二安替吡啉苯乙烯基甲烷分光光度法测定水中的钒

采用二安替吡啉苯乙烯基甲烷(DAVPM)分光光度法测定水中的钒。基于在磷酸+锰(Ⅱ)介质中,DAVPM被钒氧化成红色产物且最大吸收在540nm处,从而得到了灵敏度高、简便、快速、具有良好精密度和准确度的新方法。     

Radioactivity, Physical and Chemical Parameters of Underground and Surface Waters in Qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria

Radioactivity, physical and chemical parameters of underground boreholes and surface waters in the region of Qua Iboe River Estuary involved in oil production activities were measured. The physical and chemical parameters measured included pH, temperature, turbidity, and concentrations of total dissolved and suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, oils and grease, salinity, hardness (carbonates and bicarbonates), chlorine, sulphide, and metal ions. The work reveals that the radioactivity, physical and chemical parameters determined for both the underground and surface waters are safely below the international permissible limits except that of carbonate (68.6 mg/d – 228.7 mg/l) and bicarbonate (22.9 mg/l – 76.3mg/l) which renders both sources of water hard. The exceedingly high concentration range of hydrogen sulphide (40 mg/l–440 mg/l) in both sources is also beyond the international limit of 0.05mg/l. The ammonium ion concentration (1.40–2.80mg/l) was determined to be slightly higher in both the underground and surface waters than the international limit of 0.5mg/l.     

Quality of Shallow Groundwater and Drainage Water in Irrigated Agricultural Lands in A Mediterranean Coastal Region of Turkey

Spatial and seasonal differences in water quality of drainage water and unconfined shallow groundwater were related to irrigation in Samandağ, a Mediterranean coastal region. Eighteen wells, seven drainage points and Orontes River were monitored bimonthly for one year for analyses of electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), cations (Na, K, Ca + Mg) and anions (CO₃, HCO₃, Cl and SO₄). Agricultural irrigation using saline groundwater decreased water quality of Orontes River during the irrigation season (May to September) more than during the non-irrigation season (October to April). Seasonal fluctuations in water quality of shallow groundwater were greater during the irrigation season than the non-irrigation season in the study area. Excessive use of groundwater resulted in a decline in the water table levels in the irrigation season. Water table level rose up to the soil surface in areas where there was a lack of drainage or poor drainage, due to the impact of precipitation in the winter. SAR and pH values of drainage water increased in the irrigation season, while the other properties of drainage water decreased. Irrigation water quality of Orontes River was classified as C₃S₁ in both seasons. Irrigation water quality of shallow groundwater and drainage water varied from C₂S₁ to C₄S₂ in one year. Drainage and well waters were found to be different on yearly basis in terms of Na, SAR (p<0.01) and Ca + Mg concentrations (p<0.001). Ca + Mg concentrations for both sources were different for all sampling dates (p<0.001).     

Distribution of Iron, Manganese, Zinc and Atrazine in Groundwater in Parts of Palar and Cheyyar River Basins, South India

A study was carried out in a part of Palar and Cheyyar river basin to evaluate the current status of iron, manganese, zinc and atrazine concentrations, their origin and distribution in groundwater. Groundwater samples were collected during post-monsoon (March 1998 and February 1999) and pre-monsoon (June 1999) periods from 41 sampling wells distributed throughout the study area. The groundwater samples were analyzed for trace metals using AAS and atrazine using HPLC. The concentration of the trace elements in groundwater is predominant during pre-monsoon period. Distribution pattern indicates that the concentration of these elements increases from west to northeast and towards Palar river. Lower concentrations in the central part may be due to recharge of fresh water from the lakes located here. During most of the months, as there is no flow in Palar river, the concentrations of trace elements in groundwater are high. Drinking water standards indicate that Mn and Zn cross the permissible limit recommended by EPA during the pre-monsoon period. A comparison of groundwater data with trace element chemistry of rock samples shows the abundance of trace elements both in the rock and water in the order of Fe > Mn > Zn and Fe > Zn > Mn. This indicates that iron in groundwater is derived from lithogenic origin. Further, Fe, Mn and Zn have good correlation in rock samples, while it is reverse in the case of water samples, indicating the non-lithogenic origin of Mn and Zn. Atrazine (a herbicide) was not detected in any of the groundwater samples in the study area, perhaps due to low-application rate and adsorption in the soil materials.     

