饮用水中嗅味的产生原因及去除方法探讨

饮用水中的嗅和味，可能来源于原水、水处理过程。针对不同情况应分别采取相应的处理方法。     

饮用水中异嗅物质-土臭素及二甲基异冰片的测定方法

导致饮用水土霉味的常见物质为土臭素(GSM)和二甲基异冰片(2-MIB),此两种物质通常在原水及饮用水中痕量存在,浓度低于几百ng/L.总结了用感官分析法和仪器分析法测定痕量GSM和2-MIB.对液液萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取及各种衍生水样预处理方法进行了对比,评价了各种方法的优劣,并对异嗅物质分析方法的发展提出了展望.     

基于荧光定量PCR技术构建水源地典型致嗅物质2-甲基异莰醇的评估方法及其应用

我国地表水源中由丝状蓝藻代谢产生2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)导致的嗅味问题十分普遍.由于传统显微镜检测方法无法鉴别产嗅藻种,不能满足水源水质管理要求,故有必要构建能特异性表征水体产嗅潜力的检测方法.由于丝状藻代谢产生2-MIB主要受其合成功能基因调控,设计了2-MIB功能基因引物,经引物特异性检验及PCR条件优化后,构...     

饮用水的生物脱氮

饮用水的硝酸盐浓度超标已引起世界各国的高度重视，这是因为摄入过量的硝酸盐可导致婴儿的高铁血红蛋白血症；硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐转化为亚硝胺，则具有“致癌、致变和致畸”作用[1]。由于生物处理具有高效低耗的特点，饮用水的生物脱氮得到了广泛而深入的研究。本文拟就此作一综述。1电子供体的选择生物脱氮实质上是硝酸盐作为脱氮菌呼吸链的末端电子受体而被还原为气态氮化物的过程。要使该生物反应顺利进行，必须为其提供合适的电子供体。曾被用作电子供体的物质很多，从物理状态上看，涉及气体[2]、固体[3]和液体[4]3种状态；从化学成分上…     

应对南方某水厂土霉嗅味的活性炭技术

粉末活性炭（PAC）是应对季节性嗅味问题的主要处理技术,选择合适的活性炭、确定投加条件等因素对于水厂的高效运行等具有重要意义。针对南方某水厂存在的季节性嗅味问题,选择了国内9种常用PAC（包括3种煤质炭,3种木质炭,3种椰壳炭）,对其吸附能力及处理成本进行比较,同时对该水厂在用PAC的处理效果、原有预氧化工艺（预加次氯酸钠及高锰酸钾）的影响等条件进行评价。结果表明：9种PAC中碘值为1 030 mg·g-1的椰壳炭吸附能力最强,对150 ng·L-1的2-甲基异崁醇（2-MIB）吸附容量为6.2 ng·mg-1。水厂的预氧化工艺会显著降低PAC对2-MIB、土臭素（GSM）的吸附效果（分别降低29.5%、31.6%）。综合处理效果和经济成本后,碘值为800 mg·g-1的煤质炭对该水厂水源条件下的嗅味问题处理效果最优,在将2-MIB浓度由150 ng·L-1处理至嗅阈值以下时,水的活性炭处理成本为0.3 元·t-1。     

饮用水除氨氮功能菌株的筛选及降解特性

从松花江原水中筛选出2株异养菌YX1和YX2,经生理生化及16S rDNA序列鉴定,YX1为微杆菌属(Microbacterium sp.),YX2为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)。5℃菌株YX1的世代时间为3.03 h,菌株YX2的世代时间为3.87h。应用生物增强活性炭技术研究了异养菌株YX1和YX2对氨氮的降解特征,结果表明,菌株经过3~4 d的适应期后,在低温5℃对氨氮具有较强的降解能力,且环境条件影响菌株对氨氮的降解效果。菌株YX1和YX2在高溶解氧浓度下氨氮降解效果好,属于好氧细菌,降解氨氮的最适合温度为12~15℃,属于耐冷型中温菌,最适宜的pH为弱碱性(7.5~8.0),以乙酸盐为碳源时对氨氮降解能力最强,其次为葡萄糖柠檬酸三钠碳酸钙甘油,以上结果可为低温水源水中氨氮的去除提供新的技术方法和理论依据。     

松花江饮用水氯消毒中氯仿形成的优化控制

通过对松花江水进行大量实验，找出TOC的含量、投氯量、温度和pH值等对氯仿形成的定量关系，确定了饮用水氯化的优化条件，使饮用水氯化过程中形成的氯仿含量不超过国家饮用水的标准。     

饮用水除砷技术研究进展

饮用水中的砷对人体健康危害很大。介绍了从饮用水中去除砷的各种方法,总结了目前除砷技术存在的不足,指出混凝微滤工艺具有除砷效率高、能耗低、操作简单等优点,应成为今后饮用水除砷技术的发展方向。     

