生物质碳源组合型生态浮床系统脱氮效果研究

利用农业废弃物和水生植物,结合水下空间与水面景观,构建集成脱氮技术的新型立体组合式生态浮床系统用以地表水体中氮的脱除以净化水质。立体生态浮床运行2个月之后的结果显示,NH3-N、TN和CODMn的去除率可分别达到96.77%、95.51%和77.75%,本浮床具有较高脱氮能力,水体净化效果明显;同时,整个生态浮床系统的生物多样性较为丰富,原水分别为Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类的池2和池5中分别鉴定出6种和8种主要氨氧化菌谱带,位于系统中部的玉米芯和稻草表面微生物多样性丰富程度较高;稻草和底泥中氨氧化菌的谱带种类最多。与池2相比,池5中除了存在共有谱带外,还存在特有谱带h和j带,表明可能有特殊氨氧化菌群的存在。本组合型生态浮床具有同步硝化与反硝化作用,利于沉水植物生长,并能促进水生态系统构建。     

Response of microcrustacean communities from the surface—groundwater interface to water contamination in urban river system of the Jarama basin (central Spain)

In order to evaluate the water quality at the surface/groundwater interface (hyporheic zone), the pattern of microcrustacean assemblages in response to environmental stress caused by urban industrial contamination was studied in the Jarama River basin (central Spain) during high water discharges (March and April 2011). The clustering of biological variables and the concentration of urban contaminants in hyporheic waters showed that pristine hyporheic waters have moderate species diversity (two to seven species) and dominance of k strategist stygobites, whereas excessively contaminated sites are devoid by crustaceans. An intermediate level of disturbance in hyporheic waters is associated with a peak of species taxonomic diversity (four to nine species) and proliferation of r strategist more tolerant species. Typical species found in hyporheic zone, e.g., Paracyclops imminutus (Copepoda, Cyclopoida), Cryptocandona vavrai (Ostracoda) and Herpetocypris chevreuxi (Ostracoda), were good indicators of high concentrations of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb and VOCs; whereas the stygobites do not show any significant correlation. The effectiveness of hyporheic crustaceans as efficient bioindicators for assessing the current ecological status of river ecosystems is emphasised.     

冬季生态浮床对浮游藻类数量及生物多样性的影响

为了考察生态浮床在冬季的运行效果,选择世博园区白莲泾生态浮床工程为研究对象,研究了冬季生态浮床对浮游藻类数量及生物多样性的影响。结果表明,取样期间浮游藻类生物总量逐月增加,且对照区明显高于浮床区;浮床区与对照区浮游藻类的种群结构差异明显,浮床区以硅藻门为主,而对照区以绿藻门为主。并且,小环藻与细微颤藻的优势度指数均有明显的下降。同时,浮床区的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数明显高于对照区。以上结果均证明,虽然在冬季较低温的情况下水生植物新陈代谢缓慢,但生态浮床仍会影响浮游藻类的数量及生物多样性,从而对水质净化起到一定的改善作用。     

赤水河 (仁怀段) 底栖动物群落特征及驱动因素分析

为探究赤水河 (仁怀段) 底栖动物群落组成特点及其与环境因子的内在关联,开展底栖动物组成和水质参数的综合研究。通过采用密度、生物量调查,多样性指数,Pearson相关性和冗余性分析等方法,对赤水河 (仁怀段) 地区的大型底栖动物群落组成和主要影响环境因子进行分析。结果表明,在赤水河 (仁怀段) 地区共采集到48种大型底栖动物,隶属于4门7纲32科,底栖动物的物种数和密度分布均呈现上游高于中下游的趋势。其中,昆虫类动物丰度最高,共有33类种属,腹足纲次之。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef's物种丰富度指数表现为上游高于中下游,表明底栖动物群落结构空间存在一定差异,而Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson's Diversity指数整体变化不大。冗余分析结果显示,TN、DO和浊度是影响赤水河底栖动物群落结构的主要环境因子。该研究结果可为赤水河底栖动物群落的恢复与生态环境保护提供参考。     

