塔马亚历山大藻与细菌的共培养及其微生态效应

为研究赤潮藻类与海洋细菌的微生态关系，在实验室模拟条件下将塔马亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense(Lebour)Balech)与海底沉积物中分离的两种细菌（Bacillus megaterium,S7;B.halmatpulus,S10)共同培养，并探讨了藻菌共培养对A.tamarense生长以及对水体中胞外酶β－葡萄糖苷酶活性（β－GlcA)的影响。实验结果表明，在培养的第2周内，与细菌S7或S10共培养的A.tamarense细胞数分别比CK增加约12％和24％，而在第3周内则各增加23％和5％左右。另外，分别与A.tamarense共培养的细菌S7或S10的β－GlcA变化趋势相似，呈马鞍型曲线。在A.tamarense生长的后期，β－GlcA随着藻细胞的裂解程度的增加而迅速提高。图3参25     

黄海春季表层叶绿素和初级生产力及其粒径结构研究

根据2006年4月对黄海浮游植物分级叶绿素及初级生产力的调查,研究了黄海叶绿素及初级生产力的水平分布及粒级结构特征,并分析了其主要影响因素。黄海海域调查站位表层叶绿素a质量浓度变化范围为0.20～4.94μg·L-1,平均值为0.96μg·L-1。叶绿素最大值出现在临近长江口的站位。叶绿素分级结果表明黄海春季以粒径〉5μm的浮游植物占优势。黄海表层初级生产力的变化范围为2.03～15.64mg·m-3·h-1,平均值为6.08mg·m-3·h-1。其中南黄海海域初级生产力平均为6.58mg·m-3·h-1,北黄海海域初级生产力平均为4.92mg·m-3·h-1。高值区分布在南黄海中部。受水体透明度的影响,低值区出现在临近长江口的站位。断面站位分析表明浮游植物初级生产力由北向南逐步升高,温度随纬度的变化是南北海域初级生产力水平差异的主要原因。由于粒径较小（〈5μm）的浮游植物单位叶绿素具有较高的碳固定能力,调查期间整个海区初级生产力以粒径〈5μm的浮游植物贡献为主。     

海水养虾池细菌数量动态及细菌生产力的研究

对5个海水养虾池细菌数量动态及细菌生产力的研究结果表明：水层细菌数在不同试验池及同一池塘不同采样时间均呈现较大波动．细菌密度在底水层明显高于表水层，且同一虾池细菌密度在水平分布上极具不均匀性．底泥中细菌数在采样期稳定增加并与底泥中有机物含量呈现显著正相关,随着泥层加厚，细菌密度呈V型分布，最大密度出现在表层1cm之内，2cm以下泥层，细菌密度明显减小原位（in－situ）实验测定所得虾池细菌生产力ρ4（C）·t－1＝86．10～343．25mg·m－2·d－1，是浮游植物初级生产力的10％～19％     

长江口及其邻近海域表层水体Co的季节分布

钴(Co)对海洋中的生物地球化学循环过程起着不可或缺的作用.河口是陆源物质进入海洋的重要界面，而Co在长江口界面的生物地球化学行为尚不明确.本文使用自动固相萃取-电感耦合等离子体联用技术对长江口及其附近海域2019年9月(秋季)、2021年3月(春季)和2021年7月(夏季)的表层水中的溶解Co进行了分析.结果显示，秋季Co浓度的范围在0.05—0.24 nmol·L^-1，均值为0.10nmol·L^-1；春季为0.05—0.37nmol·L^-1，均值为0.13nmol·L^-1，略高于秋季；夏季为0.03—0.54 nmol·L^-1，均值高达0.26 nmol·L^-1，浓度最高. Co与盐度、营养盐、叶绿素及溶解氧在不同季节表现出不同的相关性，表明长江口Co的行为受多因素的影响.长江口溶解Co浓度自河口向外海逐渐降低，整体表现为移除型分布类型.长江口Co移除率秋季>夏季>春季，向海有效输送通量夏季>春季>秋季.     

