好氧颗粒污泥和絮状污泥脱氮性能及细菌种群分析

比较了SBR反应器中好氧颗粒污泥和絮状污泥对不同浓度氨氮废水的去除情况,并采用定量PCR(RT-PCR)和末端限制性酶切片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术研究了2种污泥中氨氧化细菌数量和细菌组成的变化.结果表明,100～500mg/L的氨氮对2种污泥去除COD的影响不大,而氨氮的去除率随着其浓度的上升而下降,絮状污泥的氨氮去除率略高于颗粒污泥(10%～16%).絮状污泥和颗粒污泥中氨氧化细菌的数量分别为2.80×10⁴～3.44×10⁴,7.83×10⁴～1.18×10⁵个/g干污泥.絮状污泥中细菌种群数量高于颗粒污泥,且两者的变化趋势与氨氮去除率的变化基本一致.     

重庆长江嘉陵江交汇段浮游藻类组成及变化

从重庆长江与嘉陵江交汇段水体中鉴定出浮游藻类6门,45属,85种(包括变种).种群构成比例为硅藻65.9%,绿藻20.0%,蓝藻7.0%,其它7.1%.各监测点藻类细胞密度变幅为0.95×10⁴～3.86×10⁴个/L,硅藻中的直链藻、脆杆藻、舟形藻、桥弯藻等占优势.硅藻随环境因素及水文条件等呈现一定的季节变化,其数量与水温基本呈反相关关系.     

厌氧－缺氧－好氧工艺去除废水中COD、氮和磷的研究

为了减少废水中营养盐的排放量,采用实验室规模的厌氧─缺氧─好氧工艺处理豆制品废水。结果表明,TCOD、SCOD、NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃－N、TN、TP、SP（可溶性磷）、SS、细菌总数和大肠菌群数的去除率分别为96%、94％、93％、89％、82％、88％、78％、98.0％、99.9％以上。厌氧相产气率平均0.4L/L·d,上所产气体中平均甲烷含量69.8％,CO₂3.8％,N226.4%。缺氧相产气率平均为0.2L/L·d,平均甲烷含量59.5％,CO₂12％,N₂39.2％。好氧相中亚硝酸细菌含量为1.1×10⁵/mL,硝酸细菌含量为1.4×10³/mL。     

壳聚糖复合粘土矿凝聚铜绿微囊藻的研究

对壳聚糖与天然粘土矿物海泡石复配凝聚水体中铜绿微囊藻进行了研究 ,结果表明 :在壳聚糖用量为0 5 6mg L、海泡石用量为 32mg L的情况下 ,藻个数由 1 94 4× 10 6 个 mL降为 1 38× 10 3个 mL ,去除率达到 99 93% ;浊度由 6 5NTU降到 0 1NTU ,去除率达 99 6 % ;叶绿素a去除率达 10 0 % (用常规方法无法检测到 )。实验还确定了最佳pH值范围是 4～ 8;并且探讨了壳聚糖的絮凝机理。     

大气OH自由基浓度的测定

利用水杨酸浸渍膜捕集大气OH自由基,生成的主要荧产物2,5-二羟基苯甲酸由高效液相色谱法分离测定,推算得到大气OH自由基浓度,根据此原理建立了大气OH自由基测量方法,对北京市夏季晴朗条件下大气OH自由基浓度进行了测定,得到其浓度范围为0.4×10⁷～5.5×10⁷个/cm³,最大值为5.5×10⁷个/cm³,并讨论了污染大气中较高OH自由基浓度产生的原因.     

北京温榆河流域耐药大肠杆菌的调查研究

采用滤膜法结合大肠杆菌显色培养基,调查了北京地区温榆河流域氨苄青霉素、四环素、磺胺(磺胺甲厄唑-甲氧苄啶联用)和左旋氧氟沙星4 类抗生素耐药大肠杆菌的发生情况.结果表明,温榆河流域总大肠杆菌数为10³~10⁷ 个/L,耐药大肠杆菌数为0~10⁶ 个/L;大肠杆菌对氨苄青霉素、四环素和磺胺耐药率分别为10%~35%、5%~25%、10%~35%,而使用时间最短的左氧氟沙星耐药率则低于15%;受渔场排放影响的采样点,四环素耐药大肠杆菌数量显著高于该点其他抗生素耐药大肠杆菌数量,而左氧氟沙星耐药大肠杆菌数量百分比相对较高的采样点推测可能源于人类排放.     