浮游植物对不同紫色母岩净化景观水体效果的指示

为比较水体中浮游植物群落对不同紫色母岩净化景观水体效果的指示作用。选取重庆地区分布面积较广的蓬莱镇组（S1）、沙溪庙组（S2）、飞仙关组（S3）和遂宁组（S4）4种不同紫色母岩,将其灭菌后加入未灭菌的取自西南大学崇德湖的景观水体中,进行生态缸构建。测定水体理化性质、微量元素以及浮游植物群落结构。结果表明：利用浮游植物密度和功能群对景观水体水质的指示作用与利用水体理化指标的评价结果一致,而利用浮游植物生物量对景观水体水质的指示作用与利用水体理化指标的评价结果不符;对各组生态缸中水体元素和浮游植物优势功能群进行PCA分析,结果发现,水体中的部分微量元素与浮游植物的优势功能群Wo和X1呈现相关性。实验表明,浮游植物密度和浮游植物功能群可用于指示景观水体水质;相比于对照组,4组紫色母岩生态缸水体中的微量元素Cu、Mg可能通过对优势功能群Wo的抑制作用降低水体富营养化程度,具体机理需进一步研究。     

补水景观湖水生态系统构建对水质的影响及因子分析

以广州市最大补水人工景观湖白云湖水生态系统构建示范区为对象,利用综合污染指数评价了以沉水植被构建为主的修复措施对示范区水体水质改善的影响,并应用因子分析法对各水质指标和生态因子之间的相互关系进行了研究。综合污染分析结果表明,恢复沉水植物后,示范区水体各项污染物浓度大幅降低,水质从V -劣V类提高到Ⅲ-IV类,水体综合污染状态由严重污染改善为轻污染。因子分析显示,10项水质指标可划分为四类主因子来反映水质状况,其中,第一主因子主要反映水体营养盐指数,第二主因子反映水体有机污染指数,第三主因子反映温度变化对水质的影响,第四主因子反映水体的酸碱度;综合评分结果说明了生态系统构建后水质综合评分可大幅降低,且月评分结果呈现温度越高、水质越优的特点,水体特征呈现向草型水体发展的趋势。上述结果表明,水生态系统构建可有效改善示范区水质,是保障城市河道补水水源安全的有效方法。     

An approach for assessment of water quality using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and bioindicator tests

As an integral part of our continued development of water quality assessment approaches, we combined integrative sampling, instrumental analysis of widely occurring anthropogenic contaminants, and the application of a suite of bioindicator tests as a specific part of a broader survey of ecological conditions, species diversity, and habitat quality in the Santa Cruz River in Arizona, USA. Lipid-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were employed to sequester waterborne hydrophobic chemicals. Instrumental analysis and a suite of bioindicator tests were used to determine the presence and potential toxicological relevance of mixtures of bioavailable chemicals in two major water sources of the Santa Cruz River. The SPMDs were deployed at two sites; the effluent weir of the International Wastewater Treatment Plant (IWWTP) and the Nogales Wash. Both of these systems empty into the Santa Cruz River and the IWWTP effluent is a potential source of water for a constructed wetland complex. Analysis of the SPMD sample extracts revealed the presence of organochlorine pesticides (OCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The bioindicator tests demonstrated increased liver enzyme activity, perturbation of neurotransmitter systems and potential endocrine disrupting effects (vitellogenin induction) in fish exposed to the extracts. With increasing global demands on limited water resources, the approach described herein provides an assessment paradigm applicable to determining the quality of water in a broad range of aquatic systems.     

