纳米二氧化铈对蛋白核小球藻和大型溞的毒性及其在大型溞体内的形态转化

随着纳米技术的飞速发展,纳米材料的应用日益广泛。同时,这类具有独特物理化学特性的微小颗粒对环境和健康的影响引起了人们的关注。本工作参考国际经济合作与发展组织(OECD)化学品生态毒理测试方法,以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和大型溞(Daphnia magna)为受试生物,研究了CeO_2纳米颗粒暴露对小球藻生长、叶绿素含量和细胞内活性氧水平以及大型溞运动能力的影响,分析了大型溞体内铈的形态。随着暴露浓度的升高和时间延长,CeO_2纳米颗粒逐渐抑制小球藻的生长,导致叶绿素水平的降低和活性氧水平升高。暴露96 h后,CeO_2纳米颗粒对小球藻生长的EC50为30.4 mg·L-1,而对大型溞活动抑制的24 h、48 h-EC50分别为430.2 mg·L-1和142.7 mg·L-1。根据中华人民共和国环境保护行业标准中的毒性分级标准,CeO_2纳米颗粒对小球藻属于中毒性物质,对大型溞属于低毒性物质。CeO_2纳米颗粒在大型溞体内主要以Ce(IV)的形式存在,约有3%转化为Ce(III)。对CeO_2纳米颗粒的水生态效应给予足够重视并深入研究其毒性作用机制。     

蒽醌类化合物对大型蚤(Daphnia magna)的急性光致毒性研究

通过测定模拟光照和无光照条件下20种蒽醌类化合物对大型(Daphnia magna)的48h半数活动抑制浓度(EC50), 研究了该类化合物的光致毒性．比较了两种助溶剂(二甲基亚砜和丙酮)对这些化合物光致毒性的影响,初步讨论了光致毒性的机理．结果表明,所研究的助溶剂不影响这些化合物对大型潘的光致毒性．蒽醌类化合物因其取代基的不同(-NH2、-OH、-Cl、-Br、-NO2)、取代基位置的不同和取代基数目的不同,而表现出对大型潘光致毒性的不同．最低未占据分子轨道能(ELUMO)和最高占据分子轨道能(EHOMO)之间的能级差,可用于初步判断蒽醌类化合物 溞大型的潜在光致毒性．     

纳米铜颗粒的种间毒性关系

纳米颗粒的种间毒性关系尚无明确结论,因此很难判断纳米颗粒对未进行毒性测试的物种的风险如何。本文作者将5种水蚤(Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulex, Daphnia galeata, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Chydorus sphaericus)暴露于4种不同粒径的纳米铜颗粒(CuNPs)和1种亚微米铜颗粒的悬浊液中,考察物种的形态特征与CuNPs急性毒性的关系。结果显示,杆状的CuNPs比球状的CuNPs毒性更低。纳米铜颗粒与溶出铜离子均对CuNPs的毒性有贡献,其中,当新生蚤的体长、体表面积和身体体积更小时,5种悬浊液中颗粒的毒性更大。5种蚤的身体体积与5种CuNPs的毒性显著相关(r_adj²>0.51, p < 0.001),78-nm CuNPs与蚤身体体积的相关性最好 (r_adj²?=?0.95, p < 0.001)。这个研究可以为纳米颗粒对有相似外形特征的物种进行毒性种间外推提供线索。
精选自Lan Song, Martina G. Vijver, Geert R. de Snoo and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Assessing toxicity of copper nanoparticles across five cladoceran species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 8, pages 1744–1750, August 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3000
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3000/full     

纳米铜颗粒的种间毒性关系

纳米颗粒的种间毒性关系尚无明确结论,因此很难判断纳米颗粒对未进行毒性测试的物种的风险如何。本文作者将5种水蚤(Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulex, Daphnia galeata, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Chydorus sphaericus)暴露于4种不同粒径的纳米铜颗粒(CuNPs)和1种亚微米铜颗粒的悬浊液中,考察物种的形态特征与CuNPs急性毒性的关系。结果显示,杆状的CuNPs比球状的CuNPs毒性更低。纳米铜颗粒与溶出铜离子均对CuNPs的毒性有贡献,其中,当新生蚤的体长、体表面积和身体体积更小时,5种悬浊液中颗粒的毒性更大。5种蚤的身体体积与5种CuNPs的毒性显著相关(r_adj²>0.51, p < 0.001),78-nm CuNPs与蚤身体体积的相关性最好 (r_adj²?=?0.95, p < 0.001)。这个研究可以为纳米颗粒对有相似外形特征的物种进行毒性种间外推提供线索。
精选自Lan Song, Martina G. Vijver, Geert R. de Snoo and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Assessing toxicity of copper nanoparticles across five cladoceran species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 8, pages 1744–1750, August 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3000
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3000/full     

