试析绿色发展基本框架

从统筹推进"五位一体"总体布局、加快生态文明制度建设、落实用严格的法律制度保护生态环境,到生态文明建设政策的出台,"五大发展理念"的提出,党中央对绿色发展进行了顶层设计。在经济上,绿色发展体现在农业、制造业、建筑业、交通运输、旅游业等各方面。实现绿色发展,需要绿色制度体系、绿色政策体系和绿色监督体系的有效支撑,也离不开由政府、企业、公众组成的绿色社会环境的有效运行。     

Analyzing REDD+ as an experiment of transformative climate governance: Insights from Indonesia

This paper contributes to an emerging body of literature on policy experimentation and governance transformation processes. We use the example of REDD+ as consisting of policy experiments in an emerging domestic policy domain to understand obstacles to transformations in forest and climate governance. We ask two interlinked questions: to what extent did the establishment of the REDD+ Agency challenge ‘business as usual’ in Indonesia’s forest and climate policy arena?; and what does this mean for a transformation away from policies and governance that enable deforestation and forest degradation? We draw on the transformation literature to better understand the role of REDD+ to achieve a transformative shift in climate governance. As an experiment of transformative climate governance, the study of REDD+ provides important insights for other forest or climate programs. Our analysis shows that the REDD+ Agency was successful in some extend in introducing an alternative governance mechanism and in shaking the governance structures but we also note that some of the key actors thought that greater ownership was achieved when the REDD+ Agency was dissolved and the mandate was returned to the ministries. We conclude that policy experimenting is a process, and while the creation of novel policies and their experimentation is important, also their assimilation may lead to new opportunities.     

Collectively engaging complex socio-ecological systems: re-envisioning science, governance, and the California Delta

We address the future of science and governance for the California Delta, focusing on the CALFED Bay-Delta Program, an interagency, multi-stakeholder effort to understand and manage the Delta for multiple purposes. We portray a Delta history as a coevolutionary process between science, governance and ecosystems. Global integrated environmental assessments (IEA) provide insights into understanding complex, dynamic socio-ecological systems. Many of the discursive stakeholder and scientific activities that have arisen under CALFED are similar to IEA and remain essential to the shared learning needed to effectively interact with a dynamic Delta. More deliberately enmeshing environmental monitoring, analysis, and collective learning into Delta governance will improve outcomes.     

部分国家危险废物的立法及管理比较

本文较为全面地介绍了美国、加拿大、日本、中国危险废物的管理制度及立法动向 ,并在比较研究的基础上分析了我国在危险废物管理方面存在的问题 ,最后提出了一些建议。     

Multilevel water,biodiversity and climate adaptation governance: evaluating adaptive management in Lesotho

In many cases in which climate change affects natural resources, impacts are uncertain and adaptation to climate change often involves collective action problems at the local level, which are embedded in multilevel governance regimes. Adaptive management (AM) is an emerging approach to deal with such uncertainty and complexity by promoting multilevel institutions that are robust to change and able to learn. Much of the literature evaluating AM in multilevel governance regimes, however, focuses only on the adherence to certain structural features said to make AM successful, leaving aside the question whether AM actually produces desired outcomes. This paper evaluates AM in multilevel regimes also in terms of the outcomes they produce. To this end, we first apply the Management and Transition Framework (MTF) in order to describe three multilevel regimes in Lesotho. For each regime we then observe whether it adheres to the structure features of AM. Finally, we evaluate the extent to which the outcomes, natural resource management projects, are conducive to Ostrom's (1990) ‘design principles’ for sustainable common-pool resource management. We find that, though no ideal ‘adaptive regime’ is found in Lesotho, the results confirm the AM hypotheses that decentralised decision-making, open information sources, and plurality of user interests lead to improved outcomes. Conversely, elements of the climate regime are found not to be adaptive. Our findings also confirm the appropriateness of AM as a governance approach to climate adaptation.     

