The dynamics of grazed woodlands in southwest Queensland, Australia and their effect on greenhouse gas emissions.

This study outlines the development of an approach to evaluate the sources, sinks, and magnitudes of greenhouse gas emissions from a grazed semiarid rangeland dominated by mulga (Acacia aneura) and how these emissions may be altered by changes in management. This paper describes the modification of an existing pasture production model (GRASP) to include a gas emission component and a dynamic tree growth and population model. An exploratory study was completed to investigate the likely impact of changes in burning practices and stock management on emissions. This study indicates that there is a fundamental conflict between maintaining agricultural productivity and reducing greenhouse gas emissions on a given unit of land. Greater agricultural productivity is allied with the system being an emissions source while production declines and the system becomes a net emissions sink as mulga density increases. Effective management for sheep production results in the system acting as a net source (approximately 60-200 kg CO2 equivalents/ha/year). The magnitude of the source depends on the management strategies used to maintain the productivity of the system and is largely determined by starting density and average density of the mulga over the simulation period. Prior to European settlement, it is believed that the mulga lands were burnt almost annually. Simulations indicate that such a management approach results in the system acting as a small net sink with an average net absorption of greenhouse gases of 14 kg CO2 equivalents/ha/year through minimal growth of mulga stands. In contrast, the suppression of fire and the introduction of grazing results in thickening of mulga stands and the system can act as a significant net sink absorbing an average of 1000 kg CO2 equivalents/ha/year. Although dense mulga will render the land largely useless for grazing, land in this region is relatively inexpensive and could possibly be developed as a cost-effective carbon offset for greenhouse gas emissions elsewhere. These results also provide support for the hypothesis that changes in land management, and particularly, suppression of fire is chiefly responsible for the observed increases in mulga density over the past century.     

产业结构变动对中国碳排放的影响

采用LMDI分解方法,对中国1996-2009年的碳排放进行分解,定量分析产业结构变动对碳排放变动的影响。在此基础上,依据对未来中国产业结构变动的预测,估算了2020年之前产业结构变动对中国碳减排的贡献。基本情况是,1996-2009年中国碳排放增长464 678万t,其中,经济总量效应531 337万t,产业结构效应49 887万t,能源消费强度效应-223 940万t,能源消费结构效应107 395万t,诸因素对碳排放增长的贡献度分别为114.3%,10.7%,-48.2%和23.1%。产业结构变动驱动了碳排放增长,尽管它不是最主要因素。进一步研究发现,高耗能产业上升或下降1个百分点所对应的CO2排放量增加或减少2.2-2.9亿t。依据对高耗能产业结构变动值的预测,到2020年,产业结构变动效应约为-5亿t,占期间碳排放增量的-15%。这表明,与此前产业结构变动导致碳排放量增加情形相反,未来产业结构变动将有助于减少碳排放。     

Carbon dioxide exchange in the photosynthetic apparatus of trees in a mature spruce phytocenosis of the northern taiga subzone

Carbon dioxide exchange was studied in the photosynthetic apparatus of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.), Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), and weeping birch (Betula pendula Roth.) in a mature spruce forest. Parameters of CO₂ balance in different weather were characterized quantitatively on the basis of daily measurements of CO₂ exchange in needles and leaves of woody plants. The percent ratios of the components of carbon balance in needles and leaves of woody plants depending on daily photosynthetic fixation of carbon were determined. In summer, trees consumed 210 kg CO₂/ha (57 kg C/ha) in variable weather and 117 kg CO₂/ha (32 kg C/ha) in cloudy weather. Species specificity of CO₂ consumption was revealed, and the effects of environmental factors on the assimilatory activity of trees were determined.     