纳米铜颗粒的种间毒性关系

纳米颗粒的种间毒性关系尚无明确结论,因此很难判断纳米颗粒对未进行毒性测试的物种的风险如何。本文作者将5种水蚤(Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulex, Daphnia galeata, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Chydorus sphaericus)暴露于4种不同粒径的纳米铜颗粒(CuNPs)和1种亚微米铜颗粒的悬浊液中,考察物种的形态特征与CuNPs急性毒性的关系。结果显示,杆状的CuNPs比球状的CuNPs毒性更低。纳米铜颗粒与溶出铜离子均对CuNPs的毒性有贡献,其中,当新生蚤的体长、体表面积和身体体积更小时,5种悬浊液中颗粒的毒性更大。5种蚤的身体体积与5种CuNPs的毒性显著相关(r_adj²>0.51, p < 0.001),78-nm CuNPs与蚤身体体积的相关性最好 (r_adj²?=?0.95, p < 0.001)。这个研究可以为纳米颗粒对有相似外形特征的物种进行毒性种间外推提供线索。
精选自Lan Song, Martina G. Vijver, Geert R. de Snoo and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Assessing toxicity of copper nanoparticles across five cladoceran species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 8, pages 1744–1750, August 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3000
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3000/full     

丙烯酰胺对大型溞(Daphnia magna)的急性和慢性毒性

丙烯酰胺对大型(Daphniamagna)的急性试验表明,丙烯酰胺对大型的24h LC50、48h LC50值分别为173.21和89.59mg·L-1。21d生活周期试验结果表明,大型的生殖指标是对该种化合物最为敏感的慢性毒性参数。丙烯酰胺对大型生殖的无可见效应浓度(NOEC)为1.56mg·L-1,最低可见效应浓度(LOEC)为3.13mg·L-1,并据此计算出该毒物的最大允许浓度(MATC)为2.47mg·L-1。     

三种典型渔药对大型溞(Daphnia magna)的急性毒性及其关键环境影响因子分析

测试了三种典型渔药三氯异氰尿酸(Trichloroisocyanuricacid,TCCA)、叔丁基对羟基茴香醚(Butylatedhydroxyanisole,BHA)、盐酸环丙沙星(Ciprofloxacinhydrochloride,CPFX)对大型(Daphniamagna)的急性毒性。结果表明,对于大型的毒性由大到小的顺序为:三氯异氰尿酸,叔丁基对羟基茴香醚,盐酸环丙沙星,48hLC50分别为0.19mg·L-1,3.15mg·L-1和135.15mg·L-1。通过三因素三水平正交试验分析了主要环境因子pH值、硬度、腐殖酸对三种渔药对大型毒性的影响,发现pH显著影响TCCA的毒性,硬度显著影响CPFX的毒性,而BHA毒性受环境因素影响不显著。     

Effects of nanoparticles on Daphnia magna population dynamics

Spherical TiO₂ nanoparticles (npTiO₂) were prepared by controlled hydrolysis of tetraethoxy orthotitanate under a nitrogen atmosphere. ZnO nanoparticles (npZnO) were prepared using hydrothermal methods. The crystal structure, chemical, thermal and morphological properties of npZnO and npTiO₂ were characterised using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, enery-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope techniques. The short- and long-term experiments were started with neonates taken from the same culture and laboratory condition. In the acute experiments, npTiO₂, npZnO, and cocktail concentrations were applied. 96h-LC₅₀ values were 1.8, 0.7, and 0.1?mg?L^?1, respectively (p?<?.05). For the chronic experiments, different npTiO₂ concentrations were performed. 21d-LC₅₀ value was 1.0?mgL^?1 (p?<?.05). Morphometry became progressively worse in concentrations of more than 1?mgL^?1 npTiO₂. Neonate and young individuals were more sensitive to death because of their low tolerance. This result was affected by population progeny and growth rates (p?<?.05). While control and 0.5?mgL^?1 npTiO₂ groups were determined as growing population, 1.5 and 2?mgL^?1 npTiO₂ groups had decreased population size as R₀ values. Consequently, the relationships between nanoparticle accumulation within Daphnia magna and its population structure and body morphometry for each concentration were important indicators. Its tolerance level to nanoparticles under laboratory conditions reflected its replacement and behaviour in the ecosystem.     