Drinking water quality governance: A comparative case study of Brazil,Ecuador, and Malawi

Human health is greatly affected by inadequate access to sufficient and safe drinking water, especially in low and middle-income countries. Drinking water governance improvements may be one way to better drinking water quality. Over the past decade, many projects and international organizations have been dedicated to water governance; however, water governance in the drinking water sector is understudied and how to improve water governance remains unclear. We analyze drinking water governance challenges in three countries – Brazil, Ecuador, and Malawi – as perceived by government, service providers, and civil society organizations. A mixed methods approach was used: a clustering model was used for country selection and qualitative semi-structured interviews were used with direct observation in data collection. The clustering model integrated political, economic, social and environmental variables that impact water sector performance, to group countries. Brazil, Ecuador and Malawi were selected with the model so as to represent the diversity of the clusters. This comparative case study is important because similar challenges are identified in the drinking water sectors of each country; while, the countries represent diverse socio-economic and political contexts, and the case selection process provides generalizability to our results. We find that access to safe water could be improved if certain water governance challenges were addressed: coordination and data sharing between ministries that deal with drinking water services; monitoring and enforcement of water quality laws; and sufficient technical capacity to improve administrative and technical management of water services at the local level. From an analysis of our field research, we also developed a conceptual framework that identifies policy levers that could be used to influence governance of drinking water quality on national and sub-national levels, and the relationships between these levers.     

环境类群体性事件的政府应急管理分析——以余杭中泰垃圾焚烧厂事件为例

2014年4月,杭州市政府决定将在杭州市西部郊区建造垃圾焚烧发电厂项目,此举引起杭州市城西部分居民多次集会进行抗议。2014年5月10日,抗议市民封堵高速公路省道、围攻殴打执法人员,造成多名民警、辅警、群众不同程度受伤。经杭州市政府同意,余杭区委、区政府承诺在没有履行完法定程序和征得大家理解支持的情况下一定不开工。     

欧盟水框架指令:利益相关者的喜好和流域管理策略--它们是可协调的吗?

欧盟水框架指令的主要目标是通过保护水资源促进水资源的可持续利用.在此,我们调查了伦讷(R(o)nne(a))河流域的一些利益相关者是如何接受一系列水管理条例的经济后果的.我们从经济学的角度研究了三个主题1)可感觉到的富营养化的原因;2)水利用的优先考虑;3)污染者付费原则应该被应用的程度.对于欧盟水框架指令提高水的经济有效利用的目的具有共同的认识.大体上所有利益相关团体对于水质的恶化原因有相似的认识.然而,没有一个经济有效的和公平的解决方法.依据影响的尺度,在同一流域采取几种相互补充的补救措施是可行的.尽管有来自于不同部门合作的潜在的经济收益,但是参与各方仍将单独的污染者付费原则看作最可行的修复计划项目资金来源模式,辅以补贴.对更多的市场制度几乎没有什幺需要(排放费;可转让的排放许可证).利益相关方具有保守的水管理观点,也就是说,他们接受了当前的各种制度与经济刺激政策,并且充分认识到了问题的复杂性.总体上,欧盟水框架指令对于经济有效的削减战略的建议看起来在决策过程中低估了外部效应的价值.     

化学品环境管理的原理与制度的框架思考

化学品环境管理已成为各国环境管理的重要内容和人类社会实现可持续发展的趋势和目标之一。化学品自身的商品属性及其所引起的环境问题的广泛和多元性决定了化学品环境管理的管理目标、范畴、属性、方法和原则。目前，国际社会已逐渐形成了一套较为完善的化学品环境管理制度体系。本文对化学品环境管理的原理与制度进行框架性思考和分析，为中国的化学品环境管理建设提供参考。     

Complementary safeguards for robust regional watershed governance in a federation: New York City and its municipal water supply

In federations such as the United States, governments at various levels are experimenting with new watershed governance arrangements to protect water quality for both ecosystem health and human consumption. Such arrangements may bring previously uncooperative governments together to credibly commit to resource protection under the auspices of new and intricate formal institutions. Given the risks of cooperation, theory indicates that a robust arrangement will contain means of holding governing actors accountable to each other. This paper examines a purportedly successful case, the New York City watershed governance arrangement, to identify how safeguards against intergovernmental opportunism promote lasting cooperation. Using the qualitative method of process tracing, this paper finds that the New York City watershed governance arrangement uses structural, judicial, and popular safeguards against opportunistic behaviors by governing actors that might threaten the resource or the arrangement. The results indicate that such safeguards are present and interact with other safeguards and rule institutions at the state and federal level to maintain compliance.     