基于IPCC方法的湖南省温室气体排放核算及动态分析

为温室气体减排提供决策参考,基于IPCC和中国《省级温室气体清单编制指南》,核算了1995~2011年湖南省温室气体排放,并对其动态作了分析。结果表明: 2011年湖南省温室气体排放总量为594.7 Mt CO₂e,主要温室气体CO₂、CH₄和N₂O的排放量分别为471.3、100.8和22.6 Mt CO₂e,占排放总量的比例依次为79.25%、16.95%和3.79%。能源消费是温室气体排放的主要来源,2011年的排放量达421.5 Mt CO₂e,占排放总量的70.87%。林业呈现为碳汇效应,2011年的值为18.2 Mt CO₂e,消解温室气体排放量的3.06%。研究时段内温室气体从241.7 Mt CO₂e增长为594.7 Mt CO₂e,年均增长率达9.12%,可分为3个阶段,其中,1995~1999年波动降低,1999~2003年缓慢上升,2003~2011年快速增长,变化率依次为-3.32%、4.69%和17.37%。能源利用效率明显提高,万元GDP温室气体排放量由10.64 t CO₂e/万元减少到2.93 t CO₂e/万元,年均减少7.75%,但人均温室气体排放量由3.65 t CO₂e增加到8.07 t CO₂e,年均增长5.08%,减排压力较大。     

火法炼铜能耗与碳排放情景分析——基于生命周期的视角

以火法炼铜全生命周期过程为研究对象,采用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,定量评价不同熔炼工艺生产铜过程的能源消耗和温室气体排放,并应用情景分析法,对2020年我国火法炼铜不同工艺技术结构下的能耗与碳排放强度进行比较,旨在为铜冶炼行业的结构调整与优化升级提供决策支持。结果表明,基于鼓风熔炼、闪速熔炼和熔池熔炼工艺的火法生产铜过程的能耗分别为147.80×103,96.68×103,104.20×103MJ;其碳排放强度分别为15.32×103,8.99×103,10.01×103kg CO2当量。设定的4种情景的能耗分别为111.60×103,103.37×103,101.19×103,99.69×103MJ;其碳排放强度分别为10.87×103,9.87×103,9.60×103,9.40×103kg CO2当量。由此可知,传统工艺鼓风炉熔炼较闪速熔炼及熔池熔炼的能耗更高,且导致了更多的温室气体排放。因此,大力发展闪速熔炼及熔池熔炼技术对降低铜生命周期的能耗及碳排放具有重要意义,彻底淘汰传统熔炼工艺,推广先进熔炼技术是减少火法铜生产环境影响的迫切任务。     

皖江城市带农田生态系统碳排放动态研究

基于化肥、农药、农膜、农业灌溉、农地翻耕、农机运用、农作物收割后残留根系分解 7个主要碳源,测算皖江城市带1991~2010年农业碳排放量。结果表明：研究区农业碳排放总量从1991年的273万t增加到2010年的535万t,年均增长率为1035%,同时2010年其排放量约占安徽省碳总排放量的443%。1991~2010年研究区人均农业碳排放年均增幅26%,农业碳排放密度年均增幅584%,碳排放强度年均降幅3769 t/亿元。研究区农业碳排放以农作物收割后残留根系分解为主(占总排放量的5987% ),且化肥碳排放比重年均增长最快达1618%。各市农业碳排放量六安最大,安庆较大,铜陵最小,其中平均增幅最大为六安298万t/a,最小为铜陵009万t/a;碳排放强度最大为六安,较大为滁州,最小为铜陵,平均降幅最大为滁州64774 t/（亿元·a）,最小为铜陵19760 t/（亿元·a）;人均农业碳排放量最大为滁州,最小为铜陵,人均增加量最大为六安460 kg/a,最小为合肥039 kg/a;碳排放密度年均增幅最大为芜湖836%,最小为马鞍山345%。最后根据该区农业碳源的构成特点和动态特征,为其降低农业碳排放提出一些建议     

