无锡市大气PM2.5中黑碳的粒径分布与混合态特征

针对长江三角洲地区PM2.5中的重要组分黑碳(BC)气溶胶,2010~2011年利用单颗粒黑碳光度计(SP2),对江苏省无锡市夏冬两季BC气溶胶的质量浓度、粒径分布及单颗粒混合态进行了连续在线观测.结果表明,无锡市冬季BC质量浓度(6.1μg/m3)是夏季(2.5μg/m3)的2.4倍,内混态BC比例(NIB)冬季(64.8%)也显著高于夏季(44.6%),说明冬季BC污染与来外来污染传输有关.反向轨迹分析表明,来自华北平原的污染气团输入是冬季高浓度BC污染的首要原因. NIB的日变化趋势与BC质量浓度的完全相反.午后BC质量浓度最低时NIB最高,反映了二次光化学产物包覆在BC颗粒外层的老化过程.此外,夏冬两季BC粒径分布保持稳定,其质量浓度峰值对应粒径在225nm左右,数浓度峰值对应粒径在120nm左右.     

2008北京残奥会期间大气黑碳气溶胶污染特征

利用单颗粒黑碳光度计(SP2)对2008年残奥会期间北京市黑碳(BC)气溶胶的质量浓度、粒径分布及单颗粒混合态进行连续在线观测.结果表明:观测期间BC浓度均值为1.65μg/m3,低于往年同期水平;质量粒径分布呈单峰型,峰值位于207nm;内混态BC比例平均为56.1%,高于其他国内外城市,说明本地源排放贡献相对较小.随大气边界层高度及本地源排放变化,BC浓度在上午8:00和午夜0:00出现2个峰值,内混态BC比例日变化趋势与之相反.风向风速分析表明,残奥会期间来自五环外未限行区域的机动车排放对市区BC浓度有明显影响.     

瓦里关黑碳气溶胶变化特征与来源解析

瓦里关大气本底监测站位于青藏高原东北部,几乎不受局地人为活动的影响,可反映较大空间尺度的大气成分信息.为研究人为活动对本底大气成分产生的影响,在瓦里关站点利用七波段黑碳仪（AE33）对2019年1—12月的黑碳（BC, black carbon）气溶胶浓度进行连续观测,获得了其季节和日变化特征,并使用黑碳仪模型和拉格朗日大气传输模式FLEXPART(Flexible Particle Dispersion Model)对BC来源类型和源区分布进行了分析.结果显示：黑碳气溶胶平均浓度为（332±308） ng·m-3;受污染排放和气象因子的季节性变化的影响,BC在春季、夏季、秋季、冬季的平均值分别为（446±343）、（297±223）、（233±209）、（352±382） ng·m-3;BC日变化峰值分别出现在凌晨（3:00）和中午（13:00）,凌晨出现的峰值由污染长距离输送引起,中午出现的峰值与局地山谷风环流有关.中午的峰值是由BC黑碳来源解析结果显示化石燃料燃烧对BC浓度的贡献占主导地位,全年平均贡献率为68%.生物质燃烧的贡献率在冬季明显升高,达到了40%±1%;FLEXPA...     

基于车载平台的济南市道路环境黑碳污染特征研究

为深入了解济南市主城区道路环境黑碳(BC)污染的时空规律,并评估机动车等对BC排放的影响,该研究利用车载平台和微型黑碳仪在济南市主城区开展了为期一个月的道路BC走航观测并分析其时空分布特征. 结果表明:①济南市主城区道路环境BC小时平均浓度为7.29 μg/m3,且昼夜呈双峰特征,双峰分别出现在04:00—08:00和18:00—22:00,该时段处于道路柴油车行驶及人群出行时段. ②源自化石燃料燃烧的BC占比为82.55%,来自生物质燃烧的BC占比为17.45%. ③BC道路环境浓度呈主干道(7.27 μg/m3)>次干道(6.56 μg/m3)的特征,柴油车占比较大的北园高架上的BC平均浓度(7.18 μg/m3)高于汽油车占比较大的经十路(5.64 μg/m3). ④BC浓度峰值多出现在清晨/深夜交叉路口附近,距十字路口5~10 m时观测的BC浓度最高,表明BC浓度除了受车流量影响外,还受到路况、车型、车速、气象条件等因素的影响. 研究显示,相比汽油车,济南市道路环境BC污染的时空分布特征主要受重型柴油车车辆数、出行时间和行驶路段的影响.      

成都地区黑碳气溶胶变化特征及其来源解析

利用7波段黑碳仪（AE-33）于2017年12月1日至2018年11月30日在成都测量黑碳（BC）质量浓度,获得了成都地区BC浓度变化特征,并基于黑碳仪模型和后向轨迹模型对BC排放来源和潜在源区进行了分析.结果表明,成都地区BC浓度冬季最大（8.18 μg·m^-3）,其次为春季（5.11 μg·m^-3）和秋季（3.91 μg·m^-3）,夏季最小（3.28 μg·m^-3）,年平均浓度（标准差）为5.26（4.67）μg·m^-3.各季节BC浓度日变化受边界层和交通排放高峰的影响呈现出早晚双峰结构.黑碳来源解析结果表明,液体燃料（如交通排放）对BC质量浓度的贡献在各季节均占主要地位,其中夏季最高,冬季最低.受交通早晚高峰的影响,液体燃料对BC的贡献在各季节均呈现早晚峰值,夜间固体燃料排放贡献有所增加.潜在源贡献分析（PSCF）和浓度轨迹权重分析（CWT）的结果表明,成都各季节BC的潜在源区受到气团来源的影响稍有差异,但主要以成都周边及以东至重庆局地区域（川渝城市群）的影响为主,该区域对成都BC的贡献值也较高,且主要为液体燃料燃烧贡献.此外陕西南部和甘肃南部也存在BC的潜在源区,夏季在广西和贵州等地也存在源区分布,但贡献值较小.     

