室内空气污染现状及控制研究

由于大量新型建筑材料、建筑装饰材料以及日用化学用品的使用,这些材料在室内会释放出大量有害的成份,室内空气污染问题已经引起了人们的广泛重视.本文在大量文献调研的情况下,得出目前室内污染物的主要成份为室内总挥发性有机物(TVOC)、氡、石棉和微生物.装饰、装修材料仍然为室内空气污染物的主要来源,本文给出了室内空气污染的预防措施防治措施.通过分析可以得出,应该重视对室内环境质量的监测控制和管理.     

建筑装饰对室内环境污染的影响研究

建筑装饰对室内环境具有严重的污染性,分析建筑装饰材料的污染组成及对室内环境的影响,列举建筑装饰材料常见的污染物及对人体的危害性,采用相关案例分析法和定量递归分析方法定量分析建筑装饰对室内环境污染的影响,从发展绿色环保材料,避免过度装修以及物理防护等方面出发,给出建筑装饰室内环境污染的防护措施,并采用类别方法分析各类装饰材料对室内环境污染影响程度。根据污染程度,采用一系列方式减少建筑装饰污染对人体健康和安全的危害。     

室内装修污染对人体健康的危害及防治对策

随着生活水平的提高,人们对居住环境的质量要求也越越高。家庭住宅室内装修虽然在感官和视觉上满足了人们求,但同时带来室内空气污染问题,对人体健康造成严重的害。装修后室内存在的主要污染物及危害.1甲醛(HCHO):常温下为气体,有强烈刺激性气味,易溶水。甲醛是生产树脂(如脲醛树脂、酚醛树脂等)的重要原,这些树脂主要用作粘合剂。各种人造板材(如纤维板、胶合等)由于使用了粘合剂而含有甲醛。甲醛的室内来源较多,染浓度也较高,是装修后室内首要污染物。室内甲醛主要来自装修中使用的各种板材、涂料、板材包括地板)表面使用的油漆和在墙壁装饰色彩鲜艳的壁纸,这些装饰材料中不同程度地含有甲醛。购买的新家具,也甲醛室内污染来源的一个方面。甲醛对室内暴露者的健康影响主要是嗅到异味、刺激眼呼吸道粘膜产生变态反应、免疫功能异常,损伤肝、肺和中神经系统,还可损伤细胞内的遗传物质。主要可分为急性中、慢性危害、远期影响。急性中毒:主要是对暴露部位(眼、皮肤)和呼吸道粘膜的激。人的甲醛嗅觉阈为0.06—0.07mg/m3,0.15mg/m3就可起眼红、眼痒、流泪、咽喉干燥发痒、咳嗽、气喘、声音嘶哑、闷、皮肤干燥发痒、皮炎等。慢性危害:主要是可引起变态...     

恶臭气体污染与评价

恶臭气体污染与评价山东省环境保护科学研究所李应芝本文综述了恶臭气体的有关概念、恶臭污染物的嗅觉阈值和气味、恶臭强度分级以及恶臭物质的浓度与臭气强度的关系；并介绍了恶臭气体污染的评价方法。为环境质量评价与环境影响评价提供参考。１恶臭污染物及其产生源恶臭...     

家庭室内装修后甲醛污染现状及其变化规律探讨

探讨家庭室内装修后空气中甲醛污染现状及其变化规律.按照室内装修后时间长短不同及温度的变化进行跟踪检测.经过装修的居室室内空气中的甲醛浓度均高出(甚至远远高出)楼房竣工验收时的浓度.说明甲醛污染主要由装修引起,装修后装饰材料(板材等)仍能释放甲醛,并造成室内甲醛超标,随着时间的推移,室内甲醛浓度逐渐降低.但是,随着夏季气温的升高,冬季装修的居室甲醛浓度会急剧升高,造成室内空气严重的"二次污染".     