一株新型异养硝化细菌处理养殖水的效果

从活性污泥中分离出一种能够进行异养硝化-好氧反硝化作用的菌株,经16S rDNA鉴定后为醋酸钙不动杆菌（Acinetobacter calcoaceticus）菌属,命名为Acinetobacte rcalcoaceticus A1,研究其对水产养殖用水的处理效果。结果表明,该菌株能够有效处理循环水养殖系统水体中的氨氮（TAN）、硝酸态氮（NO3--N）、总氮（TN）和总有机碳（TOC）,去除率分别为（43.31±0.78）%、（91.70±3.61）%、（83.56±6.15）%和（67.57±0.46）%。并考察了在固定化条件下接种菌株A1处理养殖废水,接种组的硝酸态氮、总氮和总有机碳的去除率分别为（17.21±6.54）%、（44.18±1.81）%和（77.07±1.48）%,但氨氮去除率为（22.61±6.74）%较未接种低。这表明A1菌株可以被用于处理水产养殖用水并具有良好的净化化效果。     

某水源水库嗅味来源及潜在产嗅藻分布特征解析

华东地区某水源水库近年来出现季节性嗅味问题.为解析嗅味产生来源及其成因,于2018年4月至2019年12月对该水库上游以及库内水体进行长期监测.监测结果表明,2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)是主要的土霉味致嗅物质,伪鱼腥藻是该水库潜在产嗅藻种,且其主要为外源输入.相关性分析结果表明,伪鱼腥藻的生长与水温及水下光照(透明度、...     

姚江水源及饮用水Ames试验研究

对宁波姚江原水及梅林水厂各净水工艺进行了致突变性研究,研究结果表明,姚江水源已受到污染,传统的净水工艺难以保证饮用水的安全,极需提高受污染原水的净化程度。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定饮用水及其水源水中的氯酚

利用固相微萃取(SPME)-气相色谱法(GC)联用技术测定饮用水及其水源水中的氯酚．优化萃取温度、萃取平衡时间、酸度、离子强度等实验条件．所建方法简便、精确,自来水和太湖水中均检测到氯酚。     

An overview of the methods used in the characterisation of natural organic matter (NOM) in relation to drinking water treatment

Natural organic matter (NOM) is found in all surface, ground and soil waters. During recent decades, reports worldwide show a continuing increase in the color and NOM of the surface water, which has an adverse affect on drinking water purification. For several practical and hygienic reasons, the presence of NOM is undesirable in drinking water. Various technologies have been proposed for NOM removal with varying degrees of success. The properties and amount of NOM, however, can significantly affect the process efficiency. In order to improve and optimise these processes, the characterisation and quantification of NOM at different purification and treatment processes stages is important. It is also important to be able to understand and predict the reactivity of NOM or its fractions in different steps of the treatment. Methods used in the characterisation of NOM include resin adsorption, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The amount of NOM in water has been predicted with parameters including UV-Vis, total organic carbon (TOC), and specific UV-absorbance (SUVA). Recently, methods by which NOM structures can be more precisely determined have been developed; pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), multidimensional NMR techniques, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). The present review focuses on the methods used for characterisation and quantification of NOM in relation to drinking water treatment.     

Uranium in Kosovo’s drinking water

The results of this paper are an initiation to capture the drinking water and/or groundwater elemental situation in the youngest European country, Kosovo. We aim to present a clear picture of the natural uranium concentration in drinking water and/or groundwater as it is distributed to the population of Kosovo. Nine hundred and fifty-one (951) drinking water samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The results are the first countrywide interpretation of the uranium concentration in drinking water and/or groundwater, directly following the Kosovo war of 1999. More than 98% of the samples had uranium concentrations above 0.01 μg L⁻¹, which was also our limit of quantification. Concentrations up to 166 μg L⁻¹ were found with a mean of 5 μg L⁻¹ and median 1.6 μg L⁻¹ were found. Two point six percent (2.6%) of the analyzed samples exceeded the World Health Organization maximum acceptable concentration of 30 μg L⁻¹, and 44.2% of the samples exceeded the 2 μg L⁻¹ German maximum acceptable concentrations recommended for infant food preparations.     

Concentrations of PFOS, PFOA and other perfluorinated alkyl acids in Australian drinking water

Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) are persistent environmental pollutants, found in the serum of human populations internationally. Due to concerns regarding their bioaccumulation, and possible health effects, an understanding of routes of human exposure is necessary. PFAAs are recalcitrant in many water treatment processes, making drinking water a potential source of human exposure. This study was conducted with the aim of assessing the exposure to PFAAs via potable water in Australia. Sixty-two samples of potable water, collected from 34 locations across Australia, including capital cities and regional centers. The samples were extracted by solid phase extraction and analyzed via liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for a range of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and sulfonates. PFOS and PFOA were the most commonly detected PFAAs, quantifiable in 49% and 44% of all samples respectively. The maximum concentration in any sample was seen for PFOS with a concentration of 16 ng L⁻¹, second highest maximums were for PFHxS and PFOA at 13 and 9.7 ng L⁻¹. The contribution of drinking water to daily PFOS and PFOA intakes in Australia was estimated. Assuming a daily intake of 1.4 and 0.8 ng kg⁻¹ bw for PFOS and PFOA the average contribution from drinking water was 2-3% with a maximum of 22% and 24% respectively.     

