Individual energetic state can prevail over social regulation of foraging in honeybees

The energetic state of an individual is a fundamental driver of its behavior. However, an individual in a eusocial group such as the honeybees is subject to the influence of both the individual and the colony energetic states. As these two states are normally coupled, it has led to the predominant view that behaviors, such as foraging, are dictated by the colony state acting through social regulatory mechanisms. Uncoupling the energetic state of an individual honeybee from its colony by feeding it with a non-nutritious sugar, we show that energetically stressed bees in a colony with full food stores do not consume this food to meet their energetic shortfall but instead compensate by first reducing their activity level and then by increasing their foraging rate. This suggests that foraging in eusocial groups is still partly under the regulatory control of the energetic state of the individual and supports the notion that regulatory mechanisms in solitary insects have been co-opted to drive altruistic behavior in eusocial insects. The observation that energetically stressed bees also experience higher mortality during foraging also suggests that energetic stress mediated by a variety of factors can be a common mechanism that underlies the recent observation of bees disappearing from their colonies. We also discuss how nutritional imbalance in a social insect individual can alter its behavior to influence colony life history.     

丹江口水库生态系统健康综合评价

2007年7月～2008年5月按季度对丹江口水库4个库区(丹江库区、汉江库区、取水口和五青入库区)的水环境和浮游生物进行了调查,采用生态系统健康指数(EHI)法和营养状态指数(TSI)法对该水库的生态系统健康状态进行定量的综合评价.结果表明:2007年7月～2008年5月,丹江口水库整体处于中营养状态,健康状态中等,健康状态总趋势是丹江库区>取水口>汉江库区>五青入库区;各库区生态系统健康状态存在季节性差异,丹江库区、取水口两库区全年为中等,汉江库区在夏季为较差,其它季节中等,五青入库区在冬季最差,其它季节较差.此外,对两种评价方法进行了比较,表明丹江口水库属于响应型生态系统,生态系统健康指数(EHI)适用于丹江口水库生态系统健康的评价.     

谈我国抗氧、防腐剂的现状及发展趋势

简述我国抗氧、防腐剂的研究开发现状与国外状况略加对比,浅谈食品抗氧防腐剂发展趋势。     

黑河草滩庄引水枢纽的泥沙冲淤对生态环境的影响

根据黑河草滩庄引水枢纽闸上游泥沙冲淤情况 ,分析了局部冲刷、泥沙淤积和上下游输沙不平衡等对生态环境的影响 ,提出了改善生态环境的具体工程措施     

稀有植物掌叶木生物学习性及其保护

掌叶木为我国特有残遗植物 ,仅分布在广西与贵州接壤的石灰岩地区。因人为破坏、生境特殊及自身特性影响 ,资源稀少 ,被列为国家重点保护植物。本文研究了其生态生物学特性 ,并初步探讨其致濒原因及解决方法     

The Clean Air Act Watch List and federal oversight of state enforcement efforts

For major federal environmental statutes in the United States, primary monitoring and enforcement responsibilities rest with most states. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged with overseeing state efforts and has at its disposal formal tools to discipline lax states, tools which are rarely used. In this paper, we explore the extent to which the EPA's now-defunct Clean Air Act Watch List served as an informal tool for influencing the enforcement activities of state regulators. We estimate event studies designed around the primary listing criteria for the Watch List. Our empirical results are consistent with the average state regulator acting to reduce the chances of their facilities appearing on the Watch List. We also examine heterogeneity in the response to the Watch List between two states with high numbers of regulated facilities, Texas and California. We find a larger change in enforcement activity under the Watch List among state and local regulators in Texas compared to California.     

Ecosystem health assessment of urban rivers and lakes

The assessment of the ecosystem health of urban rivers and lakes is the scientific basis for their management and ecological restoration. This study developed a three-level indicator system for its assessment. The results indicated that: Zhonghai and Nanhai are in the state of transition from unhealthy to critical state and all the other lakes are in unhealthy states. Water environmental quality, structure and function of the aquatic ecosystem, and the structure of waterfront areas were the constraints. Nanhai was ranked as poor and the others were all ranked as very poor. However, the ecological environment of Zhonghai and Nanhai were better than the others, the sums of the degree of membership to the healthy state and critical state were all close to 0.6. and the restorations of these lakes were moderate. The sums of the degree of membership to the healthy state and critical state of the other lakes were under 0.3, as it was difficult to restore these lakes. Some suggestions on scientific management and ecological restoration of the six lakes were proposed: $`To control non-point pollution and to improve the water quality of six lakes and the water entering into these lakes; $aTo improve the hydrological conditions of six lakes; $bTo rehabilitate the aquatic ecosystem and waterfront areas.     

