饮用水中异嗅物质-土臭素及二甲基异冰片的测定方法

导致饮用水土霉味的常见物质为土臭素(GSM)和二甲基异冰片(2-MIB),此两种物质通常在原水及饮用水中痕量存在,浓度低于几百ng/L.总结了用感官分析法和仪器分析法测定痕量GSM和2-MIB.对液液萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取及各种衍生水样预处理方法进行了对比,评价了各种方法的优劣,并对异嗅物质分析方法的发展提出了展望.     

饮用水中嗅味的产生原因及去除方法探讨

饮用水中的嗅和味，可能来源于原水、水处理过程。针对不同情况应分别采取相应的处理方法。     

饮用水的生物脱氮

饮用水的硝酸盐浓度超标已引起世界各国的高度重视，这是因为摄入过量的硝酸盐可导致婴儿的高铁血红蛋白血症；硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐转化为亚硝胺，则具有“致癌、致变和致畸”作用[1]。由于生物处理具有高效低耗的特点，饮用水的生物脱氮得到了广泛而深入的研究。本文拟就此作一综述。1电子供体的选择生物脱氮实质上是硝酸盐作为脱氮菌呼吸链的末端电子受体而被还原为气态氮化物的过程。要使该生物反应顺利进行，必须为其提供合适的电子供体。曾被用作电子供体的物质很多，从物理状态上看，涉及气体[2]、固体[3]和液体[4]3种状态；从化学成分上…     

异喹啉季铵盐在盐酸中对A3钢的吸附及其缓蚀作用

采用失重,电化学法研究了异啉季铵盐在1mol/L盐酸溶液中对A3钢的缓蚀行为及吸附规律,实验表明,异喹啉铵盐是一种阴,阳极混合型缓蚀剂,其缓蚀性能优良,在A3钢表面产生化学吸附,吸附过程为放热反应.     

应对南方某水厂土霉嗅味的活性炭技术

粉末活性炭（PAC）是应对季节性嗅味问题的主要处理技术,选择合适的活性炭、确定投加条件等因素对于水厂的高效运行等具有重要意义。针对南方某水厂存在的季节性嗅味问题,选择了国内9种常用PAC（包括3种煤质炭,3种木质炭,3种椰壳炭）,对其吸附能力及处理成本进行比较,同时对该水厂在用PAC的处理效果、原有预氧化工艺（预加次氯酸钠及高锰酸钾）的影响等条件进行评价。结果表明：9种PAC中碘值为1 030 mg·g-1的椰壳炭吸附能力最强,对150 ng·L-1的2-甲基异崁醇（2-MIB）吸附容量为6.2 ng·mg-1。水厂的预氧化工艺会显著降低PAC对2-MIB、土臭素（GSM）的吸附效果（分别降低29.5%、31.6%）。综合处理效果和经济成本后,碘值为800 mg·g-1的煤质炭对该水厂水源条件下的嗅味问题处理效果最优,在将2-MIB浓度由150 ng·L-1处理至嗅阈值以下时,水的活性炭处理成本为0.3 元·t-1。     

基于荧光定量PCR技术构建水源地典型致嗅物质2-甲基异莰醇的评估方法及其应用

我国地表水源中由丝状蓝藻代谢产生2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)导致的嗅味问题十分普遍。由于传统显微镜检测方法无法鉴别产嗅藻种,不能满足水源水质管理要求,故有必要构建能特异性表征水体产嗅潜力的检测方法。由于丝状藻代谢产生2-MIB主要受其合成功能基因调控,设计了2-MIB功能基因引物,经引物特异性检验及PCR条件优化后,构建了基于2-MIB功能基因的定量PCR方法,并采用实际环境样品进行测试与验证。结果表明：引物特异性良好,定量PCR方法能有效检测2-MIB功能基因,并绘制了标准曲线,得出检测限为8.44×10² copies·L⁻¹;实际样品测试结果显示其2-MIB功能基因浓度在2.09×10⁷~1.94×10¹⁰ copies·L⁻¹范围内,与基于仪器分析方法测定的2-MIB浓度符合线性关系(R²=0.63,P<0.01),表明定量方法可行。该方法具有灵敏性高、特异性好的特点,能特异性检测产嗅基因,可应用于水源地中产嗅潜力评估与预警。     