上海市居民消费碳排放的实证分析

居民消费碳排放是国内外温室气体排放研究的重要问题。利用1997～2010年上海市统计数据,分别采用改进的投入产出模型法、碳排放系数法核算了上海市居民间接和直接能源消费产生的碳排放,分析了上海市居民消费的碳排放变化、居民消费碳排放的城乡差异、各部门对居民间接能源消费碳排放的贡献。结果表明:(1)1997～2010年上海市居民消费产生的碳排放呈逐年上升趋势,间接能源消费是居民消费的碳排放的主要来源,在居民消费碳排放总量中占有较大比重;(2)1997～2010年上海市城镇居民消费碳排放呈逐年上升,农村居民消费碳排放呈下降趋势,居民消费碳排放存在着显著的城乡差异;(3)14个部门对居民消费碳排放的贡献大小不同,其中文教卫生商务及其他服务、交通运输仓储及信息服务、食品制造及烟草加工业3个部门对城乡居民消费碳排放的贡献最大;(4)提高各部门能源利用效率、降低部门单位产出的碳排放、引导居民向低碳产品消费的转变是居民消费碳减排的有效措施。研究结果可为上海市居民生存碳排放的评估提供数据支持,为政府部门制定碳减排措施、引导居民低碳消费提供理论指导。     

江苏省交通运输业能源消费碳排放及脱钩效应

通过自上而下的计算方法,测算了江苏省1995～2010年交通运输行业能源消费碳排放量和人均碳排放量,并结合行业自身发展特点,扩展了Kaya恒等式,运用LMDI分解法进行分解分析。同时,在上述基础上采用Tapio模型对江苏省交通碳排放与交通运输业经济发展的脱钩关系进行了探讨。研究发现:(1)江苏省交通碳排放量与人均碳排量均呈明显上升趋势,其中石油制品类能源消费碳排放表现突出;(2)正向驱动交通碳排放量增加的因素为经济产出、人口规模和产业结构,负向驱动因素为交通能源结构和交通能源强度。其中,拉动碳排放量增长的决定性因素是经济产出规模的扩大,而促使碳排放减少的主要因素是交通能源强度的降低,相对于正向驱动因素,负向驱动因素抑制交通碳排放增加作用有限;(3)交通碳排放量变化与运输业经济发展之间的脱钩状态以扩张负连接、扩张负脱钩和弱脱钩为主,脱钩关系总体呈先恶化后改善的趋势,但要完全实现两者的绝对脱钩,依然任重道远     

不同碳减排政策对内外资企业竞争力的影响比较

一方面,由于我国内外资企业的生产效率和碳排放效率差距较大,不同的碳减排政策势必会对内外资企业的市场竞争力带来不同的影响;另一方面,已有文献大多在完全竞争的框架下对不同减排政策的实施效应进行分析,而事实上我国碳减排政策所覆盖的产业大多是不完全竞争甚至是寡头垄断。由此,我们基于内外资企业存在低碳技术差距这一新的研究视角,通过构建两阶段博弈模型来比较分析相同碳强度减排目标下强制减排、碳税与碳交易等三种减排政策对内外资企业产量、市场份额及其社会总产量的影响,从而有利于我国从妥善处理内外资关系的角度制定更有针对性的减排政策。结果表明:(1)三种减排政策都降低了内资企业的产量和市场份额,且内外资企业低碳技术差距越大时内资企业的市场份额下降越多。(2)强制减排降低了社会总产量,碳税和碳交易同等幅度地减少了社会总产量。(3)最优税率仅仅是减排目标的增函数。(4)市场出清的碳交易价格和碳税税率相等,且其数值仅与减排目标正相关,而与碳排放权的分配无关。(5)碳交易比碳税更有利于"保护"内资企业的市场竞争力。相关政策启示如下:(1)尽快确定普适的碳排放核算标准,核算出各行业内外资企业的低碳技术差距;(2)尽快在全国范围内启动碳交易机制,建立促进缩小内外资企业低碳技术的机制;(3)在碳交易市场条件不成熟的行业可以率先推出碳税政策;(4)政府应该根据内外资企业低碳技术差距来对不同行业采取最适宜的减排政策,而非"一刀切"。     