Institutionalising social learning: Towards systemic and adaptive governance

This paper critically examines how public policy makers limit policy and other institutional design choices by a failure to appreciate (i) how situations may be characterised or framed; (ii) how practices that generate neologisms (invented terms or concepts) or reify (make into a thing) abstract concepts can displace understandings, and (iii) the epistemological bases of governance mechanism choices. An inquiry into the coining of the neologisms ‘wicked’ and ‘tame’ problems is reported and the implications for research and policy practice explored. As practices, neologising, reifying, categorising and typologising have unintended consequences – they remove us from the primary experiences and underlying emotions that provided the motivation for formulating these concepts in the first place. The failure to institutionalise the understandings and experiences that sit behind the invention of the terms ‘wicked’ and ‘tame’ problems (or similar framing choices such as ‘problematique’, ‘messes’, ‘lowland real-life swamps’, ‘resource dilemmas’ or ‘complex adaptive systems’) present systemic constraints to institutionalising social learning as an alternative yet complementary governance mechanism within an overall systemic and adaptive governance framework. Ultimately situations usefully framed as ‘wicked’,’ such as water managing and climate change are problems of relationship – of human beings with the biosphere. Re-framings, such as institutions as social technologies and other research and praxis traditions concerned with the breakdown of relationships may offer ways forward in the purposeful designing and crafting of more effective institutions.     

水资源管理体制国际经验概述

几乎所有的国家都在不同程度上面临着水资源的问题,但各国问题的表现形式和程度不同,解决途径也不同。在过去几十年里,各国都在努力寻求解决办法,如从传统的部门分割管理转向综合的水资源管理,制定新的法律和制度框架,更多采用市场手段等。本文主要简单介绍欧洲、美国、日本、以色列和新加坡在水资源管理机构、立法等方面的一些经验。     

环境监测质量管理与控制技术体系框架研究

为进一步规范我国的环境监测质量管理工作、系统化质量控制技术,参照国外先进的质量管理经验,结合我国环境监测体系的实际情况,搭建了我国环境监测质量管理与控制技术体系框架,在做了大量基础性研究的前提下,编写了一系列支持该体系正常运行的指导性文件.     

我国化学品环境管理的宏观需求与战略框架分析

我国化学品产业的迅猛发展以及管理水平的相对落后,为我国化学品环境管理带来巨大压力。有毒有害化学品滥用所造成的环境污染与人体健康危害,使得化学品环境管理成为我国环境管理的重要内容,妥善管理化学品也成为可持续发展的趋势和目标之一。文章系统分析我国化学品产业与环境保护矛盾冲突,指出我国化学品产业密集化程度高、有毒有害化学品持续排放,导致我国化学品突发污染事故频发,同时存在着承接国际化学品产业转移的风险。在此基础上,探讨分析了我国化学品环境管理的宏观需求,需要"由点及面"拓展管理思路,完善管理体系,加强基础信息库建设等,并对化学品环境管理的战略框架构建提出了针对性建议,为完善我国的化学品环境管理体系提供参考。     

推动公众参与生态环境社会治理促进生态环境治理体系和治理能力现代化

生态环境问题是关系民生的重大社会问题,生态环境保护工作的根本目的就是要满足人民日益增长的优美生态环境需要。公众参与是推进环境治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要组成部分,要把建设美丽中国转化为全体人民的自觉行动。本文在对公众参与的重要性及当前工作进展进行分析的基础上,就下一步继续营造生态环保公众参与的制度和社会氛围提出具体工作建议。     

