tailing soil. For the sake of generalizing the proposed bioelectrokinetic process, however, the site-specific differences in soil should be taken into account in future studies.     

土壤重金属污染研究与治理现状

对土壤重金属污染研究和治理方法现状进行了介绍：涉及的具体内容包括土壤重金属元素背景值。化学定时炸弹的概念,土壤环境与人类健康和物理、化学、生物治理方法。     

Preface

The combination of bioremediation and electrokinetics, termed bioelectrokinetics, has been studied constantly to enhance the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from soil. The use of the bioleaching process originating from Fe- and/or S-oxidizing bacteria may be a feasible technology for the remediation of heavy metal–contaminated soils. In this study, the bioleaching process driven by injection of S-oxidizing bacteria, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, was evaluated as a pre-treatment step. The bioleaching process was sequentially integrated with the electrokinetic soil process, and the final removal efficiency of the combined process was compared with those of individual processes. Tailing soil, heavily contaminated with Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, and As, was collected from an abandoned mine area in Korea. The results of geochemical studies supported that this tailing soil contains the reduced forms of sulfur that can be an energy source for A. thiooxidans. From the result of the combined process, we could conclude that the bioleaching process might be a good pre-treatment step to mobilize heavy metals in tailing soil. Additionally, the electrokinetic process can be an effective technology for the removal of heavy metals from tailing soil. For the sake of generalizing the proposed bioelectrokinetic process, however, the site-specific differences in soil should be taken into account in future studies.     

施用石灰对Pb、Cd、Zn在土壤中的形态及大白菜中累积的影响

重金属的不同形态对于作物吸收重金属及受害具有十分密切的关系,通过施用石灰改变重金属的形态、毒性以及对作物的影响具有重要的意义。以大白菜(Brassica pekinensis)为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,探讨了在铅、镉和锌污染土壤上,施用石灰对土壤中不同形态镉、铅和锌含量及在大白菜中累积的影响。结果表明,施用石灰后,土壤中碳酸盐结合态Pb、Cd和Zn含量明显减少,铁、锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态Pb、Cd和Zn含量明显增加;对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn均起到较好的抑制作用,石灰用量为5g·kg-1土时,对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn的抑制效果最好。     

干旱区绿洲土壤中重金属的形态分布及生物有效性研究

测定了Cd、Pb、Zn和Ni等重金属在不同处理土壤中的全量和各赋存形态,以及它们在盆栽试验油菜（Brassica cole）中的质量分数,并利用Pearson相关系数分析了该区土壤-油菜体系的生物有效性。结果表明,供试绿洲土壤原状土中,Cd、Pb、Zn和Ni均以稳定的残渣态形式存在;而在处理土壤中,重金属被钝化的量有限,Cd的存在形式主要以碳酸盐态为主,Pb、Zn和Ni则主要以铁锰氧化态为主。根据相关性分析,油菜根部和叶部的Ni质量分数均与土壤中Ni的各非残渣态分布系数有相关性,表明当土壤中Ni以非残渣态存在时,活动性Ni的质量分数较高,其被生物吸收利用的可能性也较大;油菜根部的Zn质量分数与土壤中Zn的碳酸盐结合态分布系数显著的正相关性;油菜各部位Cd和Pb的质量分数与土壤中Cd和Pb的各形态分布系数之间无显著相关关系。