Ecosystem carbon budgeting and soil carbon sequestration in reclaimed mine soil

Global warming risks from emissions of green house gases (GHGs) by anthropogenic activities, and possible mitigation strategies of terrestrial carbon (C) sequestration have increased the need for the identification of ecosystems with high C sink capacity. Depleted soil organic C (SOC) pools of reclaimed mine soil (RMS) ecosystems can be restored through conversion to an appropriate land use and adoption of recommended management practices (RMPs). The objectives of this paper are to (1) synthesize available information on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from coal mining and combustion activities, (2) understand mechanisms of SOC sequestration and its protection, (3) identify factors affecting C sequestration potential in RMSs, (4) review available methods for the estimation of ecosystem C budget (ECB), and (5) identify knowledge gaps to enhance C sink capacity of RMS ecosystems and prioritize research issues. The drastic perturbations of soil by mining activities can accentuate CO2 emission through mineralization, erosion, leaching, changes in soil moisture and temperature regimes, and reduction in biomass returned to the soil. The reclamation of drastically disturbed soils leads to improvement in soil quality and development of soil pedogenic processes accruing the benefit of SOC sequestration and additional income from trading SOC credits. The SOC sequestration potential in RMS depends on amount of biomass production and return to soil, and mechanisms of C protection. The rate of SOC sequestration ranges from 0.1 to 3.1 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1) and 0.7 to 4 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1) in grass and forest RMS ecosystem, respectively. Proper land restoration alone could off-set 16 Tg CO2 in the U.S. annually. However, the factors affecting C sequestration and protection in RMS leading to increase in microbial activity, nutrient availability, soil aggregation, C build up, and soil profile development must be better understood in order to formulate guidelines for development of an holistic approach to sustainable management of these ecosystems. The ECBs of RMS ecosystems are not well understood. An ecosystem method of evaluating ECB of RMS ecosystems is proposed.     

Soil erosion and the global carbon budget

Soil erosion is the most widespread form of soil degradation. Land area globally affected by erosion is 1094 million ha (Mha) by water erosion, of which 751 Mha is severely affected, and 549 Mha by wind erosion, of which 296 Mha is severely affected. Whereas the effects of erosion on productivity and non-point source pollution are widely recognized, those on the C dynamics and attendant emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are not. Despite its global significance, erosion-induced carbon (C) emission into the atmosphere remains misunderstood and an unquantified component of the global carbon budget. Soil erosion is a four-stage process involving detachment, breakdown, transport/redistribution and deposition of sediments. The soil organic carbon (SOC) pool is influenced during all four stages. Being a selective process, erosion preferentially removes the light organic fraction of a low density of <1.8 Mg/m(3). A combination of mineralization and C export by erosion causes a severe depletion of the SOC pool on eroded compared with uneroded or slightly eroded soils. In addition, the SOC redistributed over the landscape or deposited in depressional sites may be prone to mineralization because of breakdown of aggregates leading to exposure of hitherto encapsulated C to microbial processes among other reasons. Depending on the delivery ratio or the fraction of the sediment delivered to the river system, gross erosion by water may be 75 billion Mg, of which 15-20 billion Mg are transported by the rivers into the aquatic ecosystems and eventually into the ocean. The amount of total C displaced by erosion on the earth, assuming a delivery ratio of 10% and SOC content of 2-3%, may be 4.0-6.0 Pg/year. With 20% emission due to mineralization of the displaced C, erosion-induced emission may be 0.8-1.2 Pg C/year on the earth. Thus, soil erosion has a strong impact on the global C cycle and this component must be considered while assessing the global C budget. Adoption of conservation-effective measures may reduce the risks of C emission and sequester C in soil and biota.     

滨海盐碱地改良对绿地碳汇效益影响的研究

以小叶栀子（Gardenia jasminoides‘prostrata’） 、中华常春藤（Hedera nepalensis 〖WTBZ〗var.〖WTBX〗sinensis）、紫鸭跖草(Setcreasea purpurea)、红花酢浆草（Oxalis corymbosa）4种植物为研究对象,探讨了土壤盐碱地改良对绿地碳汇功能的影响。结果表明：碎石铺设、有机肥和粉碎秸秆3种土壤盐碱地改良方法中,有机肥的施入对土壤有机碳含量和植物生长的影响最大,该措施有利于土壤和植物碳储量的增加;不同土壤处理的有机碳矿化规律表现出很好的一致性,前期碳释放量大,后期释放量少,当埋入4 cm厚的碎石隔离层,施入20 kg/m2有机肥和2 kg/m2粉碎秸秆,其CO2总的释放量最多;总体而言,土壤盐碱改良处理仅施入粉碎秸秆1 kg/m2后,绿地碳汇能力最低,处于碳亏损状态,通过施入有机肥20 kg/m2和粉碎秸秆3 kg/m2的改良措施,其外源碳汇最大,整体绿地碳汇效益也最好。〖     