国家重点生态功能区县域地表水环境质量评估分析

评估国家重点生态功能区县域的水环境保护成效,对国家生态环境保护与修复决策具有重要意义。基于2012—2020年地表水监测数据及污水排放和气候数据,评估并分析了国家重点生态功能区县域的地表水环境状况。研究表明,2012—2020年国家重点生态功能区县域地表水水质持续改善,Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面的比例从89.14%上升到93.47%,但部分地区地表水环境质量仍有待提升,尤其是内蒙古北部、山西西部、陕西北部和京津冀地区。4类生态功能区中,生物多样性维护区地表水水质最好,其次为水源涵养区,再次为水土保持区,防风固沙区最差。化学需氧量和高锰酸盐指数是国家重点生态功能区县域地表水的主要超标项,2012—2020年该两项指标超标断面占总超标断面的比例的多年平均值分别为24.22%和17.29%。县域年化学需氧量排放量及年降水量是影响相关地区地表水环境质量的重要因素。建议增加总氮作为国家重点生态功能区县域地表水质量评价指标,并在进行水环境评价时充分考虑当地的背景情况。     

Fluorine distribution in aquatic environment and its health effect in the Western Region of the Songnen Plain, Northeast China

Endemic fluorosis was investigated and studied in the west region of the Songnen plain, Northeast China in 2001–2002. The results showed that the fluorine distribution in aquatic environment was that the fluorine concentrations in the lake water and unconfined ground water were higher than that in the river water and confined ground water. The lake water (Alkali lake) is connected with unconfined ground water. In unconfined ground water, from the east and southeast areas to the west and the northwest areas of the plain, fluorine concentration fluctuated with high and low alternatively. The fluorine in the water comes from the weathering of rocks and minerals in the mountains and hills around the Songnen Plain. The main influence factors of the fluorine distribution in aquatic environment are discussed. Unconfined ground water containing high fluorine is used as drinking water. In this region, the fluorine concentration in drinking water is evidently correlated to the morbidity of dental and skeletal fluorosis. High fluorine concentration in drinking water has endangered human health.     

水体中磺胺、四环素、喹诺酮类抗生素检测方法

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)同时检测水体中3类15种抗生素的分析方法。水样用Oasis HLB固相萃取小柱净化富集。通过对比水样在不同pH条件下的回收率,优化了环境水样中抗生素固相萃取过程中的前处理条件。采用甲醇和0.1%甲酸溶液作为流动相,经过梯度洗脱进行分离,在HPLC-MS/MS多反应监测模式下进行定性定量分析。结果表明,环境水体中15种抗生素的检出限和定量下限分别为0.12~1.6 ng/L和0.2~3.0 ng/L,自来水加标回收率为34.9%~102.5%(pH=4)。用该方法对海河流域13个地表水水样进行了初步检测,结果表明,部分抗生素普遍存在于地表水体中。其中,磺胺甲基异NFDA1唑检出频率最高,在13个地表水样品中均有检出。     

Concurrent Exposure Assessments of Atrazine and Metolachlor in the Mainstem, Major Tributaries and Small Streams of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed: Indicators of Ecological Risk

The goals of this study were to: (1) measure atrazine and metolachlor concentrations during both high and low use periods in the Chesapeake Bay's mainstem/major tributaries, smaller tributaries and representative small agricultural streams during 1995 and 1996; (2) compare these exposure data with toxicity benchmarks for each herbicide to predict ecological risk and (3) use in-stream fish community data collected in the streams to provide supportive data for ecological risk characterization. Spatially, atrazine (<0.10–98 g/L) and metolachlor (<0.10–68 g/L) concentrations were highest in the streams, followed by the small tributaries (<0.10–11 g/L atrazine; <0.10–8.6 g/L metolachlor) with the lowest concentration in the mainstem Bay/larger tributaries (<0.10–0.22 g/L atrazine; <0.10–0.24 g/L metolachlor). Temporally, concentrations of both herbicides were greatest in all three types of habitats in the late spring and early summer. Concentrations of atrazine and metolachlor were very low or non-detectable in all habitats sampled from early August to mid-April. Toxicity benchmarks of 20 g/L for atrazine based on an ecological No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) for microcosm/mesocosm studies and an acute 10th percentile of 53 g/L for metolachlor (protection of ninety % of the species) based on laboratory toxicity data were selected to assess annual and seasonal ecological risk. Both of these toxicity benchmarks were conservative estimates of ecological risk designed to protect the trophic group (plants) most sensitive to these herbicides. Based on a comparison of these toxicity benchmarks with two years of exposure data, the ecological risk from both atrazine and metolachlor exposure in the mainstem Chesapeake Bay/large tributaries, small tributaries and representative agriculturally dominated streams was generally judged to be low. During one 72-h stream rain event in 1995, the atrazine toxicity benchmark (20 g/L) was exceeded during part of the event. However, long-term permanent ecological effects are not expected based on the documented recovery potential of the most sensitive trophic group (plant communities) to the concentrations of atrazine reported and the transient nature of the atrazine pulses. Fish communities at the stream sites receiving the highest concentrations of both herbicides were judged to be healthy based on an Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) developed for Maryland's coastal plain.     