用于水和废水处理的混凝剂和絮凝剂的研究进展

分三部分论述了９０年代以来国内外混凝剂和絮凝剂研究的主要进展：１）混凝、絮凝的微观机理及春行为的研究成果和实验研究手段;２）混凝剂和絮凝剂的开发;３）混凝和絮凝方法在废水处理中的净化效率的提高、条件优化和在线监控等。     

饮用水中柱孢藻毒素与类毒素-A控制研究进展

柱孢藻毒素和类毒素-A是目前饮用水处理领域关注的两种新兴藻类分泌毒素。柱孢藻毒素分子结构稳定、沸点高、水中溶解度高,可引起严重的急性肝中毒,同时具有较强的细胞毒性与基因毒性。类毒素-A分子量小、结构简单、神经毒性极大,被称为"极速致死因子"。鉴于其广泛存在于蓝藻生长的水源水中,其浓度与微囊藻毒素相当,对饮用水安全构成较大威胁,为此对柱孢藻毒素与类毒素-A的结构特征、毒性、检测方法及控制方法进行了综述。两种溶解性藻毒素在饮用水常规处理中均难以有效去除,氯化消毒对柱孢藻毒素的降解具有较好的效果而难以氧化类毒素-A,臭氧氧化和高级氧化对两种藻毒素的去除具有一定的效果。如何强化净水工艺中柱孢藻毒素和类毒素-A的有效控制是目前该领域新的研究方向之一。     

光电氧化降解饮用水中有机污染物的效能

针对地表水中普遍存在的有机污染物现状和常规水处理工艺无法去除有机污染物的问题,以紫外光电氧化技术为基础,提出了以“分质供水”为目标的末端深度水处理工艺。与单独电解和光解相比,电化学氧化与紫外耦合技术可以将布洛芬、阿特拉津、三氯乙酸、乐果的降解率在15 min内分别提高到92.5%、98.1%、71.0%和94.6%,并且能耗有所降低。电流和光强对光电氧化降解有机污染物有促进作用,但污染物初始质量浓度、Cl⁻、HCO₃⁻和天然有机物(HA)和污染物去除率呈反比关系。在此基础上,以布洛芬为污染物代表,测定了布洛芬的中间产物,并计算了降解中间体的毒性变化,发现光电氧化明显降低了布洛芬的毒性。     

利用高压脉冲放电处理废水的研究进展

本文主要对脉冲高压放电处理废水的进展情况作了论述，讨论了不同放电反应器的设计及其国内外的应用，同时对水中放电的发生及其发展研究情况作了介绍。     

姚江水源及饮用水Ames试验研究

对宁波姚江原水及梅林水厂各净水工艺进行了致突变性研究,研究结果表明,姚江水源已受到污染,传统的净水工艺难以保证饮用水的安全,极需提高受污染原水的净化程度。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定饮用水及其水源水中的氯酚

利用固相微萃取(SPME)-气相色谱法(GC)联用技术测定饮用水及其水源水中的氯酚．优化萃取温度、萃取平衡时间、酸度、离子强度等实验条件．所建方法简便、精确,自来水和太湖水中均检测到氯酚。     

An overview of the methods used in the characterisation of natural organic matter (NOM) in relation to drinking water treatment

Natural organic matter (NOM) is found in all surface, ground and soil waters. During recent decades, reports worldwide show a continuing increase in the color and NOM of the surface water, which has an adverse affect on drinking water purification. For several practical and hygienic reasons, the presence of NOM is undesirable in drinking water. Various technologies have been proposed for NOM removal with varying degrees of success. The properties and amount of NOM, however, can significantly affect the process efficiency. In order to improve and optimise these processes, the characterisation and quantification of NOM at different purification and treatment processes stages is important. It is also important to be able to understand and predict the reactivity of NOM or its fractions in different steps of the treatment. Methods used in the characterisation of NOM include resin adsorption, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The amount of NOM in water has been predicted with parameters including UV-Vis, total organic carbon (TOC), and specific UV-absorbance (SUVA). Recently, methods by which NOM structures can be more precisely determined have been developed; pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), multidimensional NMR techniques, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). The present review focuses on the methods used for characterisation and quantification of NOM in relation to drinking water treatment.     