An ecologically relevant exposure assessment for a polluted river using an integrated multivariate PLS approach

A case study is presented where an integrated, ecologically relevant exposure assessment is presented for a polluted lowland river. Using partial least squares regression of latent structures (PLS), an analysis of the impact of two effluents on physico-chemical water quality measures, macroinvertebrate and diatom communities, and in situ bioassay responses with four different test species are combined into an integrative exposure assessment. Bioassays focussed on growth and condition related endpoints, because they are key functional processes of organisms and populations. Integrating these multiple lines of evidence, we were able to discriminate among the impact of both effluents, link changes in physico-chemical water quality with bioassay endpoints and ecological quality of the ecosystem, and address the importance of integrating all information into one exposure assessment framework. The bioassays under field conditions indicated that most endpoints measured are a reflection of ecological effects rather than pollution related effects, or at least a combination of both ecological and toxicological effects. Factors such as food availability clearly influenced the outcome of in situ bioassays and ecological information was essential to explain observed discrepancies when trying to extrapolate bioassay results from the laboratory to the field.     

Plant-specific responses to zinc contamination in a semi-field lysimeter and on hydroponics

The species Agrostis stolonifera, Brassica napus and Trifolium repens representing different ecological strategies, were selected to study the effect of Zn contamination on Zn tolerance, uptake and accumulation patterns. Parallel tests were carried out with increasing concentrations of Zn in a semi-field lysimeter and hydroponics in the climate chamber. A significant reduction in biomass production or root length and an increase in shoot Zn concentration was observed for all species at increasing external Zn concentrations. However, shoot biomass production, Zn tolerance and Zn accumulation differed significantly among the tested species. The results in both experimental set-ups were quite similar concerning Zn tolerance and accumulation and improved the validity of the findings. The rather specific responses of the different plant species to Zn contamination interfere with the more generic approach used in risk assessment studies. Maximum amounts of Zn in shoot are not likely to cause a risk to herbivores.     

Ecological risk assessment using RAPD and distribution pattern of a rare and endangered species

Environmental and ecological risk assessment always provide useful evidence for characterisation and conservation of the rare and endangered species, e.g. seven-son flower (Heptacodium miconioides Rehd.). Seven-son flower is a deciduous arbor species, but endangered, with a restricted distribution in the subtropical forests of China. Genetic risk assessment of 56 samples of the flower from nine main populations in Zhejiang (China) was carried out by using the RAPD analysis. This was to study the ecological characteristics, spatial distribution and genetic features of the seven-son flower communities and establish a feasible conservation plan. Twenty-one primers screened from 50 yielded 119 RAPD bands with 72 polymorphic products and 60.50% of total bands. The genetic variation was found to be partitioned mainly among rather than within populations. Percentages of genetic diversity among populations were quantified by Shannon index and the Nei's gene diversity coefficient. AMOVA also demonstrated that these relict populations were highly differentiated. The high level of population variation observed is in contrast to that expected for a primarily outcrossed woody perennial plant, and suggests that there may be a degree of inbreeding. The dendrogram constructed from genetic distances through UPGMA method based on Nei's coefficients shows two groups among nine population clusters, which is further supported by a principle components analysis (PCA) of RAPD phenotypic data. The analysis showed that the biologic characteristics and habitat fragmentation were the reasons of the great genetic variation among populations. Some strategies of its genetic diversity conservation were proposed in the fragmented habitats based on its genetic structure and its biological characteristics in this study.     

Biological water quality assessment of running waters based on macroinvertebrate communities: history and present status in Europe

This paper reviews the history and development of biological water quality assessment using macroinvertebrates in Europe, and critically evaluates each of the principal approaches used. As the biotic approach incorporates the most highly regarded features of the saprobic and diversity approaches, it has received the most attention in recent years. Most modern biotic index and score systems have evolved from the Trent Biotic Index, through a series of refinements and adaptations (i.e. the Extended Biotic Index, Chandler's Score, Indice Biotique) into the two modern systems. These methods are the Biological Monitoring Working Party System, used mainly in Great Britain, and the Belgian Biotic Index Method. The results of these techniques are now influencing policy decisions concerning surface water management in Europe, where macroinvertebrate community assessment are being used as a planning tool for managing water uses, for ambient monitoring, and for evaluating the effectiveness of pollution control measures. New research directions aimed at improving the performance of bioassessment techniques are being explored. These include defining reference communities based on stream typology which can then be used to set water quality objectives, and applying these methods to the assessment of toxic pollution.     