Ecosystem health assessment of urban rivers and lakes — Case study of “the six lakes” in Beijing, China

The assessment of the ecosystem health of urban rivers and lakes is the scientific basis for their management and ecological restoration. This study developed a three-level indicator system for its assessment. The results indicated that: Zhonghai and Nanhai are in the state of transition from unhealthy to critical state and all the other lakes are in unhealthy states. Water environmental quality, structure and function of the aquatic ecosystem, and the structure of waterfront areas were the constraints. Nanhai was ranked as poor and the others were all ranked as very poor. However, the ecological environment of Zhonghai and Nanhai were better than the others, the sums of the degree of membership to the healthy state and critical state were all close to 0.6. and the restorations of these lakes were moderate. The sums of the degree of membership to the healthy state and critical state of the other lakes were under 0.3, as it was difficult to restore these lakes. Some suggestions on scientific management and ecological restoration of the six lakes were proposed: ①To control non-point pollution and to improve the water quality of six lakes and the water entering into these lakes; ②To improve the hydrological conditions of six lakes; ③To rehabilitate the aquatic ecosystem and waterfront areas.     

Governing intensification: the influence of state institutions on smallholder farming strategies in Calakmul,Mexico

ABSTRACT

In forest frontiers, smallholder agrarian livelihoods remain uneasily juxtaposed with conservation interests. Agricultural intensification is often considered a viable means of reconciling competing environmental and livelihood objectives given its potential to concentrate production on less land. However, intensification may have unintended consequences, including loss of resilient agricultural systems. The risks of smallholder agricultural intensification warrant a better understanding of its drivers. This study uses the case of Calakmul, Mexico, to examine the critical role of the state in intensification processes. Drawing on household surveys and key-informant interviews, it traces the linkages between state institutions and local farming practices. Statistical and qualitative analyses reveal how intensification is both incentivized and imposed by prevailing policies, the former via subsidies and the latter via regulations against field rotations. The outcome – increased external inputs and longer cultivation periods between fallows – may undermine the sustainability of smallholders’ agroecosystems, an undesirable consequence amid limited livelihood alternatives.     

株洲市生态城市建设

概述了生态城市的特点、功能及世界生态城市的发展现状，分析了株洲城市经济发展情况及建设生态城市的必要性，在此基础上提出了株洲生态城市建设的措施。     

罗非鱼-附着藻-沉水植物相互关系研究进展

在浅水富营养化湖泊中,沉水植被是决定湖泊清水态或混水态的关键因子。而附着藻对沉水植物强烈的遮阴作用以及对碳源、营养盐等资源强烈的竞争,成为限制沉水植物群落生长和发展的关键因子。罗非鱼作为一种杂食性鱼类,具有牧食附着藻的能力,其下行效应（top-down effect）可以在一定程度上减轻附着藻对沉水植物生长的这种不利影响。因此,作为我国南方水体中的优势种类,适当种群密度的罗非鱼在富营养化浅水湖泊生态修复过程中是可加以利用,并在一定程度上抑制了附着藻的生长和发展,有利于浅水湖泊的生态修复和管理。同时,罗非鱼也具有通过摄食、排泄等活动加速水体氮、磷营养盐再生,牧食浮游动物、沉水植物等不利的一面。因此,在综合考虑多种因素条件下,需要对罗非鱼-附着藻-沉水植物三者之间的相互关系进行深入研究,探讨生态系统对罗非鱼的响应,这对我国南方浅水富营养化湖泊的生态恢复与管理,尤其是沉水植被的重建与保护具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。     

Extremes in the resource consumption process: A mathematical model of the irruption of the moose population on Isle Royale. Part 1—Ecological background and model development

The development of a mathematical model of the moose-browse interaction on Isle Royale, Michigan, from the time of the establishment of the moose population in the early 1900s until the time of the arrival of wolves on the island about the mid-twentieth century is described. A brief history of the observations that were made during that period of the dynamics of the moose population and its resulting impact upon the vegetation is given. The simplifying assumptions that were made, the processes that were judged important enough to be represented in the model, the state variables that were selected and the input variables that were considered are delineated. A rationale is developed for the mathematical form of each of the terms used in the state equations. The literature that was utilized and the methodologies that were employed to obtain estimates of the parameters of the equations and the values of the initial conditions of the state variables are described.     

