山东省海洋灾害特征分析及防御对策探讨

本文给出了山东省的基础条件、海洋灾害类型与基本特征以及历史灾害概况等,并对各类海洋灾害的发生频率、致灾因素及损失程度等进行了综合分析,认为各类海洋灾害的发生频率、造成的经济损失等均呈逐年增加趋势;在分析了现有海洋防灾减灾能力现状及存在问题的基础上,结合山东省的实际,从工程性和非工程性两个方面提出了相关防御对策。     

赤潮灾害应急决策支持系统的概念设计

赤潮灾害是目前已知海洋最大的生态灾害之一,它危及海洋渔业资源、破坏海洋生态环境、危及人类健康,造成的海洋经济损失逐年增加。本文在分析国内外各种自然灾害应急决策支持系统的研究现状及赤潮灾害应急决策支持系统研究成果的基础上,设计实现了赤潮灾害应急决策支持系统。本系统集成卫星遥感、浮标、船载快速监测和走航等多源监测数据,实时或准实时地监测赤潮灾害的环境、生物和灾情各相关要素的状况与动态变化,提供实时监测数据和赤潮灾害的决策信息,并按照赤潮灾害的生消变化分成灾前、临灾、灾中和灾后四个阶段,以达到快速、实用、准确地提供专门的赤潮灾害决策成果,为有关部门的赤潮灾害预测预报及选取科学有效的防灾、减灾和救灾措施提供依据。     

《防灾科技学院学报》征稿简则

正《防灾科技学院学报》是由中国地震局主管,防灾科技学院主办,并在国内外公开发行的综合性科技期刊。正式创刊于1999年。《防灾科技学院学报》的办刊宗旨是:以防灾减灾救灾为特色,报道国内外关于灾害问题的研究动态和防灾减灾救灾对策;反映灾害孕育和发生机理、灾害监测与预测、灾害预防与治理、灾害应急救援与管理、灾害的危险性评估、灾害与人类社会的关系及其影响;提供政府防灾减灾相关部门、高等院校、科研院(所)以及其他相关组织和社会团体的防灾减灾学术交流平台;促进防灾减灾相关学科的建设,提高民众的防灾减灾意识和防灾减灾科学素养,提高人类抗御灾害的科技水平和能力,最大限度地减轻灾害造成的人员伤亡和财产损失。     

《防灾科技学院学报》征稿简则

正《防灾科技学院学报》是由中国地震局主管,防灾科技学院主办,并在国内外公开发行的综合性科技期刊。正式创刊于1999年,刊期为季刊。《防灾科技学院学报》的办刊宗旨是:以防灾减灾为特色,报道国内外关于灾害问题的研究动态和防灾减灾对策;提供政府防灾减灾相关部门、高等院校、科研院(所)以及其他相关组织和社会团体的防灾减灾学术交流平台;探索和揭示各种灾害发生演化的客观规律;促进防灾减灾相关学科的建设,为提高民众的防灾减灾意识和防灾减灾科学素养服务。《防灾科技学院学报》主要栏目有:成灾机理研究、灾害预测、灾害防治、灾害应急救援与管理研究、灾害历史文化与灾害社会学、防灾减灾纵横。     

嵌入灾害警报系统的防灾广播电台

本文提出了在防灾减灾广播电台嵌入灾害警报系统的组成方案和工作流程,并从我国面临灾害频发的严峻现状、广播电台的发展状况及其在灾害中的角色、我国防灾减灾体系的现状和不足出发,论述建立防灾减灾广播电台并嵌入灾害警报系统的必要性、可行性、积极效果和社会意义。     

黄渤海近岸精细化三维温盐流业务化数值预报系统研发

基于国际先进的Regional Ocean Modeling System(ROMS)模式,采用四重网格嵌套和地波雷达数据同化技术,以青岛、石岛湾、羊口港和鲅鱼圈港附近海域等4个海域为示范区建立黄、渤海近岸三维温盐流精细化数值预报业务系统。该系统包括系统自动控制子系统、数据预处理子系统、温盐流预报子系统和预报产品后处理子系统。青岛近海的预报系统业务化运行持续6年,其他示范区预报系统持续3年。业务化运行结果表明,该系统运行稳定,温度和海流预报精度高和运行时间短,满足业务化预报要求。该预报系统为黄渤海近岸防灾减灾、军事活动、海上运动、交通运输等提供了及时的精细化海洋环境预报服务,特别是绿潮、溢油、风暴潮等海洋灾害,具有较高的应用价值和社会经济效益。     

结构突变视角下政府灾害支出的平稳协调机制

完备的防灾减灾机制的构建离不开政府的指导和支持,以典型海洋风暴潮灾害为研究对象,结合我国1990年以来沿海地区政府防灾减灾财政支出和风暴潮经济损失数据,构建衡量政府灾害防御能力的协调度指标。利用傅里叶变换对政府补贴灾害的协调度进行检验,发现其存在突变特征并依据非线性平稳性检验对补贴协调度进行动态拟合。测度结果显示,从长期来看,防灾减灾总支出灾害协调度,科技教育支出灾害协调度、城市建设灾害协调度、社会福利灾害协调度均显著上升,指出降低对政府支出过度依赖、探索多元的防灾减灾机制是提高我国灾害应急管理效率的重要措施。     

《防灾科技学院学报》征稿简则

《防灾科技学院学报》是由中国地震局主管,防灾科技学院主办,并在国内外公开发行的综合性科技期刊。正式创刊于1999年。《防灾科技学院学报》的办刊宗旨是：以防灾减灾为特色,报道国内外关于灾害问题的研究动态和防灾减灾对策;提供政府防灾减灾相关部门、高等院校、科研院（所）以及其他相关组织和社会团体的防灾减灾学术交流平台;探索和揭示各种灾害发生演化的客观规律：促进防灾减灾相关学科的建设,为提高民众的防灾减灾意识和防灾减灾科学素养服务。     

国土空间规划体系下县域综合防灾减灾规划编制特点和思路研究——以武强县为例

县域综合防灾减灾规划的编制,以国土空间规划"多规合一"为背景,重点突出安全生产、安全分区及避让区规划、防灾基础设施空间布局和空间规划图件编制的特点,结合县域实际情况,按照"分析现状-评估风险-设立指标-设定工程目标"的编制思路,主要分析编制规划的"灾害风险评估、防灾减灾规划发展目标、综合防灾减灾空间布局、综合防灾减灾工程设施布局"四部分,并以武强县综合防灾减灾专项规划为例,研究规划编制的相关内容。     

核密度估计在海洋灾害保险纯保费厘定中的应用——以风暴潮灾害为例

频发的海洋灾害给人类社会正常的生产生活造成了不可估量的损失。总结日本灾后重建经验,本文认为提高居民防灾减灾能力、建立海洋灾害保险机制是我国社会发展中亟待解决的问题。由于有限的海洋灾害风险统计数据会降低传统的参数估计方法在海洋灾害保险费率厘定中的有效性,故本文引入非参数模型中的核密度估计方法对海洋灾害风险损失数据进行拟合,得到相应的期望损失,并以此为基础厘定海洋灾害保险的纯保费;在考虑风险附加后,文章对海洋灾害保险的费率进行了校正,以风暴潮为例进行实证分析,最终完成海洋灾害保险纯保费的厘定,并针对如何提高我国海洋灾害风险管理能力提出了若干对策建议。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.