北京冬季重污染过程黑碳气溶胶的飞机观测

利用空中国王飞机平台搭载单颗粒黑碳光度计（SP2）针对北京2016年12月冬季一次污染过程进行了连续观测,阐述了污染发生、发展和消散过程中的黑碳（BC）气溶胶质量浓度、粒径分布和混合状态的变化特征.结果表明,此次污染过程是以PM_2.5污染为主的霾污染过程,最大值为432μg/m³.NO₂、SO₂和CO等气态污染物浓度经过3次污染积累阶段,为PM_2.5最终爆发增长提供了物质基础.静稳的大气条件为PM_2.5爆发增长提供了动力条件.污染发展过程中BC气溶胶先在地面累积增加,然后向高空传输;清除过程则是高空先被移除,低层缓慢降低.污染发展过程中北京地区黑碳气溶胶在边界层（PBL）浓度变化为先升高后减小,平均浓度为3.45μg/m³,质量中值直径（MMD）范围在190~220nm.随着污染过程的发展,气溶胶迅速老化,PBL内的BC老化比例在一天内可从27%增加到了51%,老化过程使得PM_2.5质量浓度爆发增长.污染过程中BC在边界层的垂直演变导致大气加热率发生变化,有利于逆温的维持和发展,加剧了污染物过程.     

不同天气状况宝鸡市黑碳气溶胶污染特征分析

为了解宝鸡市黑碳(Black carbon,简称BC)气溶胶的污染特征,利用AE-31型黑碳仪于2017年12月1日-31日在宝鸡市监测的BC数据,分析得出宝鸡市不同天气条件下BC气溶胶浓度的变化特征,同时利用PM10,PM2.5,SO2,NO2和CO污染物,对BC气溶胶来源进行分析.结果表明,观测期间BC浓度平均值为...     

东海内陆架表层沉积物中黑碳的分布及来源

对东海内陆架表层沉积物中黑碳含量进行了分析,探讨了黑碳在东海内陆架不同区域的分布特征、影响因素及来源,并与长江口徐六径悬浮颗粒物中的黑碳进行了对比。结果显示,长江口徐六径悬浮颗粒物中黑碳的含量平均为1.68±0.51mg/g,且枯季浓度要高于洪季,这反映了燃烧活动的季节变化。黑碳在东海内陆架表层沉积物的分布具有明显的区域特征,近岸区域沉积物中的黑碳含量接近,且与粒径成负相关,并低于徐六径悬浮颗粒物中黑碳的含量,说明来自长江输入的黑碳主要以烟炱为主,并且部分粒径极小的颗粒未完全沉积下来;在123°E以东区域的表层沉积物中的黑碳含量分布较广,并与平均粒径成正相关,说明该区域主要以石墨态黑碳为主。另外,东海内陆架表层沉积物BC/TOC在0.11～0.55之间,因此在研究该区域碳循环过程中,不可忽视BC在不同区域的分布特征及类型差别。     

南京北郊黑碳气溶胶污染特征及影响因素分析

利用2015年1~10月黑碳小时平均质量浓度、PM2.5浓度、污染气体及常规气象观测资料,对南京北郊黑碳气溶胶的时间序列演变特征、污染特征及其影响因子进行了分析.结果表明,观测期间南京北郊黑碳浓度均值为(2 524±1 754)ng·m~(-3).黑碳浓度具有明显的季节变化,冬季最高,平均值达到(3 468±2 455)ng·m~(-3),春季平均值最低,为(2 142±1 240)ng·m~(-3);其日变化也具有明显的双峰结构,峰值出现在上午07:00~08:00和夜间21:00~22:00.黑碳气溶胶与NOx的相关性较好,说明黑碳浓度受机动车尾气排放的影响较大;但观测期间ΔBC/ΔCO比值较低,表明生物质燃烧可能是黑碳气溶胶的又一个重要来源.黑碳浓度随风速增加呈下降趋势,所有季节中小于2 000 ng·m~(-3)的低黑碳浓度主要集中在正西风及相邻风向上,秋冬季大于6 000 ng·m~(-3)的高黑碳浓度则多出现在偏东风下.灰霾和重度霾天气下的黑碳浓度平均值呈较高水平,是非霾天气下的2~2.3倍.     

北京地区不同尺度气溶胶中黑碳含量的观测研究

2003年7月、8月以及11月至2004年1月,在北京大学物理楼顶(北纬39 99°,东经116 31°)使用两台黑碳仪(Aethalometer)和一台TEOM1400a(TaperedElementOscillatingMicrobalance)来观测气溶胶.得到夏季黑碳的平均浓度为8 800μg·m-3,冬季为11 400μg·m-3.在冬季的观测中,在一台黑碳仪的进气口加上不同的切割头,分别得到了全部气溶胶(TSP)、PM10以及PM2 5中的黑碳质量浓度.结果表明,北京冬季的气溶胶中,90%的黑碳存在于PM10中,82 6%的黑碳存在于PM2 5中.比较PM10的浓度和PM10中黑碳的浓度可以看出,PM10中黑碳质量平均占5 11%.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.