On the successful use of a simplified model to simulate the succession of toxic cyanobacteria in a hypereutrophic reservoir with a highly fluctuating water level

Many freshwater bodies worldwide that suffer from harmful algal blooms would benefit for their management from a simple ecological model that requires few field data, e.g. for early warning systems. Beyond a certain degree, adding processes to ecological models can reduce model predictive capabilities. In this work, we assess whether a simple ecological model without nutrients is able to describe the succession of cyanobacterial blooms of different species in a hypereutrophic reservoir and help understand the factors that determine these blooms. In our study site, Karaoun Reservoir, Lebanon, cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and Microcystis aeruginosa alternatively bloom. A simple configuration of the model DYRESM-CAEDYM was used; both cyanobacteria were simulated, with constant vertical migration velocity for A. ovalisporum, with vertical migration velocity dependent on light for M. aeruginosa and with growth limited by light and temperature and not by nutrients for both species. The model was calibrated on two successive years with contrasted bloom patterns and high variations in water level. It was able to reproduce the measurements; it showed a good performance for the water level (root-mean-square error (RMSE) lower than 1 m, annual variation of 25 m), water temperature profiles (RMSE of 0.22–1.41 °C, range 13–28 °C) and cyanobacteria biomass (RMSE of 1–57 μg Chl a L^?1, range 0–206 μg Chl a L^?1). The model also helped understand the succession of blooms in both years. The model results suggest that the higher growth rate of M. aeruginosa during favourable temperature and light conditions allowed it to outgrow A. ovalisporum. Our results show that simple model configurations can be sufficient not only for theoretical works when few major processes can be identified but also for operational applications. This approach could be transposed on other hypereutrophic lakes and reservoirs to describe the competition between dominant phytoplankton species, contribute to early warning systems or be used for management scenarios.     

The effect of metal pollution on the population genetic structure of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) residing in the River Hayle, Cornwall, UK

The River Hayle in south-west England is impacted with metals and can be divided into three regions depending on the copper and zinc concentrations: a low-metal upper section; a highly-contaminated middle section and a moderately contaminated lower section. Hayle river water is toxic to metal-naive brown trout, but brown trout are found in the upper and lower regions. The study aimed to evaluate the population genetic structure of River Hayle brown trout and to determine if the highly-contaminated section acts as a chemical barrier to migration. Population genetic analysis indicated that metals were not a barrier to gene flow within the river, but there was a high level of differentiation observed between fish sampled at two sites in the upper region, despite being separated by only 1 km. The metal tolerance trait exhibited by this brown trout population may represent an important component of the species genetic diversity in this region.     

扬水曝气技术对周村水库藻类的控制

扬水曝气作为湖泊、水库水体修复技术之一,在国内多个水源水库水质改善工程中得到应用。为进一步研究扬水曝气技术对湖库藻类的控制效果及其机理,在对北方温带季节性分层水库-周村水库垂向水体的理化指标及藻类参数进行常年监测的基础上,于2015年8月—9月扬水曝气运行前后对垂向水体理化指标及浮游植物生物量、群落结构及丰度进行了连续监测和对比分析。结果表明,扬水曝气破坏了水体分层,藻类生物量锐减,多样性水平提高,藻类密度垂向差异消失,优势种群由威胁性较大的蓝藻、绿藻变为威胁性较小的硅藻,水体生态状况良好。扬水曝气系统对氮营养盐含量、热分层结构和光照条件的影响是促进了藻类群落结构改变的主要原因。     

Life cycle and economic assessment of enhanced ecological floating beds applied water purification

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The ecological floating beds (EFB) are widely used in water quality restoration because of its low cost, high efficiency, and green characteristics....     