Uranium in Kosovo’s drinking water

The results of this paper are an initiation to capture the drinking water and/or groundwater elemental situation in the youngest European country, Kosovo. We aim to present a clear picture of the natural uranium concentration in drinking water and/or groundwater as it is distributed to the population of Kosovo. Nine hundred and fifty-one (951) drinking water samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The results are the first countrywide interpretation of the uranium concentration in drinking water and/or groundwater, directly following the Kosovo war of 1999. More than 98% of the samples had uranium concentrations above 0.01 μg L⁻¹, which was also our limit of quantification. Concentrations up to 166 μg L⁻¹ were found with a mean of 5 μg L⁻¹ and median 1.6 μg L⁻¹ were found. Two point six percent (2.6%) of the analyzed samples exceeded the World Health Organization maximum acceptable concentration of 30 μg L⁻¹, and 44.2% of the samples exceeded the 2 μg L⁻¹ German maximum acceptable concentrations recommended for infant food preparations.     

Concentrations of PFOS, PFOA and other perfluorinated alkyl acids in Australian drinking water

Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) are persistent environmental pollutants, found in the serum of human populations internationally. Due to concerns regarding their bioaccumulation, and possible health effects, an understanding of routes of human exposure is necessary. PFAAs are recalcitrant in many water treatment processes, making drinking water a potential source of human exposure. This study was conducted with the aim of assessing the exposure to PFAAs via potable water in Australia. Sixty-two samples of potable water, collected from 34 locations across Australia, including capital cities and regional centers. The samples were extracted by solid phase extraction and analyzed via liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for a range of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and sulfonates. PFOS and PFOA were the most commonly detected PFAAs, quantifiable in 49% and 44% of all samples respectively. The maximum concentration in any sample was seen for PFOS with a concentration of 16 ng L⁻¹, second highest maximums were for PFHxS and PFOA at 13 and 9.7 ng L⁻¹. The contribution of drinking water to daily PFOS and PFOA intakes in Australia was estimated. Assuming a daily intake of 1.4 and 0.8 ng kg⁻¹ bw for PFOS and PFOA the average contribution from drinking water was 2-3% with a maximum of 22% and 24% respectively.     

Influence of seasonal climate differences on the pharmaceutical,hormone and personal care product removal efficiency of a drinking water treatment plant

The potential presence of pharmaceuticals, hormones and personal care products in drinking water supplies has raised concerned over the efficiency with which these substances are removed by water treatment processes. In this work, we analyzed samples of raw, unprocessed water collected in different periods and found them to contain higher levels of these contaminants in the colder periods (viz. 12–314 ng L⁻¹ in autumn and winter as compared to 8–127 ng L⁻¹ in spring and summer) as a result of their biodegradation being favoured by high temperatures and solar irradiance. We also assessed the efficiency with which these contaminants are removed from drinking water by a water treatment plant operating in south-eastern Spain. Preoxidation with potassium permanganate and chloramination with sodium hypochlorite in the presence of highly concentrated ammonia were found to be the treatment steps most markedly contributing to the removal of pharmaceuticals, hormones and personal care products from drinking water (especially in the warmer periods, where these contaminants were completely removed from the water). By contrast, water treated in the colder periods (autumn and winter) still contained small amounts of ibuprofen and carbamazepine (0.09–0.5 ng L⁻¹) which, however, accounted for less than 0.2% of their original concentrations in the water prior to treatment.     