建筑室内氡污染研究进展

为有效防护与控制建筑室内氡污染,从建筑室内氡污染现状、污染来源、对人体健康的影响及相关控制标准和防控措施等方面综述了国内外研究进展。结果表明：近年我国大部分城市或地区建筑室内氡污染水平呈上升趋势,主要受建筑材料和装修材料影响;国外建筑室内氡污染水平相差甚大,主要受地质影响。室内氡污染对人体具有强致癌风险,且与吸烟有协同效应。中国与北欧和北美地区针对室内氡污染问题均制定了一系列控制氡污染的标准及减排措施。通过对国内外建筑室内氡污染的研究总结,并根据我国目前存在的问题提出了进一步开展研究的建议。     

室内装修的甲醛污染及防治措施

甲醛是影响室内空气质量的主要污染物之一,室内空气中的甲醛很大程度上来源于家居装修中所使用的装饰材料。本文对长沙市某新建居民小区内23户新居装修前后室内空气中甲醛的浓度变化进行了跟踪监测,探讨了室内装修对室内甲醛污染的影响并提出了防治室内甲醛污染的具体措施与建议。     

室内空气污染预测方法的实证研究

在大型(30m3)、小型(1m3)环境箱实验获得数据的基础上构建释放模型,并将模拟结果和现场监测得到的浓度水平进行对比,对开发的室内空气污染预测方法进行了实证研究.以一新装修房间为例,分别利用大型和小型环境箱实验,研究了复杂整装材料和简单层状材料的释放规律,建立了相应材料的污染物释放模型;依据单元内物质守恒理论和污染物充分混合的假设将释放模型组合,建立了室内空气污染预测方法,并预测了该房间甲醛和TVOC(total volatile organic compounds)浓度的变化过程.在考虑了0.03ACH(air change per hour)的换气率之后,模型预测与现场监测的污染物浓度变化趋势基本吻合,甲醛和TVOC污染预测误差(正则化标准差)分别为2.8%和1.6%.模型分析表明,各污染源对于甲醛污染的贡献,家具＞涂料＞地板;对于TVOC污染的贡献,涂料＞地板＞家具.结论表明,该预测方法可以真实反映现场污染物浓度变化趋势,可以用来分析各污染源对于整体污染的贡献、指导装修材料的选择和作为室内污染评估和控制的有效工具.     

室内装修的甲醛污染及防治措施

甲醛是影响室内空气质量的主要污染物之一，室内空气中的甲醛很大程度上来源于家居装修中所使用的装饰材料。本文对长沙市某新建居民小区内23户新居装修前后室内空气中甲醛的浓度变化进行了跟踪监测，探讨了室内装修对室内甲醛污染的影响并提出了防治室内甲醛污染的具体措施与建议。     

室内装修空气污染的危害及防治措施

装修材料已成为室内空气污染的一大因素,介绍了室内装修过程中产生的主要污染物的由来及其危害,并提出了相应的防治措施。     

VOCs released from municipal solid waste at the initial decomposition stage: Emission characteristics and an odor impact assessment

The nuisance from odor caused by municipal solid waste(MSW) is resulting in a growing number of public complaints and concerns. Odor pollution occurs in the initial decomposition stage of MSW, including waste collection, transportation and early pre-treatment. Furthermore, decomposition takes place in waste facilities that are often close to living areas, which can result in odor impacts on local inhabitants. However, this aspect of odor impact from MSW has not been well studied. In the current ...     

我国餐厨废物生化处理设施恶臭排放特征分析

选择目前国内餐厨废物成功进行资源化处理的代表性城市西宁、北京和宁波,分别对其处理处置情况进行调研并设置采样点,采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC/MS)对各企业主要恶臭排放工段的恶臭物质进行定性定量分析,采用三点比较式臭袋法对各企业主要恶臭排放工段的臭气浓度进行测试分析.结果表明,餐厨垃圾生化处理企业的排放物质种类主要为醇、醛、酮、酯的含氧烃类,但对恶臭贡献最大的是含硫化合物,其次是萜烯类物质;综合西宁、宁波和北京的调研及分析结果,可初步考虑餐厨垃圾生化处理设施典型恶臭物质为乙醇、柠檬烯、硫化氢、甲硫醇、甲硫醚、二甲二硫醚、乙醛、乙酸乙酯.     