椒江口海域大型底栖动物数量与多样性的分布特征

入海河口受到海水、淡水以及人类活动的共同影响,生境复杂,其区域的底栖动物群落结构的变化能表征入海河口的环境变化以及人类活动的强度.对2010年4月(春季)、7月(夏季)和10月(秋季)椒江口海域大型底栖动物数量与多样性的分布特征开展研究,并分别用多样性指数法和丰度/生物量曲线比较法(ABC曲线)探讨底栖动物群落受污染扰动的程度.结果显示:椒江口海域3个季节共采集大型底栖动物60种,其中多毛类和软体动物是该海域的主要类群.季节分布上,春季种类数、丰度、生物量以及各项多样性指数均明显低于夏季和秋季.最高丰度(187.11个/m2)和最高生物量(69.82 g/m2)分别出现在夏季和秋季.空间分布上,底栖动物种类数、丰度、多样性指数和丰富度指数各季均呈现近岸站位明显低于大陈岛附近站位的现象;夏季和秋季,生物量在S7和S8号站附近形成一个明显的高值区,其中S8在秋季生物量达到913.63 g/m2;均匀度指数则分布较均匀.本研究表明,椒江口海域大型底栖动物数量与多样性的分布特征与多毛类的分布特点密切相关,多样性指数法和ABC曲线法对群落受污染扰动程度的评价结果截然相反.     

上海外环林带小气候效应的研究(Ⅰ)

通过对具有代表性的上海外环林带小气候的测定，结果表明，在春夏林内白天最高气温低于旷地1．4℃，而秋冬则分别高于旷地1．1℃和2．7℃的特征；春、秋、冬林内最低气温高于旷地0．52到1．1℃；一年中春、夏、秋相对湿度高于旷地4％-11．4％，尤以夏季增湿最大，昼夜与旷地湿度差值分别达到11．4％和6．9％，林带在夏秋白天的降温和夏秋的增湿作用十分明显，林带明显具有冬暖夏凉和冬干夏湿的作用。林带在春夏季对林带北缘及下风向90m区域具有稳定其小气候的作用。一年中春、夏、秋林内气温日变化幅度比旷地小1．3～0．7℃，而冬季林内气温日变化幅度反比旷地大2．1℃；相应的夏、秋林内相对湿度日变化幅度比旷地高4．4％-6．7％，而冬、春林内相对湿度日变化幅度反比旷地低1．10／0--2．6％。在冬季中午林带内蓄热能力比旷地高约3℃，林中最低气温普遍比林外高0．5℃，具有明显保温作用。     

小麦铝抗性和敏感品系对铝胁迫的生理生化反应

研究了冬小麦Triticum aestivvum L.铝抗性品系T202和铝敏感品系T105幼苗经0，50μmol L^-1，75μmol L^-1，100μmol L^-1和150μmol L^-1铝处理后根部的生理生化变化．结果表明：小麦根生长被严重抑制；酸性磷酸酶活性增强，磷代谢激活；硝酸还原酶受到一定程度的抑制；葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶对铝浓度极其敏感；葡萄糖含量下降；而膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量上升，超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性升高和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量下降．证实：铝胁迫造成了氧化伤害，激活了植物体内的抗氧化系统．分析还表明，T202耐铝的各项指标优于T105，前者的代谢酶活性对铝胁迫的反应更为迅捷，并有良好的能量储备和调动机制来抵御铝胁迫及由此产生的胁迫．图8参14     

黄土丘陵区沙棘的蒸腾特性及影响因子

结合1998年半干旱黄土丘陵区安塞的观测资料,对沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoidesL.)的蒸腾特性及影响因子进行了分析。结果表明：（1）沙棘蒸强度具有明显的日变化和季节变化,安塞4－6龄沙棘5－9月份的月份均值为0．6346gg^-1h^-1;（2）沙棘蒸腾强度与气候因子（气温、相对湿度、光合有效辐射）间有显著的相关关系;相关系数为0．9544－0．9692,其中光合有效辐射对蒸腾强度影响最大,气温次之,相对湿度最小;沙棘蒸腾强度的季节变化与降雨量及林地土壤水分间有十分显著的相关关系。相关系数为0．9629－0．9809;（3）沙棘蒸腾强度与气孔导度间有十分显著的相关关系。气孔导度增大,沙棘蒸腾强度增大,反之则减小,相关系数为0．9791,这为分析沙棘蒸腾对环境因子的响应程度,分析沙棘最适的水分生态条件,提高沙棘抗旱造林成活率,水分利用效率提供了科学依据。图6参4参11     