武汉市湖泊水域利用转变及其碳排放影响

考虑到湖泊水域面积与土地面积的相互变迁进程,以及土地利用变化已成为仅次于化石能源燃烧的第二大温室气体排放源的客观现实,首次尝试分析特定区域湖泊水域的变化以及间接产生的碳源碳汇影响。根据2005、2010和2015年遥感影像获取武汉市湖泊水域利用转变的数据,采用国际通用的土地碳排放测算模型,评估武汉市湖泊水域转变为4类用地产生的碳排放量及碳强度变化情况。研究显示:(1)2005～2015年武汉市湖泊水域面积整体减少超10 km~2,且2010年后呈现加速萎缩趋势, 2010～2015年的减少值约为2005～2010年减少值的2.04倍;(2)虽然部分耕地、林地和草地转化为湖泊导致湖泊水域的增加,但湖泊大面积转变为建设用地导致水域面积的显著较少;(3)从碳排放总量来看,变动面积区域内呈碳源区,后5年碳源值是前5年的1.45倍;前后5年湖泊水域变化的碳排放强度分别为0.03和0.04 t/km~2,碳排放强度明显增加。针对武汉市湖泊水域利用的现实状况,提出把"山水林田湖草"放到统一的管理机制中进行考虑、规范土地资源利用、限制建设用地过度扩张等措施。     

不同水土保持林地土壤有机碳研究

研究了重庆四面山低山丘陵区不同水土保持林地0~20、20~40 和40~60 cm的土壤有机碳含量及不同深度的土壤有机碳密度。结果表明：0~20、20~40 和40~60 cm土层中土壤有机碳含量的平均值分别为3309、751和321 g/kg;0~20 cm的土壤有机碳密度介于497～1431 kg/m2,而0~60 cm的土壤有机碳密度介于784～1794 kg/m2,均值为1278 kg/m2;土壤有机碳含量和有机碳密度随土壤深度增加而显著减少,但其减少程度随水土保持林树种组成不同而异;不同水土保持林地60 cm深度的土壤有机碳密度存在显著差异,表现为：天然次生林>人工林>农耕地,其中,天然阔叶混交林土壤有机碳密度最大,为1794 kg/m2,农耕地的最小,仅为784 kg/m2。人工水土保持林中,阔叶混交林的土壤有机碳密度最大。从增加土壤碳的角度,建议营造阔叶混交林     

Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Rice-Wheat Cropping Systems in Asia

The rice-wheat belt comprises nearly 24–27 million ha in South and East Asia. Rice is generally grown in flooded fields whereas the ensuing wheat crop requires well-drained soil conditions. Consequently, both crops differ markedly in nature and intensity of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, namely emission of (1) methane (CH₄) and (2) nitrous oxide (N_2O) as well as the sequestration of (3) carbon dioxide. Wetland rice emits large quantities of CH₄; strategies to CH₄ emissions include proper management of organic inputs, temporary (mid-season) field drainage and direct seeding. As for the wheat crop, the major GHG is N_2O that is emitted in short-term pulses after fertilization, heavy rainfall and irrigation events. However, N_2O is also emitted in larger quantities during fallow periods and during the rice crop as long as episodic irrigation or rainfall result in aerobic-anaerobic cycles. Wetland rice ensures a relatively high content of soil organic matter in the rice-wheat system as compared to permanent upland conditions. In terms of global warming potential, baseline emissions of the rice-wheat system primarily depend on the management practices during the rice crop while emissions from the wheat crop remain less sensitive to different management practices. The antagonism between CH₄ and N_2O emissions is a major impediment for devising effective mitigation strategies in rice-wheat system - measures to reduce the emission of one GHG often intensify the emission of the other GHG.     