基于多源数据融合的河南省建材行业排放清单

建材行业是典型的资源和能源消耗型产业,也是大气污染的主要排放源之一.中国作为全球最大的建材产品生产国和消费国,目前针对建材行业排放特征的研究总体较少,数据来源较为单一.以河南省建材行业为研究对象,首次将应急减排清单应用到排放清单构建中,通过对应急减排清单、排污许可和环境统计等多源数据的融合研究,完善和细化了建材行业活动水平数据,建立了更为精准的河南省建材行业排放清单.结果表明,2020年河南省建材行业的SO₂、 NO_x、一次PM_2.5和PM₁₀的排放量分别为21 788、 51 427、 10 107和14 471 t.其中,水泥和砖瓦是河南省建材行业大气污染物排放占比最高的2个行业,合计超过50%,水泥行业NO_x排放问题较为突出,砖瓦行业整体治理水平比较落后.豫中和豫北是河南省建材行业排放贡献最高的地区,合计超过全省的60%.建议加快推进水泥行业超低排放改造,针对砖瓦等行业完善地方排放标准,持续提升建材行业大气污染治理水平.     

Wood-based building materials and atmospheric carbon emissions

This study investigates the global impact of wood as a building material by considering emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Wood is compared with other materials in terms of stored carbon and emissions of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel energy used in manufacturing. An analysis of typical forms of building construction shows that wood buildings require much lower process energy and result in lower carbon emissions than buildings of other materials such as brick, aluminium, steel and concrete. If a shift is made towards greater use of wood in buildings, the low fossil fuel requirement for manufacturing wood compared with other materials is much more significant in the long term than the carbon stored in the wood building products.As a corollary, a shift from wood to non-wood materials would result in an increase in energy requirements and carbon emissions.The results presented in this paper show that a 17% increase in wood usage in the New Zealand building industry could result in a 20% reduction in carbon emissions from the manufacture of all building materials, being a reduction of about 1.5% of New Zealand’s total emissions. The reduction in emissions is mainly a result of using wood in place of brick and aluminium, and to a lesser extent steel and concrete, all of which require much more process energy than wood. There would be a corresponding decrease of about 1.5% in total national fossil fuel consumption. These figures have implications for the global forestry and building industries. Any increases in wood use must be accompanied by corresponding increases in areas of forest being managed for long term sustained yield production.     

寒冷地区室内环境空气质量及其影响因素分析研究

以哈尔滨市2011年-2015年室内环境空气数据资料为基础,通过描述统计和数学模型分析了寒冷地区室内环境空气质量的变化趋势和影响因素.分析结果表明,寒冷地区室内环境空气质量随着人们对室内装修材料的不断重视和对健康的生活不懈追求呈逐年好转趋势;室内环境空气质量季节差别明显,房屋室内温湿度高有利于污染物从家具建材等装修材料中向空气中释放,从而使室内空气较差;室内装修材料使用多少、装修程度复杂或简单,都与室内环境空气质量呈正相关关系.     

Identification of odorous compounds in reclaimed water using FPA combined with sensory GC-MS

Odorous compounds in the influent of a reclaimed water treatment plant (RWTP), consisting of coagulation, sedimentation, continuous micro-filtration (CMF), and chlorination in succession, in a north China city, were identified by combining flavor profile analysis (FPA) with sensory gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The sewery/swampy/septic odor with an odor intensity of 6.4 was found to be the major odor group in the RWTP influent, and the existence of well-known odorant including dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, indole and skatole were confirmed using GC-MS. The result of a spiking test showed that the intensity (3.6) of the sewery/swampy/septic odor caused by these four chemicals contributed to over 50% of the odor intensity of the influent. The FPA intensity for sewery/swampy/septic odor in the RWTP effluent was 3.8, showing that the treatment process was not efficient for the removal of odorants, particularly indole and skatole.     

