生物质催化气化制氢技术研究

在人类面临严重的能源危机与环境污染的背景下,世界各国都在致力于对洁净能源氢的开发和研究,并取得了一定的研究成果。生物质气化制氢是一项富有前景的制氢技术,已引起了世界各国研究者的普遍关注。文章首先介绍了生物质气化制氢技术的国内外研究及应用现状,然后介绍了一种一体式生物质气化炉水蒸汽催化气化制氢的工艺流程,氢气体积的含量可达到50%以上。最后总结了这种工艺在各种制氢方法中,具有技术成熟、工艺简单,效率高等优点,有广阔的应用前景。     

Economic potential of biomass gasification projects under clean development mechanism in India

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol provides Annex-I (industrialized) countries with an incentive to invest in emission reduction projects in non-Annex-I (developing) countries to achieve a reduction in CO₂ emissions at lowest cost that also promotes sustainable development in the host country. Biomass gasification projects could be of interest under the CDM because they directly displace greenhouse gas emissions while contributing to sustainable rural development. However, there is only one biomass gasifier project registered under the CDM so far. In this study, an attempt has been made to assess the economic potential of biomass gasifier-based projects under CDM in India. The preliminary estimates based on this study indicate that there is a vast theoretical potential of CO₂ mitigation by the use of biomass gasification projects in India.The results indicate that in India around 74 million tonne agricultural residues as a biomass feedstock can be used for energy applications on an annual basis. In terms of the plant capacity the potential of biomass gasification projects could reach 31 GW that can generate more than 67 TWh electricity annually. The annual CER potential of biomass gasification projects in India could theoretically reach 58 million tonnes. Under more realistic assumptions about diffusion of biomass gasification projects based on past experiences with the government-run programmes, annual CER volumes by 2012 could reach 0.4–1.0 million and 1.0–3.0 million by 2020. The projections based on the past diffusion trend indicate that in India, even with highly favorable assumptions, the dissemination of biomass gasification projects is not likely to reach its maximum estimated potential in another 50 years. CDM could help to achieve the maximum utilization potential more rapidly as compared to the current diffusion trend if supportive policies are introduced.     

基于文献计量的生物质气化研究发展态势分析

生物质气化是实现生物质分布式开发和能源化转化的有效途径,用途广泛灵活性强,助力清洁能源系统构建,在世界范围内得到了广泛研究与应用。采用文献计量分析结合S型曲线及可视化工具,对2001-2020年Web of Science Core数据库中"Biomass gasification"主题的12034篇研究论文进行了定量分析。结果表明:生物质气化主题研究论文以稳定的年增长率从2001年的58篇增加到2020年的1517篇;发文量的S型曲线表明:生物质气化技术在未来的15年仍有很大的创新及发展潜力;中国的累计论文发表数量最多(3201篇,占全球总发文量的26.60%),在国际合作网络中占据核心地位,而欧美国家的发文质量相对更高;关键词共现及演进路径分析表明,生物质气化副产物的高值化利用、新型气化工艺的开发(耦合工艺、化学链气化)、对碳中和的潜在贡献及"能源、火用、经济、环境"综合效益评价成为新的研究重点。     

生物质气化技术及其在西部地区的应用浅析

生物质气化技术作为环保、高效地利用生物质资源的重要方式,正受到广泛关注。文章围绕生物质气化的原理、气化炉的分类和特点展开论述;分析了影响生物质气化过程的若干关键因素,并综述了生物质气化技术在国内外的研究与应用现状;最后结合西部地区实际生物质资源状况,展望了生物质气化技术在西部地区的应用前景。     

我国农村推广秸秆类生物质气化集中供气技术探讨

从提高秸秆类生物质利用效率与利用价值、提高农民生活质量与生活品位、减少污染、充分利用可再生能源资源和延缓不可再生能源资源的持续利用等,阐明推广应用秸秆类生物质气化集中供气技术的重要意义;介绍气化基本原理与工艺流程,秸秆类生物质粉碎后通过干燥、裂解反应、氧化反应和还原反应,即可完成气化全过程;气化工程由燃气发生炉机组、储气柜、输气管网和用户燃气设备4部分组成;秸秆类生物质燃气与城市管道煤气具有共同的特点。     

Role of Bio-Energy Plantations for Carbon-Dioxide Mitigation with Special Reference to India