超高效液相色谱 三重四极杆质谱法测定地表水和地下水中11种三嗪类农药

建立了针对地表水和地下水中11种三嗪类农药的超高效液相色谱三重四极杆质谱分析方法,并对前处理、仪器分析、方法特性指标等因素进行优化探讨。使用SB-C18色谱柱、乙腈水二元混合液流动相进行化合物分离,设置柱温为40℃、进样量为10μL,质谱采用正离子模式检测,内标法定量,采用平均相对响应因子法拟合标准曲线。结果表明,11种三嗪类农药的方法检出限为0.003~0.01μg/L,对3种质量浓度的基体加标样品分别进行6次平行分析,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.1%~19%,平均加标回收率为80.0%~108%。采集地表水和地下水样品,经尼龙或聚四氟乙烯滤膜过滤后上机测定,在1种地表水样品中检出了阿特拉津和扑灭津,平均质量浓度分别为0.032和0.009μg/L。该方法具有准确度高、重复性好、检出限低等优点,能够满足现阶段地表水和地下水的环境管理监测要求。     

a study of the temporal variability of atrazine in private well water. part i: study design, implementation, and database development

In 1988, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, along withthe University of Iowa conducted the Statewide Rural WellWater Survey, commonly known as SWRL. A total of 686private rural drinking water wells was selected by use of aprobability sample and tested for pesticides and nitrates. Sixty-eight of these wells, the 10% repeat wells, were additionallysampled in October, 1990 and June, 1991. Starting inNovember, 1991, the University of Iowa, with sponsorshipfrom the United States Environmental Protection Agency,revisited these wells to begin a study of the temporalvariability of atrazine and nitrates in wells. Other wells, whichhad originally tested positive for atrazine in SWRL but werenot in the 10% repeat population, were added to the studypopulation. Temporal sampling for a year-long period beganin February of 1992 and concluded in January of 1993. Allwells were sampled monthly, one subset was sampled weekly,and a second subset was sampled for 14-day consecutiveperiods. Two unique aspects of this study were the use of animmunoassay technique to screen for triazines before gaschromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis andquantification of atrazine, and the use of well owners to samplethe wells. A total of 1771 samples from 83 wells are in thefinal data base for this study. This paper reviews the studydesign, the analytical methodologies, and development of thedata base. A companion paper (Pinsky et al., 1997) discussesthe analysis of the data from this survey.     

酶底物法检测地表水粪便污染的适用性探讨

为探讨酶底物法检测地表水粪便污染的适用性,采用酶底物法与多管发酵法同步检测了长江南京段、秦淮河、玄武湖等水中大肠菌群。结果显示：在多数情况下,酶底物法检测结果略低于多管发酵法,两种方法没有统计学差异（P〉0．05）;与多管发酵法相比,酶底物法检测粪便污染特异性强、时间周期短、二次污染小、简便快速,适于推广应用。     

Heavy Metal Pollution of Surface Soil in the Thrace Region, Turkey

Abstact Samples of surface soil were collected at 73 sites in the Thrace region, northwest part of Turkey. Two complementary analytical techniques, epithermal neutron activation analysis (ENAA) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with flame and graphite furnace atomization were used to determine 35 elements in the soil samples. Concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined using AAS and GF AAS, and ENAA was used for the remaining 27 elements. Results for As, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu Eu, Fe, Hf, I, In, K, La, Mn, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, Ti, U, V and Zn are reported for the first time for soils from this region. The results show that concentrations of most elements were little affected by the industrial and other anthropogenic activities performed in region. Except for distinctly higher levels of Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn in Istanbul district than the median values for the Thrace region, the observed distributions seem to be mainly associated with lithogenic variations. Spatial distributions of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were plotted in relation to the concentration values in soil using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology     

淄博市重点区域地下水总α和总β放射性水平

对淄博市重点区域地下水进行了总α、总β放射性水平调查。7个化工区总α、总β活度浓度均不超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)中总放射性指导值。Pearson相关性检验结果表明,水样残渣量与总α、总β活度浓度之间均呈现较强的正相关性(P0.001),水体的总放射性随残渣量的增大而增大。溶解性总固体单项组分评价结果显示,112个地下水样品中无一符合Ⅰ类标准,Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类水质分别占6.25%、32.14%、42.86%和18.75%。地下水井水未经处理直接作为居民生活饮用水,反映出调查地区农村饮水安全工程建设工作有待进一步加强。地下水供水量占淄博市总供水量的50%以上,保护和合理开发利用地下水资源将是一项长期性任务。     