Influence of seasonal climate differences on the pharmaceutical,hormone and personal care product removal efficiency of a drinking water treatment plant

The potential presence of pharmaceuticals, hormones and personal care products in drinking water supplies has raised concerned over the efficiency with which these substances are removed by water treatment processes. In this work, we analyzed samples of raw, unprocessed water collected in different periods and found them to contain higher levels of these contaminants in the colder periods (viz. 12–314 ng L⁻¹ in autumn and winter as compared to 8–127 ng L⁻¹ in spring and summer) as a result of their biodegradation being favoured by high temperatures and solar irradiance. We also assessed the efficiency with which these contaminants are removed from drinking water by a water treatment plant operating in south-eastern Spain. Preoxidation with potassium permanganate and chloramination with sodium hypochlorite in the presence of highly concentrated ammonia were found to be the treatment steps most markedly contributing to the removal of pharmaceuticals, hormones and personal care products from drinking water (especially in the warmer periods, where these contaminants were completely removed from the water). By contrast, water treated in the colder periods (autumn and winter) still contained small amounts of ibuprofen and carbamazepine (0.09–0.5 ng L⁻¹) which, however, accounted for less than 0.2% of their original concentrations in the water prior to treatment.     

Behavior of pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) using combined conventional and ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis (UF/RO) treatments

The behavior along the potabilization process of 29 pharmaceuticals and 12 drugs of abuse identified from a total of 81 compounds at the intake of a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) has been studied. The DWTP has a common treatment consisting of dioxychlorination, coagulation/flocculation and sand filtration and then water is splitted in two parallel treatment lines: conventional (ozonation and carbon filtration) and advanced (ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis) to be further blended, chlorinated and distributed. Full removals were reached for most of the compounds. Iopromide (up to 17.2 ng/L), nicotine (13.7 ng/L), benzoylecgonine (1.9 ng/L), cotinine (3.6 ng/L), acetaminophen (15.6 ng/L), erythromycin (2.0 ng/L) and caffeine (6.0 ng/L) with elimination efficiencies ≥94%, were the sole compounds found in the treated water. The advanced treatment process showed a slightly better efficiency than the conventional treatment to eliminate pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse.     

微污染水源水的控制技术

饮用水水源的污染日益严重,对人类的健康和传统净水工艺都构成了较大的威胁,更加剧了水资源的危机,文中阐述了近年来我国处理微污染水源水的主要技术,强化混凝处理技术,臭氧活性炭联用深度处理技术,生物活性炭深度处理技术,光催化氧化法技术,膜法深度处理技术,吸附预处理技术,生物预处理技术等,并给出了各种处理方法的优缺点。     

Evaluating pharmaceuticals and caffeine as indicators of fecal contamination in drinking water sources of the Greater Montreal region

We surveyed four different river systems in the Greater Montreal region, upstream and downstream of entry points of contamination, from April 2007 to January 2009. The studied compounds belong to three different groups: PPCPs (caffeine, carbamazepine, naproxen, gemfibrozil, and trimethoprim), hormones (progesterone, estrone, and estradiol), and triazine herbicides and their metabolites (atrazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, simazine, and cyanazine). In the system A, B, and C having low flow rate and high TOC, we observed the highest detection frequencies and mass flows of PPCPs compared to the other compounds, reflecting discharge of urban contaminations through WWTPs and CSOs. However, in River D, having high flow rate and low TOC, comparable frequency of detection of triazine and their by-products and PPCPs, reflecting cumulative loads of these compounds from the Great Lakes as well as persistency against natural attenuation processes. Considering large differences in the removal efficiencies of caffeine and carbamazepine, a high ratio of caffeine/carbamazepine might be an indicative of a greater proportion of raw sewage versus treated wastewater in surface waters. In addition, caffeine appeared to be a promising indicator of recent urban fecal contaminations, as shown by the significant correlation with FC (R² = 0.45), while carbamazepine is a good indicator of cumulative persistence compounds.     

四种净水工艺对水源水微量有机物去除的研究

以UV254和CODMn代表饮用水源水中有机物替代指标.对常规处理、生物陶粒预处理、生物滤池、生物活性炭(BAC)、颗粒活性炭(GAC)、纳滤和光催化氧化进行组合,形成不同的处理流程,研究各流程对UV254和CODMn的去除效果.结果表明,各工艺流程都有一定的处理效率,其中以生物滤池和纳滤为主的组合流程处理效果最佳.此流程对UV254的去除率接近100%,CODMn的去除率达到78.6%,大大提高了饮用水的安全性.