土壤甲胺磷抗性细菌种群特征脂肪酸生物标记的分析（Characteristics of PLFA Biomarkers for Acephatemet Resistant Bacteria Isolated from the Soils）

应用高浓度甲胺磷培养基,对农药厂排污口土壤微生物进行分离,鉴定出21株细菌,分属13个细菌属.对甲胺磷抗性细菌脂肪酸的分析,共测定到38个脂肪酸生物标记(PLFA),这些生物标记分为4种类型,即1)高频次分布的生物标记,普遍存在于细菌类群,属于细菌总体类群(Bacteriaingeneral)的生物标记;2)中频次分布的生物标记,在细菌种出现概率中等,可以用于代表细菌属类群(Bacteriumgenus)识别生物标记;3)低频次分布的生物标记,在细菌中的分布概率较小,可以用于指示特定细菌种间差异的生物标记;4)微频次分布的生物标记,这种生物标记仅在一种细菌种类出现,是细菌种特征生物标记.利用脂肪酸生物标记分析同属细菌不同种的差异,可将假单胞杆菌属分为2类,第1类包括了铜绿假单胞菌、荧光假单胞菌、丁香假单胞菌,其特征为17:0CYCLO生物标记含量小于3.60%;第2类包含了伞菌假单胞菌、威隆假单胞菌、恶臭假单胞菌、温哥华假单胞菌,其特征为17:0CYCLO生物标记含量大于5.99%.利用脂肪酸生物标记的差异对甲胺磷抗性细菌种的聚类分析,能有效地将细菌类群分为3类,微生物群落中存在着稳定的生物标记和受环境影响的生物标记,论文提供了一种脂肪酸生物标记的分析方法,结合细菌的生物学特性研究,可以解释微生物在环境中的变化,对于土壤微生物群落的研究具有重要意义.     

珠江口广州海域COD与DO的分布特征及影响因素

于2003-2007年2月(冬季)、5月(春季)、8月(夏季)、10月(秋季)调查了广州海域16个站位的COD、DO以及其它理化因子的时空分布特征.调查期间,COD质量浓度范围为0.76～9.12 mg·L~(-1),平均值为2.83 mg·L~(-1);溶解氧质量浓度范围为1.98～9.79 mg·L~(-1),平均值为5.27 mg·L~(-1).结果表明,COD与DO的时空分布特征主要受生活污水排放,陆源排污,降雨量以及水动力状况等因素的影响.COD质量浓度在冬季和秋季较高,春季和夏季较低,而DO质量浓度则是冬季和春季高于秋季和夏季.空间分布上,COD质量浓度从湾内向湾外逐步递减,而DO变化趋势则相反,湾内站位在夏季出现缺氧区.相关性分析中,COD质最浓度与氮营养盐及Chl-a显著正相关,而DO则与COD、Chl-a、Ph以及石油烃显著负相关.COD与DO分布特征对于河口地区的赤潮及碳循环研究有一定研究价值.     

桑沟湾海域叶绿素a的时空分布特征及其影响因素研究

2009年4月-2010年2月对山东荣成典型养殖海湾—桑沟湾海域水体中的叶绿素a（Chl-a）进行了6个航次的监测,分析该海区表底层海水中Chl-a的质量现状,探讨Chl-a在桑沟湾海区的时空分布特征,以及与水温和营养盐等主要环境因子的相关性。结果表明,桑沟湾海域表层海水Chl-a质量浓度范围为0.36～9.77μg L-1,平均值为2.17μg L-1;底层海水Chl-a质量浓度范围为0.40～7.46μg L-1,平均值为2.14μg L-1。Chl-a质量浓度的季节性变化呈现一定的模式,夏季〉秋季〉春季〉冬季。Chl-a的质量浓度在春季和冬季呈现由湾内向湾外递减的分布特征,而夏季和秋季则没有明显的分布规律。垂直分布上,夏季表层Chl-a质量浓度高于底层,冬季则是底层高于表层,春秋2季表底层垂直分布比较均匀。相关分析显示桑沟湾Chl-a与水温呈较显著正相关,但与营养盐溶解无机氮（DIN）不具显著意义的相关关系。总体看来,桑沟湾海域Chl-a的时空分布受养殖环境状况、水文环境及陆地径流和外源输入的共同影响,贝藻养殖活动及营养盐的陆源输入是影响Chl-a分布格局的重要因素。     