Behavior of pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) using combined conventional and ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis (UF/RO) treatments

The behavior along the potabilization process of 29 pharmaceuticals and 12 drugs of abuse identified from a total of 81 compounds at the intake of a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) has been studied. The DWTP has a common treatment consisting of dioxychlorination, coagulation/flocculation and sand filtration and then water is splitted in two parallel treatment lines: conventional (ozonation and carbon filtration) and advanced (ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis) to be further blended, chlorinated and distributed. Full removals were reached for most of the compounds. Iopromide (up to 17.2 ng/L), nicotine (13.7 ng/L), benzoylecgonine (1.9 ng/L), cotinine (3.6 ng/L), acetaminophen (15.6 ng/L), erythromycin (2.0 ng/L) and caffeine (6.0 ng/L) with elimination efficiencies ≥94%, were the sole compounds found in the treated water. The advanced treatment process showed a slightly better efficiency than the conventional treatment to eliminate pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse.     

Evaluating pharmaceuticals and caffeine as indicators of fecal contamination in drinking water sources of the Greater Montreal region

We surveyed four different river systems in the Greater Montreal region, upstream and downstream of entry points of contamination, from April 2007 to January 2009. The studied compounds belong to three different groups: PPCPs (caffeine, carbamazepine, naproxen, gemfibrozil, and trimethoprim), hormones (progesterone, estrone, and estradiol), and triazine herbicides and their metabolites (atrazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, simazine, and cyanazine). In the system A, B, and C having low flow rate and high TOC, we observed the highest detection frequencies and mass flows of PPCPs compared to the other compounds, reflecting discharge of urban contaminations through WWTPs and CSOs. However, in River D, having high flow rate and low TOC, comparable frequency of detection of triazine and their by-products and PPCPs, reflecting cumulative loads of these compounds from the Great Lakes as well as persistency against natural attenuation processes. Considering large differences in the removal efficiencies of caffeine and carbamazepine, a high ratio of caffeine/carbamazepine might be an indicative of a greater proportion of raw sewage versus treated wastewater in surface waters. In addition, caffeine appeared to be a promising indicator of recent urban fecal contaminations, as shown by the significant correlation with FC (R² = 0.45), while carbamazepine is a good indicator of cumulative persistence compounds.     

微污染水源水的控制技术

饮用水水源的污染日益严重,对人类的健康和传统净水工艺都构成了较大的威胁,更加剧了水资源的危机,文中阐述了近年来我国处理微污染水源水的主要技术,强化混凝处理技术,臭氧活性炭联用深度处理技术,生物活性炭深度处理技术,光催化氧化法技术,膜法深度处理技术,吸附预处理技术,生物预处理技术等,并给出了各种处理方法的优缺点。     

某饮用水处理厂中5种抗生素的去除

通过对美国某饮用水厂处理工艺和对象的介绍,研究各处理单元对克拉霉素(clarithromycin,CLA)、脱水红霉素(erythromycin-H2O,ERY)、左氧氟沙星(levofloxacin,LEV)、新诺明(sulfamethoxazole,SUL)和甲氧苄啶(trimethoprim,TRI)等5种目标抗生素的去除规律;从目标抗生素的残留和各处理单元的去除率角度分别分析时间和空间对去除规律的影响,并探讨抗生素和常规水质参数去除率间的相关关系。研究发现,原水中5种抗生素的平均浓度范围为0～26.8 ng/L,出水降至0～2.3 ng/L,该水厂工艺对5种抗生素的总去除率可达79.5%,其中CLA、ERY、LEV、SUL和TRI的去除率分别为92.8%、24%、100%、85.7%和53.2%;不同采样时间各采样点的抗生素浓度均呈现出秋季高的特点,但各处理单元的处理效率在不同的季节却表现出很大的差异;CLA可作为抗生素总量变化趋势预测的"指示抗生素";抗生素的总量浓度和总去除率与UV254的浓度及去除率之间有很好的正相关性,可以通过对UV254值的测定和去除率的计算来预测抗生素浓度的大小和去除率变化趋势。该研究从抗生素去除角度为我国新建和改扩建饮用水厂工艺提供较好的理论依据。