北京温榆河流域耐药大肠杆菌的调查研究

采用滤膜法结合大肠杆菌显色培养基,调查了北京地区温榆河流域氨苄青霉素、四环素、磺胺(磺胺甲厄唑-甲氧苄啶联用)和左旋氧氟沙星4 类抗生素耐药大肠杆菌的发生情况.结果表明,温榆河流域总大肠杆菌数为10³~10⁷ 个/L,耐药大肠杆菌数为0~10⁶ 个/L;大肠杆菌对氨苄青霉素、四环素和磺胺耐药率分别为10%~35%、5%~25%、10%~35%,而使用时间最短的左氧氟沙星耐药率则低于15%;受渔场排放影响的采样点,四环素耐药大肠杆菌数量显著高于该点其他抗生素耐药大肠杆菌数量,而左氧氟沙星耐药大肠杆菌数量百分比相对较高的采样点推测可能源于人类排放.     

酵母菌与两种硫杆菌复合对污泥中三价铬的去除

研究了氧化亚铁硫杆菌LX5(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans LX5)、氧化硫硫杆菌TS6(Thiobacillus thiooxidans TS6)和耐酸性酵母菌R30(Rhodotorula sp.R30)对重金属铬(Cr³⁺)的耐受性.结果表明,700mg/L的Cr³⁺对硫杆菌LX5、TS6的生长和氧化活性影响不大,但Cr³⁺浓度大于500mg/L时明显抑制酵母菌R30的生长.酵母菌R30与硫杆菌LX5和TS6复合能明显加速污泥淋滤的进程,最佳复合比为酵母菌R30接种量2.0%,硫杆菌LX5和TS6接种量10%.分别用含酵母菌R30数量为10⁴个/mL和102个/mL的酸化污泥作接种物进行污泥淋滤,发现淋滤过程中pH值下降的速度没有明显差异,而在淋滤起始时添加2.0%的酵母菌R30,则淋滤反应提前36h结束.由此可见,在其它条件相同的污泥淋滤中,污泥中所含耐酸性酵母菌的数量是加快淋滤的关键.     

超临界水氧化法降解氧乐果的研究

实验研究了有机磷农药氧乐果在超临界水中的氧化降解．结果表明,超临界水氧化技术能有效地降解氧乐果废水．随着反应温度的升高、压力的增大、停留时间的延长,COD去除率也随之提高氧乐果在超临界水中氧化降解的动力学方程为：－d［COD］/dτ＝1.60eｘp（－2.25×10⁴/RT）［COD］^0.90［O₂］₀^-0.38［H₂O₀^0.053.     

磷酸钙结晶与PFS混凝联用去除铜绿微囊藻和DOC

为实现藻细胞和DOC的同步高效去除,利用磷酸钙结晶预处理,强化聚合硫酸铁(PFS)混凝除藻效果,研究了磷酸钙结晶与PFS混凝联用对藻细胞和DOC的去除效果和机制,并考察了其对藻密度变化的适应性和残余磷控制的效果.结果表明,铜绿微囊藻藻密度为2.0×10⁶cells/mL、PFS投加量为20mg/L时,Ca₃(PO₄)₂结晶可将PFS混凝的除藻率和DOC去除率从72.5%和33.5%分别提高至91.5%和85%.Ca₃(PO₄)₂结晶对除藻率的提升,主要通过Ca₃(PO₄)₂均相结晶产物的共絮凝和加重剂作用来实现;对DOC去除率的提升,主要是由DOC与Ca₃(PO₄)₂共沉淀和吸附作用实现.Ca₃(PO₄)₂结晶与PFS联合除藻对藻细胞密度变...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.