Fuelwood plays an important role in the rural economy of the developing countries of Asia and Africa. Optimizing energy fixation in forest trees through high density energy plantations (HDEP), gasification of wood, and conversion of forest tree biomass, are some of the potential areas whereby additional research and development input for efficient management of atmospheric carbon in our energy system can be incorporated. For example, the photosynthetic efficiency of forest trees is rarely above 0.5%, which on the basis of theoretical considerations can be increased by up to 6.6%. Thus there is an ample scope to improve the efficiency up to 1%, which amounts to doubling of the productivity of the forests. Recent policy changes and experiences with wood-based bio-energy programmes in several countries indicate that woodfuels may become increasingly attractive as industrial energy sources. Use of biodiesel and the formulation of a project for undertaking 13.4 million ha of Jatropha plantations in India highlight the seriousness with which the Government of India is promoting carbon neutral energy plantations. The cost of establishment of plantations primarily for fuel production and its conversion to energy are major deterrents in this pursuit. Some of the issues in developing countries, like low productivity on marginal lands, degraded forest lands, and unorganized units for biomass energy conversion, result in cost escalation as compared to other energy sources. This paper revisits the scope for raising energy plantations, a comparison of the direct and indirect mitigation potential uses of plantations as an adaptation strategy through reforestation and afforestation projects for climate change mitigation and socio-economic issues to make this venture feasible in developing countries.     

生物质慢速热解工艺的新探讨

慢速热解作为生物质气流床气化的前处理工艺在国内为首创。慢速热解方法不仅可以脱除生物质内的氧元素提高能量密度,而且可以改变生物质的物性有效解决生物质气流床气化过程的输送问题。文章分析了不同生物质种类热解后固体产物、液体产物和气体产物的特性,并且粗略衡算了热解过程的吸热量。结果表明:在热解温度<500℃时,液体产物和气体产物的热值随着热解温度的升高而增加;为得到高固体产率和能量产率的半焦作为气化原料,热解温度不宜>500℃;从能量衡算角度分析而得,热解过程的吸热量很少。     

Experimental investigation of open core downdraft biomass gasifier for food processing industry

This paper deals with field related experience of a low temperature industrial heat application through biomass gasification. The gasification system is essentially consists of an open top down draft reactor lined with ceramic. The experiment reveals that 6.5 kg of liquefy petroleum gas (LPG) is fully replaced by 38 kg of sized wood on hourly basis. The maximum temperature attained was 367°C in 130 min at 100.7 Nm³ h⁻¹ gas flow rate. This system has resulted a saving of about 19.5 tons of LPG over 3,000 h of operation, implying a saving of about 33 tons of CO₂ emission, thus a promising candidate for clean development mechanism. Fuel economic analysis of gasifier system showed that the saving was about 13,850 US$ for 3,000 h of baking operation.     

木质生物燃料与其半焦的混燃实验研究

生物质半焦作为生物质气化的副产物,其固定碳含量和热值均高于原生物质.若将生物质半焦充分利用将大幅提高生物质利用的能量效率,具有很大的经济和环境效益.在综合热分析基础上,考察了生物质半焦添加比例(掺烧比)对生物质微米燃料旋风炉燃烧炉膛温度、烟气及灰分的影响.试验研究发现掺烧比为20%(空气当量比为1.2,粉体粒径在0.177 mm以下,生物质含水率控制在8.1%以下),燃烧效果最好,燃烧效率高达98%,燃烧烟气中有害气体NOx和SO2的含量较少.     

我国生物质废物污染现状与资源化发展趋势

我国的生物质废物具有产生量大、可降解有机物含量高的特点,如果能对其进行有效的利用,不但能减少污染,还将会有助于缓解我国能源短缺的现状。介绍了我国生物质废物的污染现状及生物质废物资源化的主要途径,指出我国生物质废物资源化中存在的问题,并提出今后的发展方向及发展对策。     