美国海岸带管理和环境评估的框架及启示

本文介绍了美国《海岸带管理法案》所反映的海岸带管理的基本问题,包括海岸带管理的目标、重点领域、方法、策略与政策框架;还介绍了美国的海岸带区划,以及海岸环境评估的指标体系和评估标准。在此基础上提出所受启示与借鉴之处。     

关于饮用水水源环境档案管理规范化框架的构建

水是生命之源、生产之要,水环境质量好坏事关广大人民群众身体健康及经济社会可持续发展。饮用水水源环境保护工作离不开各项业务活动的规范有序开展与饮用水水源环境档案的监控。目前我国饮用水水源环境档案管理处于初级阶段,缺乏系统化、规范化约束。本文采用业务活动分析法,提出了饮用水水源环境档案管理的核心要素,并构建了饮用水水源环境档案管理规范化框架。     

Making central-local relations work:Comparing America and China environmental governance systems

The challenge of making central requirements work at local levels is a common problem for environmental governance throughout the world. Countries can learn from one another's approaches, but must understand the local context in which they are set. This paper compares the features of the China and US environmental governance systems that need be understood by those working between the systems. Key features include: (1) common values which shape the environmental governance choices in both countries, but which may have different practical meanings in each country; (2) America's common law-based environmental governance system, and China's civil law system, which involves plan(s) as well as law; (3) America's Federal central-local system, and China's unitary central local system. This paper concludes by suggesting areas in which further comparative understanding may be of value, including: (1) better understanding of the role of plan and law in China's governance system; (2) comparing the American Federal-state agreement system for implementation of environmental law with the China central-local system of target responsibility agreements for plan implementation; (3) improving understanding of nongovernmental resources needed to assure compliance with environmental laws and plans; (4) identifying institutions that can coordinate central-local and cross-border environmental governance.     

Collaborative governance and adaptive management: Lessons from California's CALFED Water Program

Both for its technological and institutional innovations and for its history of conflicts, California's water system has been one of the most observed in the world. This article and this Special Issue on the CALFED Bay-Delta Program continue in this tradition. CALFED is likely the most ambitious experiment in collaborative environmental policy and adaptive management the world has seen to date. This Issue moves beyond the celebratory tone of other analyses of collaborative, adaptive management and looks closer into how collaborative networks work to produce innovation, and more importantly to reflect also on their inherent contradictions, limitations and “dark sides”. While collaborative governance enhances mutual understandings and can be a source of innovation, it appears ill-suited to resolve alone the distributive dilemmas at the core of many water – and other environmental – conflicts. A lacuna in existing research concerns the institutional design of effective boundaries and linkages between democratic politics, legitimate authority, and adaptive governance, i.e. the mix of institutions that can provide sufficient responsibility, accountability and democratic legitimacy, without choking off the self-organizing interaction, shared learning, and communication that is at the heart of collaboration. A painful realization in the Delta is that environmental conservation and further growth may be fundamentally at odds; efficient win–win solutions, institutional or technological, seem insufficient to satisfy the competing demands posed upon the system. Radical decisions and changes might be necessary, but they seem unlikely under current institutional arrangements and political conditions.     

中国氢氟碳化物削减政策框架研究——基于现有控制臭氧消耗物质体系及发达国家经验

面对国际社会积极控制非CO_2温室气体的趋势和艰巨的温室气体减排任务,中国作为氢氟碳化物(HFCs)的产销大国,控制这一高增长、难回收的强效温室气体已势在必行。鉴于HFCs与臭氧消耗物质(Ozone Depleting Substance,ODS)的削减工作具有较强传承性,中国在构建管控HFCs系统时,应在沿用现有ODS管理体制与法规体系的基础上,借鉴国外的先进经验:将现有源头管理体系向下游延伸,构建全生命周期的封闭式管理机制;充分重视高精度温室气体排放量与大气浓度数据的反馈与指导作用,并将中国成熟的行业削减机制与逐个化学品(Chemical-bychemical)削减相结合,从而逐步以更具成本有效性的方式控制HFCs排放。