中国电力行业的全周期碳足迹

在碳达峰与碳中和目标下,国家层面与各省份均在积极推动碳减排。电力行业作为我国最大的排放部门成为减排重点之一,然而电力行业存在的隐含碳排放造成实际排放低估,省际间碳转移导致省级碳减排不公平问题突出。因此识别电力行业全周期碳足迹,尤其是不同省份的隐含碳足迹以及省际间的转移碳足迹特征,有助于正确评估电力行业碳排放,科学界定不同省份的碳减排责任并合理分配。通过构建电力行业全周期点-流模型以揭示电力产业链中存在的能源活动,进而明确基于用电侧考虑的2018年全周期碳足迹,并刻画碳隐含度与碳转移依赖度指标来分析电力行业的隐含碳排放与省间转移碳排放。研究表明:(1)我国电力行业全周期碳排放系数为689 g/(kW·h),排放量为4.747×10⁹t,其中北方大部分地区排放系数偏高,山东最高达891 g/(kW·h),南方地区偏低,云南最低仅101 g/(kW·h)。(2)全国电力行业全周期碳隐含度为8.95%,东南沿海贫煤省与煤炭生产高排放省的碳隐含度偏高,贵州最高达14.63%,西北、华北富煤省的碳隐含度偏低,新疆最低仅4.94%;全国隐含碳排放量为4.25×10⁸t,广东隐含碳排放量最高达5.0×10⁷t,青海最低仅1.17×10⁶t。(3)全国电力行业全周期碳转移量为9.26×10⁸t,约占排放总量的19.5%,电力与煤炭自给率越低的省区对外碳转移依赖度越高,其中北京最高达71.24%;内蒙古、山西、陕西、宁夏、安徽、新疆、贵州是主要碳转入省,总转入7.11×10⁸t,其中内蒙古最高达2.64×10⁸t;江苏、浙江、广东、山东、河北、北京、辽宁、河南、上海是主要碳转出省,总转出6.92×108t,其中江苏最高达1.12×10⁸t;全国共有240对省存在碳转移,其中有102对的转移量超过1.0×10⁶t。在研究基础上,提出相应建议推动省级电力行业公平合理低碳发展。     

Historical carbon fluxes in the expanding deforestation frontier of Southern Brazilian Amazonia (1985–2012)

In tropical areas, pioneer occupation fronts steer the rapid expansion of deforestation, contributing to carbon emissions. Up-to-date carbon emission estimates covering the long-term development of such frontiers depend on the availability of high spatial–temporal resolution data. In this paper, we provide a detailed assessment of carbon losses from deforestation and potential forest degradation from fragmentation for one expanding frontier in the Brazilian Amazon. We focused on one of the Amazonia’s hot-spots of forest loss, the BR-163 highway that connects the high productivity agricultural landscapes in Mato Grosso with the exporting harbors of the Amazon. We used multi-decadal (1984–2012) Landsat-based time series on forested and non-forested area in combination with a carbon book-keeping model. We show a 36% reduction in 1984s biomass carbon stocks, which led to the emission of 611.5 TgCO₂ between 1985 and 1998 (43.6 TgCO₂ year⁻¹) and 959.8 TgCO₂ over 1999–2012 (68.5 TgCO₂ year⁻¹). Overall, fragmentation-related carbon losses represented 1.88% of total emissions by 2012, with an increasing relevance since 2004. We compared the Brazilian Space Agency deforestation assessment (PRODES) with our data and found that small deforestation polygons not captured by PRODES had increasing importance on estimated deforestation carbon losses since 2000. The comparative analysis improved the understanding of data-source-related uncertainties on carbon estimates and indicated disagreement areas between datasets that could be subject of future research. Furthermore, spatially explicit, annual deforestation and emission estimates like the ones derived from this study are important for setting regional baselines for REDD+ or similar payment for ecosystem services frameworks.