水环境中氯丙嗪污染对鲫鱼和大型蚤的急性毒性效应

氯丙嗪作为一种镇静类兽药被广泛使用,已成为水环境中的一种新型污染物.为检验氯丙嗪对水生生物的生态毒性效应,采用实验室模拟的方法,研究了工业原料药盐酸氯丙嗪对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)和大型蚤(Daphnia magna)的急性毒性效应.结果表明:氯丙嗪对两种水生生物的毒性效应(致死率、抑制率概率单位)均与其浓度呈显著线性正相关关系(p<0.05),且毒性强度随作用时间的延长而增加;氯丙嗪对鲫鱼的24、48和96h的半致死浓度(LC50)值分别为1.11、0.43和0.32mg·L-1,通过计算求得氯丙嗪对鲫鱼的安全浓度为19.5μg·L-1;氯丙嗪对大型蚤的24h LC50值为0.65mg·L-1,24h EC50值(使50%受试大型蚤活动受抑浓度)为0.57mg·L-1;48h LC50值为0.36mg·L-1,48h EC50值为0.28mg·L-1;对鲫鱼和大型蚤而言,氯丙嗪属极高毒性物质,大型蚤对氯丙嗪的敏感性大于鲫鱼。     

Effects of three different nanoparticles on bioaccumulation,oxidative stress,osmoregulatory, and immune responses of Carcinus aestuarii

Abstract

In this study, the toxicity of CuO (40?nm), α-Al₂O₃ (40?nm), and α-Fe₂O₃ (20–40?nm) nanoparticles was comparatively investigated on Carcinus aestuarii. Crabs were semi-statically exposed to 1?mg/L of each for 14?days and their accumulation and distribution in tissue and hemolymph, potential oxidative stress mechanism, total hemocyte counts and types, and the osmoregulatory and ionoregulatory responses were determined. The tissue distribution of CuO nanoparticles was hepatopancreas?>?hemolymph?≥?gill?> muscle, for α-Fe₂O₃ gill?>?hepatopancreas?>?muscle?> hemolymph, and for α-Al₂O₃ gill?>?muscle?≥?hemolymph?> hepatopancreas. While α-Al₂O₃ and α-Fe₂O₃ NPs, induced lipid peroxidation and changes in antioxidant enzyme activity in the hepatopancreas tissue, the oxidative damage caused by the CuO nanoparticles was minimal. All three nanoparticles, copper in particular, elicit osmoregulatory and ionoregulatory toxicity at this concentration, due to the inhibition of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity in the gill and depletion of hemolymph and carcass ion concentrations.     

Acute toxicity of potassium permanganate to Caspian roach Rutilus rutilus caspicus in two size classes and under different aeration conditions

Caspian roach, Rutilus rutilus caspicus, might experience potassium permanganate (PM) toxicity, because it is common and widely used disinfectant in fish rearing and propagation centers in Iran. Thus, acute toxicity (24-h-LC₅₀) of PM was determined on Caspian roach in two size classes (small and large groups), under aerated and non-aerated conditions, using static non-renewal system. 24-h-LC₅₀ for PM in Caspian roach was 3.2, 3, 3.2, and 2.8?mg?L^?1 in large-aerated, large-non-aerated, small-aerated, and small-non-aerated groups, respectively. Results indicated that aeration was led to decrease in PM toxicity, regardless of size class. However, large fish showed more tolerance to PM toxicity compared to small ones, under non-aerated condition. It is concluded that aeration could decrease the toxicity of PM that seems to be due to the increase in PM degradation, derived from increase in water turbulence. It is suggested that 96-h-LC₅₀ may be more suitable to determine the effects of fish size on PM toxicity than 24-h-LC₅₀.     

Effect Of pH on the complexation of U(II) with organic matter dissolved in resh waters

In the present work we study the effect of pH on the complexation of copper with organic matter dissolved in fresh surface waters. Samples collected in rivers of Galicia (NW of Spain) were titrated with copper solution at pH values in the range 5.5–7.5. Copper concentration was measured by DPASV technique. The complexation parameters were obtained from the simple model of 1 : 1 complex formation. The obtained values show a linear increase of the logarithm of the conditional stability constant as the pH increases.     