城市固体废物处理处置设施恶臭污染评估指标体系研究

基于恶臭物质的嗅阈值,建立了针对城市固体废物处理处置设施的恶臭污染评估指标体系,重点包括基于阈稀释倍数的理论臭气浓度及其计算方法,指标恶臭物质的筛选方法,以及反映嗅觉感受的臭气指数及其计算方法等.并通过生活垃圾填埋场和中转站恶臭物质监测结果,展示了该指标体系在固体废物处理设施恶臭污染评估中的应用,为恶臭污染的预测,模拟与评估提供了定量化的科学方法.     

Determination of urine-derived odorous compounds in a source separation sanitation system

Source separation sanitation systems have attracted more and more attention recently.However, separate urine collection and treatment could induce odor issues, especially in large scale application. In order to avoid such issues, it is necessary to monitor the odor related compounds that might be generated during urine storage. This study investigated the odorous compounds that emitted from source-separated human urine under different hydrolysis conditions. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of temperature, stale/fresh urine ratio and urine dilution on odor emissions. It was found that ammonia, dimethyl disulfide, allyl methyl sulfide and 4-heptanone were the main odorous compounds generated from human urine, with headspace concentrations hundreds of times higher than their respective odor thresholds. Furthermore, the high temperature accelerated urine hydrolysis and liquid–gas mass transfer, resulting a remarkable increase of odor emissions from the urine solution. The addition of stale urine enhanced urine hydrolysis and expedited odor emissions. On the contrary, diluted urine emitted less odorous compounds ascribed to reduced concentrations of odorant precursors. In addition,this study quantified the odor emissions and revealed the constraints of urine source separation in real-world applications. To address the odor issue, several control strategies are recommended for odor mitigation or elimination from an engineering perspective.     

建筑装修材料对室内空气环境污染的有效预防研究

随着人们对居住环境要求的不断提高、对生活品质的不断追求,室内建筑装修成为了普遍现象,且装修技术愈发高超。与此同时不合格的建筑装修材料也对室内空气环境造成了严重污染,对居住人群的身体健康造成了严重侵害。建筑装修材料中常见的成分如甲醛、苯系物、放射性物质等,都是污染物。对室内空气环境中的主要污染物来源、危害以及人们对装修材料错误使用进行分析;针对造成室内空气环境污染的各种建筑装修材料,给出了相应的控制、治理和预防对策。     

养猪场恶臭污染的预测模型及感官评估研究

现代化、集约化养殖技术促进了养猪业的高效发展,但养殖过程中产生的恶臭污染对环境的影响也逐渐显露出来.为正确识别养猪场恶臭物质组成、建立基于关键致臭物质的恶臭气体预测模型、感官评估恶臭对人产生的心理影响,对天津市某养猪场母猪舍、育肥舍及舍外的恶臭气体进行采样.应用GC-MS,分析物质组成;根据阈稀释倍数计算结果,确定关键致臭物质;通过研究各组分对复合恶臭的影响,建立复合恶臭气体预测模型;结合臭气浓度与人群实际心理感受,提出养猪场厌恶临界点.结果表明:①该养猪场共检出恶臭物质48种,各类型恶臭物质质量分数大小依次为w(氨)>w(含氧烃)>w(硫化物)>w(烷烃)>w(卤代烃)>w(烯烃)>w(芳香烃).②该养猪场关键致臭物质为氨与乙醇,其中氨对复合臭气浓度的影响最大.③养猪场复合恶臭气体预测模型为O=0. 34I₁+0. 75I₂+5. 81(其中,O为复合臭气浓度指数,I₁、I₂分别为乙醇和氨的恶臭气体指数),经实际样品检验该模型具有良好的预测效果.④养猪场气味属厌...