The potential of the flora from different regions of Pakistan in phytoremediation: a review

Soil and water quality is greatly affected by environmental pollution due to the increasing trend of urbanization and industrialization. In many developing countries, including Pakistan, the situation is more alarming as no preventive measures are still taken to tackle the problem. Although in developed countries, many techniques are used to remediate the environment including phytoremediation. It is the most eco-friendly technique in which plants are used to remove pollutants from the environment. Pakistan has also a great diversity of plants which could be used for the remediation of environmental pollutants. To our knowledge, few studies from Pakistan were reported about the use of flora for phytoremediation. According to recent literature, 50 plant species from Pakistan are studied for remediation purposes. In this review, the potential of different plant species for phytoremediation from Pakistan has been discussed along with their comparison to other countries to relate future perspectives.     

Effects on the zooplankton community of pollutant disposal into the Jose Antonio Alzate dam, Mexico

To study the influence of pollutants on water quality from the Jose Antonio Alzate dam in Mexico, plankton samples were taken from locations along an approximately 9 km in a downstream direction. Determinations were made of pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, transparency, conductivity, and metal levels in plankton. The dam waters were generally hard, with high levels of electrolytes to a near-neutral pH level. A geographical distribution pattern was observed of zooplankton with the highest concentrations of metals at the confluence of the dam and the Lerma river, their primary source. These values were correlated with the zooplankton taxonomic composition, suggesting that the changes in species diversity and abundance were consistently dependent on the nutrient status. A comparison of net rates of dissolved metals in the dam water indicated that zooplankton responds to changes in water quality, and is quantitatively important in the downstream transport of pollutants.     

广西龙江底栖硅藻水质生物监测方法

2013年9月份龙江流域设20个采样点,综合采用硅藻多样指数法、硅藻指数法、硅藻生态类群评价法以及理化指标验证法,结合GIS技术对龙江水质进行评价,并提出了基于硅藻指数的水质比较评价的DIR法。结果表明,9月份,龙江流域水质总体处于中偏好水质标准;河流水体上游水质好于下游,支流好于干流;其中,下板六水电站、环江水文站、刘三姐乡、下江坝村、安马乡水质很好,而三岔镇、拉浪乡和大湾村水体水质很差。发现多样性指数法不适合龙江水质的评价,各种评价方法各有特点,为了研究的科学性和实用性,各种水质评价方法的联合采用是必要的。     

基于层次分析法的再生水补给型城市河湖水生态修复技术评价指标体系及其应用

由于城市水资源严重紧缺,再生水作为补给城市河湖景观水体的重要水源,用量逐年加大,随之带来的水环境问题也引起关注,往往需要采用适宜的技术和工程改善水质。然而对于现有的生态修复技术和工程,缺少相应的评价方法和指标体系对其修复效果和工程技术进行综合有效的评估。通过大量的文献及实地调研,结合再生水补给型城市河湖的特点,构建了包含环境效益、技术管理与维护及社会经济功能3个系统、7个准则和19个指标的再生水补给型城市河湖水生态修复技术评价指标体系,采用群组决策的层次分析法（AHP）确定各指标的权重,重要性排序前5位的指标依次是：藻类多样性、水生植物覆盖度、DO、TLI、PI（COD）。以北京市陶然亭湖水生态修复工程为例进行综合评价,研究结果表明,现阶段陶然亭湖水生态修复工程综合评分为3.35分,评价结果属于良。陶然亭湖经过水体生态修复后,水生态系统结构较好恢复;所选工程技术适宜;人员及经济投入适中;对周边环境产生较大正面影响;工程可优后进行推广     

无机碳对浮游藻类生长和群落结构的影响

采用水族箱生态模拟方法,利用碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠作为碱度调节剂设置不同碱度水平,研究了氮磷营养相对充足的试验水体中藻类各相关指标对无机碳的响应,并对试验过程中所测得的理化指标和生物指标进行统计分析.研究表明:富营养水体无机碳含量与藻类叶绿素水平存在着正相关关系;适当增加水体中的无机碳浓度能够改变蓝、绿藻门种类比例;当碱度水平达到一定程度时,铜绿微囊藻可以逐渐成为优势种,并从体系中上升,演替成为水华.