离子液体[C8mim]Br对不同日龄大型溞的急性毒性

该试验研究了不同发育时期大型溞(Daphnia magna)对离子液体[C8mim]Br的耐受性,为离子液体的生态安全评价提供科学依据.采用急性毒性试验方法研究了不同浓度离子液体 [C8mim]Br对1、3、5、7、11日龄大型溞毒性效应及其所产幼溞的死亡率.实验结果表明不同日龄的大型溞对[C8mim]Br敏感性不同,其中1日龄和3日龄的幼溞敏感性最高,而5日龄和7日龄大型溞敏感性最低,怀卵期11日龄大型溞对[C8mim]Br的敏感性再次提高.置于急性处理质量浓度的[C8mim]Br中,11日龄大型溞所产幼溞死亡率随着[C8mim]Br浓度的增加和暴露时间的延长而逐渐增加,至48 h最高浓度处理组幼溞的死亡率高达95%.试验结果表明可采用1日龄和3日龄的幼溞用于评价离子液体的毒性.     

Acute and long-term effects of sucralose on the water flea Daphnia magna on mobility,survival and reproduction at different temperature regimes

Sucralose is a food additive used as a substitute for sugar. Although the risk of negative effects in organisms exposed to sucralose in the natural environment is low, it is expected that the water concentrations of sucralose will continue to increase in the near future. Temperature in the aquatic ecosystem is also expected to increase, and this needs to be considered in ecotoxicological studies. Herein, we investigated if the water flea Daphnia magna could be affected by sucralose exposure both at optimal and elevated temperatures. No increased mortality or effects on mobility and fecundity were observed after sucralose exposure at any exposure temperature during the course of the experiment. An increase in temperature to 26°С reduced the time required to produce four generations of offspring. However, this result was observed across treatments; hence speeding up of life processes was caused by an increased temperature only and not sucralose exposure. A lack of deleterious effects on the acute and chronic endpoints, even at elevated temperatures, suggests a relative robustness of this species to sucralose. However, due to the extensive use of sucralose in combination with rising water temperatures, further investigations on possible long-term effects should be studied to evaluate potential early warning signals.     

Molecular changes of aquatic humic substances formed from four aquatic macrophytes decomposed under different oxygen conditions

Aquatic macrophytes’ decomposition is a source of recalcitrant carbon in the long term contributing to humic substances (HS) formation. Understanding the influence of plant detritus quality and oxygen availability over molecular changes of these compounds provides ecological information related to their cycling. This study described the molecular variation of dissolved HS from Eichhornia azurea, Egeria najas, Oxycaryum cubense and Salvinia molesta decomposition under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The aquatic HS formed from the four aquatic macrophytes showed similar features (e.g. molecular weight and aromaticity). This fact indicates little influence of the detritus quality or availability of oxygen on the fulvic acids (FA) and humic acid characteristics. Under aerobic condition a decrease in the polysaccharides content in FA occurred. HS from E. najas were related to less-recalcitrant features, while HS from S. molesta were related to recalcitrant.     

Toxicity and transfer of metal oxide nanoparticles from microalgae to sea urchin larvae

Nanoparticles (NPs) contained in commercial products are released and enter into the aquatic ecosystem, posing serious possible risks to the environment and affecting the food chain. Therefore, investigating the potential toxicity of NPs on aquatic organisms has become an important issue. This study assessed the toxicity and trophic transfer of metal oxide NPs from marine microalgae (Cricosphaera elongata) to the larvae of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Larvae (24 h old) were fed on 2000 cell mL^?1 48 h of microalgae contaminated with 5 mg L^?1 of several metal oxide NPs (SiO₂, SnO₂, CeO₂, Fe₃O₄) for 15 days. Larval viability and development were monitored from the 4-arm stage to the 8-arm pluteus stage. A significant decrease in survival was observed in larvae fed with microalgae exposed to SiO₂ and CeO₂ NPs. Abnormal development, characterised by skeletal degeneration and altered rudiment growth, was observed in all larvae fed with contaminated NP algae. Our findings revealed that SiO₂ and CeO₂ NPs exerted a toxic effect in the trophic interaction analysed, by reducing sea urchin larval viability, and all metal oxide NPs induced toxicological effects. In conclusion, metal oxide NPs may enter the food chain and become bioavailable for marine organisms, affecting their development.     

