印染废水水解酸化处理中填料式反应器与UASB反应器的比较

根据印染废水的特点和印染废水处理工程实例,从适用性、与其他工艺的衔接、工程造价、运行费用及水解效果等方面对UASB水解酸化反应器和填料式水解酸化反应器进行比较研究。研究表明,UASB水解酸化反应器在适用性和工程造价两个方面具有一定的缺陷;但是UASB水解酸化反应器对印染废水中COD、SS和色度去除率能够分别达到50％、73％和75％,明显高于填料式水解酸化反应器;且UASB水解酸化反应器每降解1kgCOD所需电量为（0．23±0．05）kW·h,优于填料式水解酸化反应器。     

一种新型复合球填料在低浓度污再生回用中的应用研究

新型复合球填料为沸石与悬浮球填料的有机组合体，密度约为0．92～0．97g／cm^3，比表面积为711～1185m^2/m^2，表面粗糙，物化性能稳定。在曝气量为20：1，停留时间为6h时，装有新型复合球填料的反应柱挂膜容易，成膜时间短，膜不易脱落，且生物相丰富。膜成熟时对生活污水中的氨氮和COD都有很好的去除效果，出水氨氮浓度≤2mg／L，去除率≥93％；出水COD浓度≤22mg／L，去除率≥80％。新型复合球反应柱在稳定状态处理低浓度的二级出水时，出水氨氮浓度≤2mg／L，去除率89％，出水COD浓度为10～36mg／L，去除率为48％～81％。出水水质符合GB50335-2002标准。     

多孔铁-碳-稀土合金填料对高盐废水中氯离子的去除

高盐废水是目前水处理领域的难点,主要研究了不同因素下多孔铁碳合金填料对氯离子的去除效果,及Cl-的去除机理。在进水pH为2,停留时间为60 min,Cl-浓度20 000 mg/L条件下进行实验,通过静态实验和连续实验确定Cl-主要去除途径为微电解过程引起的填料吸附。这种合金填料对实际高氯废水也有较好的处理效果,针对变性淀粉废水,在最优条件下填料对废水中氯离子有较强的吸附去除能力,同时COD去除率能达到57%,废水的可生化性得以大幅度提高。     

基于烧结成型的红壤除磷填料开发

为了开发除磷填料，以红壤为基本材料，并以烧结温度、粉煤灰添加量、外加剂A用量和外加剂B用量作为4个因素设计正交实验，制造了不同配方的红壤烧结填料，进行等温吸附实验并利用Langmuir模型拟合最大吸磷量进行比较。结果表明，通过烧结可使粉末状红壤成型，同时提高了其除磷能力；对填料理论吸磷量的影响因素主次顺序为外加剂B用量、外加剂A用量、粉煤灰用量及烧结温度；通过比较理论吸附量，同时考虑到成本，可以确定正交实验结果中较优填料配方组成为（重量比）：61％红壤，30％粉煤灰，0％外加剂A，9％外加剂B，烧结温度1150℃，其最大理论的磷吸附量2．274mg／cm^2，单位除磷原料成本约0．047元／g．     

低温环境下内置腐殖土填料SBR系统处理糠醛废水

在水温为5～10℃左右的条件下,通过实验对比了传统SBR系统与内置腐殖土填料式SBR系统处理糠醛废水的效能,结果表明：由于内置腐殖土填料的作用,填料式SBR系统的去除效能要高于未装填料的SBR系统;传统SBR系统的COD、氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为89%、85%和59%,出水浊度为8.6 NTU;填料式SBR系统的COD、氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为95%、90%和71%,出水浊度为1.7 NTU。     

微电解反应器应用于印染废水深度处理的小试研究

利用铁炭微电解反应器对印染废水的深度处理进行了实验研究,检验了微电解设备的性能,确定了其设备的最大负荷、反冲洗周期以及填料更换的周期,并对曝气影响反应器运行的状况进行了研究。该工艺对COD的去除率均达到70％以上,色度去除率为99％,盐度达1000mg／L以下,硬度达220mg／L以下,出水水质达到印染废水的回用水质标准。     

废铁屑处理难生物降解染料废水

研究了用废铁屑处理难生物降解的染料废水，考察了进pH值、曝气时间、固液比、铁屑粒度对废水处理效果的影响，并确定了适宜实验条件。实验证明，该法可以有效去除染料废水的色度和CODcr，在实验考察范围内，脱色率和CODcr去除率分别可达90％、61.7%。同时废水可生化性也得到了改善，BOD5／CODcr从19.6%上升到29.5%，提高了50％,有利于后续生化处理。该法以废治废，是一种很有实用价值的废水处理方法。     

悬浮填料—SBR工艺处理难降解青霉素制药废水的研究

采用悬浮填料—SBR工艺处理青霉素制药废水，结果表明：青霉素废水中含有的抗生素对微生物有抑制作用，宜采用非限制曝气的进水方式；最佳运行工艺为一周期8h，非限制曝气进水1h，反应5h，沉淀、排水和闲置2h；该工艺与单一SBR工艺相比，可提高CODcr去除率20％以上，缩短反应时间2h；且具有良好的稳定性，当进水CODcr浓度变化较大(800—2500mg／L)时，CODcr去除率一直稳定于83％-85％之间，出水CODcr在136—350mg／L之间，达到国家二级徘放标准。     

用于生物接触氧化工艺的填料特性比较研究

填料材质、结构等影响到生物膜的性状和水力学特性，是决定生物接触氧化工艺处理效果的关键因素。本文分别选取了悬挂式填料和悬浮式填料各2种填料，分别从COD与NH2-N的去除、充氧效率和出水浊度等方面对各种填料处理城市污水进行了比较研究。实验结果表明，悬挂式填料具有挂膜快、处理效果稳定，受环境变化影响较小；悬浮式填料受气水作用能够悬浮转动而具有较强的布水、布气功能；生物量的差异导致悬浮式填料和悬挂式填料处理效果和充氧效率不同，悬浮式填料生物膜容易脱落导致系统受负荷冲击时生物量流失而处理效果变差；软性填料生物膜容易板结成球，容易导致其处理效果降低。     

处理苯胺废水的电化学研究

采用电化学法处理苯胺废水，系统的氧化电极以恒电位法聚合制成高导电聚苯胺并压制成颗粒填料分多级填充在塔中形成固定床式电极。实验研究了不同的电位扫描速度，苯胺浓度及温度对电化学氧化还原反应的影响，实验表明，采用导电聚苯胺作为处理苯胺废水的氧化电极，可以有效地降低电化学反应的电解电位，提高氧化电流和反应速度，它是采用铂电极处理苯胺废水消耗电能的1/2.78。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.