程海冬季水华暴发期间氮、磷营养元素的形态与分布

氮、磷营养元素是湖泊生态系统中极其重要的生态因子,它们以不同形态存在于湖泊水体中,表现出不同的地球化学行为和生态效应,从而支配着湖泊生态系统的生产力水平和湖泊富营养化进程。通过设置3个断面9个采样站14个采样点,研究了程海湖水体中氮、磷营养元素的形态与分布,结果表明：2009年11月23日—2010年2月20日,以铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa Kutz.）为主的程海冬季水华暴发期间,总氮质量浓度0.540~3.906 mg.L-1,平均0.836 mg.L-1;总磷质量浓度0.036~0.166 mg.L-1,平均0.061 mg.L-1。其中,溶解态氮、溶解态磷分别为61.7%和50.8%。溶解态氮以有机氮为主,溶解态磷则以无机磷为主。水华期间生物可直接利用氮质量浓度0.118 mg.L-1;生物可直接利用磷质量浓度0.021 mg.L-1,分别占总氮、总磷质量浓度的14.1%和34.4%,显示出此特定时期,氮的消耗速度较磷快。氮素、磷素及其赋存形态在程海的时间分布上有不同的节奏;水平分布差异不明显;垂直分布在水表层至亚底层的水柱中差异也不明显,而在湖底层最高。     

北运河水体浮游细菌群落的空间分布特征及其与水质的关系

污染源汇入和闸坝拦截等因素能够影响城市河流水生生态环境质量,主要表现在群落结构和功能的改变。分别于春季、夏季和冬季3个季节对北运河干流的10个点进行水样采集,通过16S rDNA末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)分析手段研究了北运河河道水体浮游细菌的群落结构,以揭示流域微生物多样性以及浮游细菌群落与水质因子的响应关系。共得到47种不同的片段,其中218bp片段是优势菌。T-RFs片段计算微生物多样性指数和均匀度指数结果表明,目前北运河水体生态结构已经较为脆弱。冬季与其他季节的群落组成有明显差别,夏季细菌丰度高于冬季。通过CANOCO软件分析浮游细菌群落结构与水质指标的空间特点,发现水体流动性降低、支流汇入和污染源的汇入都会引起微生物群落结构在空间上的改变;环境因子与微生物群落组成的相关性研究表明,总磷、溶解性有机碳(DOC)和温度对北运河微生物群落结构影响较大。     

Sea-water seasonal changes at a heavy tourism investment site on the Jordanian northern coast of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea

The Gulf of Aqaba exhibits a strong seasonality due to convective mixing during winter and stratification during summer. The present study provides a detailed appraisal of summer and winter sea-water characteristics at the northern coast of the Gulf of Aqaba, that is witnessing rapid development and increasing changes in its geomorphological characteristics. Sea-water temperature, salinity, nutrients, and chlorophyll a concentrations were measured biweekly at five coastal and four cross-sectional stations during the periods February to April and July to September 2004. Meteorological conditions were continuously recorded at the Marine Science Station. The coastal study sites included four open coastal stations and a marina with one-way exchange with the open water. The effect of convective mixing was clearly apparent on the sea-water characteristics. Natural seasonal characteristics of higher nutrients and chlorophyll a concentrations were recorded during winter at most of the open coastal stations. In the cross-sectional stations, the concentrations of nutrients and chlorophyll a were not different between the surface and the bottom during winter, but the bottom waters had generally higher concentrations during summer. Some deviations from the natural seasonal cycle were recorded at the marina and other coastal stations. Here, higher nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations were recorded in summer than in winter. These deviations that are most likely due to anthropogenic effects are discussed.     