Ecosystem services as a counterpart of emergy flows to ecosystems

A generic input-state-output scheme has been used to represent ecosystem dynamics. Systemic approaches to ecosystems use functions that are based either on inputs, state or outputs of the system. Some examples of approaches that use a combination of functions have been recently proposed. For example the use of eco-exergy to emergy flow can be seen as a mixed input-state approach; more recently, to connect the state to the output of the ecosystem, the relation of eco-exergy and ecosystems services has been proposed. This paper studies the link between the useful output of an ecosystems and its input through the relation between ecosystem services and emergy flow, in a kind of grey/black box scheme (i.e., without considering the state and the structure of the ecosystem). No direct connection between the two concepts can be determined, but identifying and quantifying the emergy flows feeding an ecosystem and the services to humans coming from them facilitate the sustainable conservation of Nature and its functions. Furthermore, this input-output relation can be established in general by calculating the ratio of the value of the ecosystem services to the emergy flow that supports the system. In particular, the ratio of the world ecosystem services to the emergy flow supporting the entire biosphere has been calculated showing that, at least at the global level, Nature is more efficacious in producing “money” (in form of ecosystem services) than economic systems (e.g., national economies and their GDP).     

The effect of hunger on the strength and duration of the antipredator behavioral response of green frog (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rana clamitans</Emphasis>) tadpoles

The activity level of prey reflects a trade-off between predation risk and foraging gain. A number of theoretical and empirical studies have shown that a prey's energetic state or the level of its resource should influence this trade-off (i.e., what the optimal activity level at a level of predation risk is). Here, I show that the energetic state of prey may also influence the duration of their antipredator behavioral response. Green frog tadpoles (Rana clamitans) reduced their activity level for a shorter time during exposure to the chemical cue of predatory larval dragonflies (Anax spp.) as their time since last feeding increased (i.e., as their energetic state decreased). Interestingly, the tadpoles strongly reduced their activity level upon cue exposure in all treatments. Thus, the relative activity level of tadpoles at different energetic states varied over time.     

CO2加氢低压合成甲醇CuO—ZnO催化剂性能的研究

本文详细论述了CuO-ZnO的特性与沉淀过程中pH值变化、沉淀剂种类、沉淀剂的加料方式和催化剂的热处理条件,以及活化气氛等因素之间的相互关系,实验中运用了XRD,BET,XPS等测试手段,对催化剂的结构及其表面性质进行了深入探讨,得到了催化剂的最佳含量组成和催化剂活性组份可能的存在状态。     

Age-dependent population dynamics with several interior variables and spatial spread

The problems of the asymptotic behavior of age-dependent population models with interior and spatial structures are considered. It is proved that the existence and uniqueness of the stable state and its exact form is founded for general linear models. Problems on the speed of convergence to stable state and transitional effects are investigated. Methods of solving two special classes of nonlinear models (separate models and models of the Gurtin-MacCami type) are suggested. A model of forest stand dynamics on the basis of conception of layer-mosaic characteristics of the spatial-temporal structure of stands is examined as an example of the application of given results.     

大气氟污染治理技术

氟化物是当今重要的大气污染物之一,其毒性超过二氧化硫。文章概要叙述我国近年工业废气的氟排放和治理状况。面对日益严峻的污染形势,提请企业界加以关注和治理。文中着重介绍几种常用的技术装备和工艺流程。     

一种基于三维指标因子的流域多年径流丰枯k-means聚类法

径流丰枯聚类研究的传统方法多建立在年径流量的单一指标之上,容易导致分析的片面化。针对这个问题,提出了衡量流域多年径流丰枯状态的三维指标因子及权重,将其耦合到k-means聚类法的相似度计算与收敛分析中,在此基础上对对多年径流进行丰枯聚类,构建了一种基于三维指标因子的流域多年径流丰枯k-means聚类法。以该方法对广东省鉴江流域下游化州站1956—2006年的径流系列进行聚类分析,并与基于年径流量单一指标的k-means聚类方法进行对比,结果表明该方法是较全面且符合实际的。     

VA菌根在柑桔上的应用及其前景

由于菌根在农业、林业生产中的重要性,对菌根的研究,尤其是对VA菌根的研究已引起人们广泛的重视.本文对VA菌根的研究及利用现状,尤其是VA菌根与植物营养,VA茵根与植物的抗性生理以及VA菌根、根瘤菌与植物三联体的效应等方面的动态作一综述,并对柑桔菌根今后的研究提出几点建议,其中包括菌根资源的调查、菌根资源圃的建立、柑桔菌根与环境、菌根与柑桔的抗性生理等。