利用大型蚤和斑马鱼评价腈纶废水好氧-厌氧处理过程的急性毒性和遗传毒性变化

腈纶废水毒性较强且难以去除,对腈纶废水毒性及污水处理过程毒性削减能力进行评价,可为开发该类废水毒性减排技术提供科学依据。利用大型蚤及斑马鱼评价某腈纶废水的急性毒性和遗传毒性,及厌氧-好氧工艺对该废水毒性的削减能力。采用大型蚤活动抑制率和斑马鱼致死率表征废水急性毒性,采用斑马鱼肝细胞彗星尾矩表征废水遗传毒性。腈纶废水处理前对大型蚤和斑马鱼的急性毒性单位(TU)分别为1.2和2.9,经厌氧-好氧工艺处理后分别降至0.4和0.5。遗传毒性结果表明腈纶废水对斑马鱼肝细胞造成DNA损伤作用,经处理后遗传毒性仍显著高于阴性对照组。理化指标与毒性指标相关性分析表明,该废水氨氮与毒性显著相关,推测氨氮可能是该废水中的重要致毒因子之一。研究结果表明该腈纶废水采用现有厌氧-好氧工艺无法有效削减毒性,对受纳水体水生态环境造成潜在危害。     

腐殖酸可降低纳米银的水生生物毒性

本文作者主要研究了腐殖酸对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包覆的纳米银颗粒(polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs)毒性的影响,受试生物涵盖了水生系统不同的营养级别,包括藻类(Raphidocelis subcapitata)、水蚤类(Chydorus sphaericus)以及淡水鱼类(Danio rerio)。结果显示,腐殖酸可降低AgNPs对本研究中所有水生生物的毒性,并具有明显的剂量效应关系。原因为：1）腐殖酸使AgNPs表面带有更多负电荷,这阻碍了AgNPs与藻细胞的接触,使毒性降低;2）腐殖酸抑制了AgNPs中Ag⁺的溶出,而本研究显示自由Ag⁺的毒性高于团聚的纳米银颗粒。
精选自Zhuang Wang, Joris T.K. Quik, Lan Song, Evert-Jan Van Den Brandhof, Marja Wouterse and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Humic substances alleviate the aquatic toxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles to organisms of different trophic levels. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 6, pages 1239–1245, June 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2936
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2936/full
     

腐殖酸可降低纳米银的水生生物毒性

本文作者主要研究了腐殖酸对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包覆的纳米银颗粒(polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs)毒性的影响,受试生物涵盖了水生系统不同的营养级别,包括藻类(Raphidocelis subcapitata)、水蚤类(Chydorus sphaericus)以及淡水鱼类(Danio rerio)。结果显示,腐殖酸可降低AgNPs对本研究中所有水生生物的毒性,并具有明显的剂量效应关系。原因为：1）腐殖酸使AgNPs表面带有更多负电荷,这阻碍了AgNPs与藻细胞的接触,使毒性降低;2）腐殖酸抑制了AgNPs中Ag⁺的溶出,而本研究显示自由Ag⁺的毒性高于团聚的纳米银颗粒。
精选自Zhuang Wang, Joris T.K. Quik, Lan Song, Evert-Jan Van Den Brandhof, Marja Wouterse and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Humic substances alleviate the aquatic toxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles to organisms of different trophic levels. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 6, pages 1239–1245, June 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2936
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2936/full
     

腐殖酸可降低纳米银的水生生物毒性

本文作者主要研究了腐殖酸对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包覆的纳米银颗粒(polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs)毒性的影响，受试生物涵盖了水生系统不同的营养级别，包括藻类(Raphidocelis subcapitata)、水蚤类(Chydorus sphaericus)以及淡水鱼类(Danio rerio)。结果显示，腐殖酸可降低AgNPs对本研究中所有水生生物的毒性，并具有明显的剂量效应关系。原因为：1）腐殖酸使AgNPs表面带有更多负电荷，这阻碍了AgNPs与藻细胞的接触，使毒性降低；2）腐殖酸抑制了AgNPs中Ag⁺的溶出，而本研究显示自由Ag⁺的毒性高于团聚的纳米银颗粒。
精选自Zhuang Wang, Joris T.K. Quik, Lan Song, Evert-Jan Van Den Brandhof, Marja Wouterse and Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg. Humic substances alleviate the aquatic toxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles to organisms of different trophic levels. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 34, Issue 6, pages 1239–1245, June 2015. DOI: 10.1002/etc.2936
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.2936/full