Modern Biomass Conversion Technologies

This article gives an overview of the state-of-the-art of key biomass conversion technologies currently deployed and technologies that may play a key role in the future, including possible linkage to CO₂ capture and sequestration technology (CCS). In doing so, special attention is paid to production of biofuels for the transport sector, because this is likely to become the key emerging market for large-scale sustainable biomass use. Although the actual role of bio-energy will depend on its competitiveness with fossil fuels and on agricultural policies worldwide, it seems realistic to expect that the current contribution of bio-energy of 40–55 EJ per year will increase considerably. A range from 200 to 300 EJ may be observed looking well into this century, making biomass a more important energy supply option than mineral oil today. A key issue for bio-energy is that its use should be modernized to fit into a sustainable development path. Especially promising are the production of electricity via advanced conversion concepts (i.e. gasification and state-of-the-art combustion and co-firing) and modern biomass derived fuels like methanol, hydrogen and ethanol from ligno-cellulosic biomass, which can reach competitive cost levels within 1–2 decades (partly depending on price developments with petroleum). Sugar cane based ethanol production already provides a competitive biofuel production system in tropical regions and further improvements are possible. Flexible energy systems, in which biomass and fossil fuels can be used in combination, could be the backbone for a low risk, low cost and low carbon emission energy supply system for large scale supply of fuels and power and providing a framework for the evolution of large scale biomass raw material supply systems. The gasification route offers special possibilities to combine this with low cost CO₂ capture (and storage), resulting in concepts that are both flexible with respect to primary fuel input as well as product mix and with the possibility of achieving zero or even negative carbon emissions. Prolonged RD&D efforts and biomass market development, consistent policy support and international collaboration are essential to achieve this.     

微生物降解生物质气化洗焦废水和焦油的研究

为解决在生物质气化中的焦油污染问题,用首都师范大学生物系微生物实验室保存的微生物菌种对生物质气化洗焦废水和焦油进行处理.当洗焦废水浓度分别为6, 10和15mL/L时,经微生物降解后,COD去除率分别达到75.2%,83.9%和63.1%.以焦油为底物,在焦油浓度为0.56和 1.0g/L时,COD去除率分别达到82.7%和72.3%.苯酚的最高降解率为98.8%.此菌种具有降解生物质气化洗焦废水和焦油的能力.     

Does Soil Carbon Loss in Biomass Production Systems Negate the Greenhouse Benefits of Bioenergy?

Interest in bioenergy is growing across the Western world in response to mounting concerns about climate change. There is a risk of depletion of soil carbon stocks in biomass production systems, because a higher proportion of the organic matter and nutrients are removed from the site, compared with conventional agricultural and forestry systems. This paper reviews the factors that influence soil carbon dynamics in bioenergy systems, and utilises the model FullCAM to investigate the likely magnitude of soil carbon change where bioenergy systems replace conventional land uses. Environmental and management factors govern the magnitude and direction of change. Soil C losses are most likely where soil C is initially high, such as where improved pasture is converted to biomass production. Bioenergy systems are likely to enhance soil C where these replace conventional cropping, as intensively cropped soils are generally depleted in soil C. Measures that enhance soil C include maintenance of productivity through application of fertilisers, inclusion of legumes, and retention of nutrient-rich foliage on-site. Modelling results demonstrate that loss of soil carbon in bioenergy systems is associated with declines in the resistant plant matter and humified soil C pools. However, published experimental data and modelling results indicate that total soil C loss in bioenergy systems is generally small. Thus, although there may be some decline in soil carbon associated with biomass production, this is negligible in comparison with the contribution of bioenergy systems towards greenhouse mitigation through avoided fossil fuel emissions.     

等离子体热解气化有机废弃物制氢的关键技术分析

等离子体热解气化有机固体废物制氢是一种先进高效的废物处理及资源化利用技术.首先,本文讨论了等离子体热解气化有机废弃物的机理,也概括了等离子体发生器的类型及其特点,其次分析了等离子体处理固体废弃物的影响因素,认为输入功率和载气类型等是影响等离子体处理的主要因素,最后总结了等离子体处理医疗垃圾、农林生物质、污泥等的应用现状与前景,指出等离子体热解气化固体废弃物是一种很有潜力的制氢方法.     

Biomass chemical looping gasification for syngas production using modified hematite as oxygen carriers

Syngas is a clean energy carrier and a major industrial feedstock. In this paper, syngas was produced via biomass chemical looping gasification(CLG) process. Hematite, the most common Fe-based oxygen carrier(OC), was modified with different metal oxides(CeO₂, CaO and MgO) by the impregnation method. The hematite modified by CeO₂, CaO and MgO was namely as CeO₂-hematite(CeO₂-H), CaO-hematite(CaO-H) and MgO-hematite(MgO-H), respectively. The introduction...     

秸秆气化是农作物秸秆综合利用的一种有效途径

文章阐述了秸秆气化的基本原理及其在农村的应用,通过效益分析,秸秆气化前景可观,是农作物秸秆综合利用的一种有效途径,并提出措施,加快发展秸秆气化工程,它的推广对增加农民收入,改善农村环境具有重要意义.     