扬州市区地表水金属元素污染状况调查与评价

对扬州市区9条主要江河20种金属元素总量浓度状况进行了调查与评价,初步得到了该地区地表水中金属元素总量浓度的现状值,并提出了该地区金属污染防控的重点区域及特征元素。调查与评价结果表明,以《地表对环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)及《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5794—2006)中金属元素最严标准限值为评价标准,该地区水质级别为轻污染,总量浓度处于正常水平。     

2011—2021年全国地表水环境质量评价与变化分析

根据国家地表水监测网2011—2021年水环境监测数据,从全国、十大流域主要江河、重要湖库3个层面分析了我国地表水环境质量变化趋势及当前存在问题,并提出相关建议。分析结果显示,2011—2021年,我国地表水环境质量逐步改善。其中,2021年Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面比例较2011年提高了35.2个百分点,劣Ⅴ类水质断面比例较2011年降低了11.4个百分点。高锰酸盐指数、氨氮和总磷指标浓度呈现明显的下降趋势;总氮呈现先降后升再降的变化趋势,且目前仍处于较高水平。长江、珠江、浙闽片河流、西北诸河及西南诸河流域水质优于淮河、黄河、海河、辽河及松花江流域。十大流域主要江河水环境质量均有所改善,改善幅度最大的是海河流域。重要湖库水质状况有所好转,但富营养化情况未有明显改善。年内水环境质量方面,夏季水质明显劣于其他季节,表明当前我国面源污染防治存在明显短板。建议在明确当前水环境质量改善取得积极成效的同时,也应当意识到我国水生态环境保护面临的结构性、根源性压力尚未得到根本缓解,不能停留在过去的以水环境质量改善为核心的污染治理思路上,应从生态系统整体性和流域系统性出发,坚持山水林田湖草沙生命共同体理念,从"三水统筹"的角度加强对水域生态系统的整体保护。     

地表水监测误差分析与对策

分析和探讨了地表水环境监测过程中存在的误差。在13家监测站同步采样、同步分析的基础上,筛选出地表水监测实验室间比对结果偏差较大的石油类、挥发酚、氨氮、五日生化需氧量、化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数和总磷等7个监测指标。从方法误差、仪器误差、试剂误差、操作误差、环境误差、过失误差和质控选择不当造成的误差等各方面探讨误差成因。根据实样测定结果,提出合理选择并统一分析方法、增加平行测定次数、加强质控措施和修改允许相对偏差等切实可行的对策和措施,为地表水监测和水环境管理提供技术依据。     

红壤丘陵区典型流域地表水水环境特征研究——以浏阳河流域为例

选取浏阳河流域为例,根据近十年河流断面监测数据,采用改进的综合污染指数法来评价水质污染程度,研究了该红壤丘陵区典型河流水质的时空变化特征,并结合土地利用和土壤特征等分析地表水质变化原因。结果表明,改进的综合污染指数法有较好的适用性;从时间特征上看,由于面源污染加剧,使得浏阳河近十年的水质污染呈增长趋势;从空间特征上看,浏阳河从上游到下游,河流污染呈增长趋势,上游水质较好,中游表现为重金属铅和汞的污染较大,而下游则是氨氮污染加剧。     

乌鲁木齐市地表水环境问题及对策

根据乌鲁木齐市地表水各自的功能划分,分别对其达标情况进行评价,找出影响水域功能达标的主要污染物,并对其污染来源进行分析,最后提出防止地表水污染的对策与建议。     

地表水环境质量综合评价方法研究与应用进展

水质评价是目前水环境质量管理的重要支撑,水质综合评价方法已经逐渐由断面评价向流域综合评价进行转变与突破。该文对目前的断面水质评价方法进行了归类综述,并且对流域水质综合评价方法及其在各个国家流域的应用进行了重点评述。分析认为中国在流域评价中所使用的"断面比例法"不够准确,缺乏污染物时空分析以及生物评价等问题,并据此提出了未来的研究方向,为未来地表水质评价方法的提升以及水环境管理的完善提供科学的参考依据和建议。     

海河流域东北部地表水水源地藻类及代谢物研究

同时对海河流域东北部6个水库型地表水水源地开展了藻类及微囊藻毒素(MC-LR和MC-RR)相关研究工作。研究结果表明:海河流域东北部6个水库型地表水水源地中水体富营养化程度有明显改善,但于桥水库、洋河水库水体仍呈富营养化状态并检出MC-LR和MC-RR。另外,富营养化程度高的水体中蓝藻占明显优势,并且微囊藻毒素浓度与其成正相关关系。虽然检出的MC-RR和MC-LR浓度均低于《生活饮用水卫生规范》标准限制,但是在蓝藻暴发期间(特别是暴发后期)应加密监测,确保微囊藻毒素浓度不会对供水人群健康造成危害。