Sea-water seasonal changes at a heavy tourism investment site on the Jordanian northern coast of the Gulf of Aqaba,Red Sea

The Gulf of Aqaba exhibits a strong seasonality due to convective mixing during winter and stratification during summer. The present study provides a detailed appraisal of summer and winter sea-water characteristics at the northern coast of the Gulf of Aqaba, that is witnessing rapid development and increasing changes in its geomorphological characteristics. Sea-water temperature, salinity, nutrients, and chlorophyll a concentrations were measured biweekly at five coastal and four cross-sectional stations during the periods February to April and July to September 2004. Meteorological conditions were continuously recorded at the Marine Science Station. The coastal study sites included four open coastal stations and a marina with one-way exchange with the open water. The effect of convective mixing was clearly apparent on the sea-water characteristics. Natural seasonal characteristics of higher nutrients and chlorophyll a concentrations were recorded during winter at most of the open coastal stations. In the cross-sectional stations, the concentrations of nutrients and chlorophyll a were not different between the surface and the bottom during winter, but the bottom waters had generally higher concentrations during summer. Some deviations from the natural seasonal cycle were recorded at the marina and other coastal stations. Here, higher nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations were recorded in summer than in winter. These deviations that are most likely due to anthropogenic effects are discussed.     

Spatial and temporal variation of resource limitation in Chesapeake Bay

We report nutrient addition bioassays at 18 stations in Chesapeake Bay (USA) to assess resources limiting phytoplankton growth. Data were pooled from several sampling programs conducted from 1989 to 1994. Spatially, light and P limitation declined from low salinity regions to high salinity regions, as N limitation increased. This spatial pattern was driven primarily by freshwater inflows with high N/P and seawater inflows with low N/P. Seasonally, there was a marked progression of winter light limitation, spring P limitation, and summer N limitation at mesohaline and polyhaline stations. The seasonal pattern appeared to be caused by temperature, mixing, river discharge, and sediment P fluxes. At high salinity stations, we also observed winter N limitation (caused by DIN depletion prior to spring nitrate delivery), and at lower salinity stations there was fall P limitation (caused by reaeration of bottom sediments). At tidal fresh stations, turbidity and nutrient concentrations resulted in continuous light limitation, except at some stations in summer. Interannual decreases in light limitation and increases in N and P limitation appear to represent improvements in water quality. Received: 31 October 1997 / Accepted: 18 December 1998     

耕作方式对太湖地区冬小麦生长季N2O排放的影响

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对2009年11月至2010年6月冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)生长季N2O排放通量进行田间原位观测,研究不同耕作方式(免耕、少耕、传统耕作)对太湖地区稻麦轮作系统麦季土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明:有植株参与下免耕、少耕和传统耕作的冬小麦生长季N2O平均排放通量分别为63.75μg·m-2·h-1、39.94μg·m-2.h-1和48.83μg·m-2·h-1,无植株参与下分别为73.48μg·m-2·h-1、52.97μg·m-2·h-1和63.60μg·m-2·h-1,麦季N2O排放通量的季节变化与5 cm、10 cm土壤温度呈显著或极显著线性正相关(r=0.400*～0.654**,n=28)。小麦种植对N2O的排放影响较大,无植株参与的N2O季节总排放量显著高于有植株参与的处理(P<0.05);耕作方式显著影响冬小麦农田N2O季节总排放量(P<0.05),有植株参与下麦季N2O总排放量少耕较免耕和传统耕作分别减少37.3%和17.9%,无植株参与下分别减少28.0%和16.7%。研究表明太湖地区冬小麦采用少耕措施可减少麦季N2O的排放。     

Bacterial production in North Sea sediments: clues to seasonal and spatial variations

Benthic bacterial production and biomass were measured at 16 stations in the North Sea covering a wide range of sediment types from the Southern Bight and the English coast to the Skagerrak. Stations were sampled in August 1991 and February 1992. The best predictor for summer/winter and spatial variations in benthic bacterial production in North Sea sediments was temperature. In winter the ranges in temperature were too small to account for the spatial variations in benthic bacterial production. The direct effect of temperature alone on bacterial production could not explain the variations. The apparent Q₁₀-values derived from the relations between bacterial growth and temperature exceeded the range in Q₁₀-values generally accepted for bacterial growth (between 2 and 3). Temperature was assumed to covary closely with substrate availability for bacteria. Due to its significant seasonality phytopigment content of the sediment (chlorophyll a and pheopigment) was found to be a better indicator of substrate availability than sediment organic matter, which did not demonstrate seasonality. Temperature and phytopigment accounted for up to 88% of the seasonal and spatial variations in bacterial production. The significant relations between bacterial production and biomass in summer coinciding with significant relations between bacterial biomass and phytopigments suggest that variations in phytopigments in the sediment may be indicators of the variability of labile components regulating bacterial production in sediments.