     

湖北省土地利用减碳增效系统仿真及结构优化研究

土地利用变化是引起碳排放的重要原因之一,土地经济效益是利用土地的目标之一,如何通过优化土地利用结构实现土地利用减碳增效是值得研究的重要问题。基于系统结构与功能相互作用的视角,梳理复杂系统内变量间的反馈关系,运用系统动力学(SD)进行建模,将约束条件纳入到多目标规划(MOP)中,实现MOP与SD模型整合,进行系统仿真并得出优化后2020年湖北省土地利用结构。结果显示,利用SD-MOP模型能够实现减碳增效目标下土地利用结构优化,与2008年真实值相比,耕地、林地、牧草地及建设用地分别增加了0.33×10~4、30.17×10~4、0.08×10~4和16.37×10~4 hm~2,其他农用地及未利用地分别减少7.23×10~4、33.15×10~4 hm~2;与无约束SD单模型仿真相比,土地利用碳排放量减少了58×10~4 t,经济效益年增长率维持在3.58%,优化方案具有可行性。SD-MOP模型优化的土地利用结构符合区域可持续发展要求,兼顾了土地利用碳减排和经济效益增长的双重目标,能为区域土地资源优化配置提供参考。     

基于卫星夜间灯光数据的中国分省碳排放时空模拟

中国能源统计数据"横向不可比,纵向不可加"现象依然突出,尤其是分省能源消费统计千差万别,给分省碳排放评估带来了较大困难,如何利用卫星遥感数据科学合理地估算中国分省碳排放是当前亟须研究的问题。本文运用DMSP/OLS全球稳定夜间灯光数据,在通过相互校正、年内融合和年际间校正等系列处理得到中国分省稳定夜间灯光数据的基础上,首先分别构建中国分省稳定夜间灯光亮度DN值与人均碳排放和单位面积碳排放之间的时空地理加权回归模型,两个模型整体效果均较好,拟合优度分别高达96.74%和99.24%;其次运用稳定夜间灯光亮度DN值对分省人均碳排放和单位面积碳排放进行时空模拟;最后运用人口规模和土地面积对分省碳排放进行估算。估算结果显示:(1)整体来看,2000—2013年年均碳排放模拟值与实际值6.3349×109t较为接近,两个模型的相对误差均在0.5%以内。(2)分年度来看,所有年份的相对误差均在5%以内,2006年分省加总碳排放模拟值与实际碳排放6.2036×109t最为接近,绝对误差和相对误差均较小,两个模型模拟值的相对误差均为0.04%。(3)分省域来看,2000—2013年年均碳排放模拟值与实际碳排放均非常接近,除海南和宁夏外,其余28个省区市的相对误差均在1%以内。(4)分年度分省域来看,以2013年为例,40%省份的相对误差在2%以内,70%省份的相对误差在5%以内。从整体、分年度、分省域、分年度分省域的估算结果来看,基于稳定夜间灯光数据的中国分省碳排放时空模拟效果良好。因此,运用卫星夜间灯光数据可以较为准确地对中国分省碳排放进行估算和预测,为卫星遥感影像数据服务分省碳排放监测和评估提供一种补充性参考。     

基于碳平衡核算的寒冷地区高校校园低碳建设策略研究

以校园碳平衡核算为主要技术手段的量化分析,能够目标明确的阐释校园内碳排放和碳吸收情况,根据碳排放量和碳吸收量占比制定相应的校园低碳减排建设策略,对高校今后的低碳化发展能够提供科学性、准确性的量化依据。本文考虑到碳排放因子的差异性,以实体项目作为分析基础,遴选与集成既有碳排放核算方法,进行了寒冷地区校园碳平衡核算。目标校园为山东建筑大学新校区,计算边界为山东建筑大学新校区空间范围内所有建筑和设施运行产生的、与学校日常事务相关的全部能源消费CO2排放。计算时间以2014年为参照基准年份,以2015年为主要计算年份。碳平衡计算结果表明:2015年校园碳排放量,建筑为20 051 t,交通为171 t,生活为6 576 t;碳吸收量中绿植固碳11 936 t,光伏固碳266 t,净排放24 596 t。校园碳排放系数为3.02,人均碳排放系数为1.04。分析核算数据,校园内碳排放量主要集中于建筑的日常运行用能排放,建筑用能排放中煤炭电力天然气,所涉及耗能用途主要为冬季采暖、空调、照明、热水及炊事。因此,这些用能成为影响校园碳排放的主要影响因素,据此提出高校校园碳减排策略,主要包括:基于碳平衡预测下的校园规划;遵从地域气候特征的生态补偿;建筑单体的低碳化设计与改造;设备系统的低碳化调适与更新;可再生能源的替代性应用。