连续/间歇曝气下MBBR-亚硝化生物膜特性

本文分别以连续曝气和间歇曝气方式长期运行两套亚硝化移动床生物膜反应器,对比分析两种曝气方式下亚硝化生物膜特性差异和变化.研究表明,连续曝气和间歇曝气均可实现亚硝化生物膜生长（K_d> 0）,但间歇曝气下生物膜连续脱落对生物总量基本无影响,生物膜生长过程更加稳定,且当亚硝化运行稳定后,间歇曝气可获得更高的生物总量（1.42g/m²）.而连续曝气下生物膜可获得更高的蛋白质/多糖（PN/PS=1.8~2.0）和蛋白质/挥发性固体（PN/VS=0.145）以及更低的腐殖质/挥发性固体（HS/VS=0.05）和死细胞占比（13.66%）.这说明连续曝气下生物膜中活性生物量占比更高,惰性生物量占比更低,活细胞占比更高,因而生物膜活性更高,微生物代谢更活跃.荧光实时定量PCR结果显示,以连续曝气运行的MBBR生物膜中亚硝化菌总量远高于间歇曝气,连续曝气更利于亚硝化菌的生长富集（2.36copies×10⁸/g > 0.25copies×10⁸/g）.     

Market opportunities for coal gasification in China

Coal gasification is a technology that has been around for 200 yr. With the recent technology advances in the past 20 yr, it has become an option for the clean production of power and other energy forms. China will continue to be the largest user of coal in the world. Coal is the source of energy in almost every area of everyday life in China. This paper is an overview of the prospects of coal gasification in China. It discusses the opening of Chinese markets to more private sector participation. In particular the paper focuses on the energy sector and coal as the both an economic development variable and a factor in climate change. Clean coal technologies can be apart of the production cycle in China and hence can impact the Chinese economy in a positive manner as well as lower the current high levels of atmospheric pollution. Proven integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) technologies in new production methods and applications can provide China with its rising energy needs and reduce the SOX, NOX and particulates in the atmosphere. The results of IGCC can support the Chinese economy as it moves into the future.     

Positive long-term effect of mulching on species and functional trait diversity in a nutrient-poor mountain meadow in Central Europe

Oligotrophic mountain meadows are threatened biodiversity hotspots throughout Europe. The traditional summer hay-making followed by autumn grazing is no longer economic and question is whether alternative managements can maintain both plant species and functional diversity typical of these habitats. In the Bohemian Forest Mts., we applied three treatments (mowing once a year - i.e., cutting and removing the biomass, mulching once a year - cutting and leaving the crushed biomass to decompose in situ, fallowing - no cutting) in order to assess temporal changes in meadow vegetation, plant trait composition and biomass production in a 13-year experiment. We recorded for each species twenty-five traits as to be most informative of plant strategies related to growth, resource acquisition and carbon-water economy. We compared different components of trait composition (community averages that mostly reflect traits of dominant species vs. the Rao index of functional diversity that reflects trait dissimilarity among species) and their impact on biomass production. We show that mulching promotes species and functional diversity by facilitating heliophilous forbs and legumes with more acquisitive strategies in resource use and release, e.g., higher foliar N and P content. This occurs at the expense of tall grasses (with resource-retentive strategies, e.g., high leaf dry matter content) which dominate the mown and fallow plots. The divergence in most quantitative traits indicates that niche complementarity is the dominant assembly process in mulched plots, which can prevent competitive exclusion and enable species coexistence. The divergent development was detected only after 5-6 years. This slow floristic and functional response is caused by acidity of soil and severe mountain climate that preclude rapid responses of vegetation to land-use changes. We conclude that mulching represents a good compromise maintaining both plant species and functional diversity as well as a relatively high biomass production. Mowing without grazing leads to gradual nutrient loss and thus reduces the productivity and diversity in these oligotrophic ecosystems. Fallowing causes gradual loss in diversity by increased grass competition and litter accumulation.     

Bio-energy policies in a global context

Against the background of an increasing global demand for bio-energy, the need for sustainability standards and a certification system ensuring sustainable production and trade has grown rapidly. Nevertheless, there is currently no specific forum for discussions on how to deal with biomass trade at the multilateral level. Distortions in agricultural and energy trade regimes, the myriad of standards and the lack of a clear biomass classification in the multilateral trade regime suggest that bio-energy products may not deliver sustainable development gains for all trading partners. This paper analyses then the global impact of bio-energy policies on biomass production and trade, paying particular attention to sustainable development in the bio-energy sector. It examines how a possible reduction and elimination of trade barriers as well as a phasing out of trade distorting support measures would contribute to the development of a global sustainable bio-energy market.