Evaluating the use of Social Impact Assessment in the context of agricultural development projects in Iran

The utilisation of Social Impact Assessment (SIA) in Iran is analysed in terms of its policy context and its application in practice. Five case studies where SIA was employed in conjunction with Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) for agricultural development projects are evaluated. In addition, the performance of the policy context is assessed. This research revealed that there are legal and institutional constraints to the effective functioning of SIA in Iran, and that there are deficiencies in the operating guidelines. There were serious problems associated with the way SIA was undertaken in all five case studies. Recommendations to improve the policy framework for the conduct of SIA are made. The recommendations advocate for a higher profile of SIA within legislation, for social issues to have greater emphasis in official guidelines for the conduct of EIA and SIA, and for a range of measures to increase the professionalism of SIA practice.     

二维水流泥沙模型在采砂吹填作业环评中的应用

应用基于有限体积法及黎曼近似解的二维水流泥沙模型,在无结构网格上对偏微分方程进行有限体积的积分离散,以苏州港太仓港区庵弄村岸线调整工程为例,预测采砂吹填作业产生的悬砂对长江水体的水环境影响。结果表明,采砂产生的悬砂影响范围较大,但集中在江段中间,对水厂取水口有一定影响。若采取静置等措施,可将吹填作业悬砂产生的水环境影响控制在较小的范围之内。二维泥沙模型对采砂吹填作业施工可能引起水体污染的范围和程度的预测为该类项目环境影响评价的审批提供了科学依据。     

Health impact assessment of Roma housing policies in Central and Eastern Europe: A comparative analysis

Marginalised Roma communities in European countries live in substandard housing conditions the improvement of which has been one of the major issues of the Decade of Roma Inclusion, the ongoing intergovernmental European Roma programme. The paper presents EU-funded health impact assessments of national Roma housing policies and programmes in 3 Central and Eastern European countries in light of the evaluation of a completed local project in a fourth CEE country so as to compare predicted effects to observed ones. Housing was predicted to have beneficial health effects by improving indoor and outdoor conditions, access to services, and socioeconomic conditions. Negative impacts were predicted only in terms of maintenance expenses and housing tenure. However, observed impacts of the completed local project did not fully support predictions especially in terms of social networks, satisfaction with housing and neighbourhood, and inhabitant safety. In order to improve the predictive value of HIA, more evidence should be produced by the careful evaluation of locally implemented housing projects. In addition, current evidence is in favour of planning Roma housing projects at the local rather than at the national level in alignment with the principle of subsidiarity.     

江苏某醋厂排放VOCs的特征及健康风险评价

以江苏某醋厂为研究对象,使用便携式气相色谱/质谱仪实地采样,定性定量分析该厂挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放特征及异味物质强度特征。采用美国环境保护署(USEPA)的健康风险评价模型,评估醋厂排放VOCs对周围居民的健康影响,结果表明,该厂排放的VOCs仅导致较强的感官影响,未产生明显的致癌效应。     

Review of PSR framework and development of a DPSIR model to assess greenhouse effect in Taiwan

In dealing with the complex issues of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and climate change mitigation, many interrelated factors such as cost, level of technology development, supply and demand of energy, structure of industry, and expenditures on research and development exist. Using indicators to monitor environmental impacts and evaluate the efficacies of policies and regulations has been practiced for a long time, and it can serve as a useful tool for decision making and for comparison between different countries. Although numerous indicators have been developed for relevant subjects, integrated approaches that consider individual changes, dynamic interaction, and multi-dimensions of indicators are scarce. This paper aimed to develop a Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework to assess the problems. This DPSIR model is mainly related to energy consumption, environmental impacts, and policy responses. The objectives of the paper were: (1) conduct a literature review on the indicators that have been used in GHG-related studies; (2) develop a DPSIR model that incorporates GHG-related indicators and evaluate their relationships using a cause?Ceffect chain of GHG emission; and (3) develop a calculative method that can be used to explain the dynamic correlation among the interdependent indicators. Taiwan is a significant source of global GHG emissions. A case study, using the developed framework and Taiwan??s actual data of the past two decades, was conducted. The results indicate that regulatory strategies for pollution control are inadequate in terms of ensuring environmental quality, and the nature does not have the capability to revert the impacts from the existing level of pollution.     

泰州市夏季大气典型VOCs污染特征及健康风险评估

于2019年8—9月,采用大气预浓缩-气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对泰州市3个监测点位环境空气中57种挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行分析,并开展了VOCs组成特征、臭氧生成潜势(OFP)、VOCs来源及健康风险评价研究。结果表明:3个点位环境空气中φ(VOCs)范围为1.3×10^(-9)~46.9×10^(-9),平均值为8.5×10^(-9)。烷烃在VOCs中所占比例最大。各点位φ(VOCs)平均值依次为:工业园区>公园路>天德湖公园。公园路点位VOCs中苯系物受汽车尾气排放影响较大,天德湖公园和工业园区点位除了受汽车尾气排放影响,还受到有机溶剂和涂料的挥发影响,主要受本地污染主导。OFP中贡献最大的物质为乙烯,OFP值为5.5μg/m^(3),其次为烷烃。健康风险评价结果显示,各点位VOCs非致癌类风险均较低,处于安全范围内。各点位夏季环境空气中苯对人体均具有一定致癌风险。     

张家口市洋河、桑干河流域水环境健康风险评价

张家口市洋河、桑干河流域近几年来水质持续改善,为逐步恢复流域水质和下游官厅水库饮用水备用水源功能提供了条件.文章利用水环境健康风险评价模型,选取了2006年该流域水质监测数据,对流域内10个监测断面由饮水途径引起的水环境健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,该流域水体对人体健康危害最大的是化学致癌物Cr(VI),在各个监测断面中Cr(VI)的个人年风险均超过ICRP推荐的标准.同时,化学致癌物对人体健康危害的个人年风险超过非致癌物的个人年风险;因此对该流域水体的含化学致癌物Cr(VI)和As废水进行控制和治理是降低水环境健康风险的有效途径.     

某化工企业厂界内及周边土壤中二噁英健康风险评估

在某化工企业厂界内及周边布设9个土壤点位,对其二噁英进行检测与分析,依据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》对土壤中二噁英进行健康风险评估。结果表明,9个土壤点位二噁英毒性当量浓度为3.72~20.3 pg/g,均值为9.1 pg/g,均处于安全水平;在经口摄入、皮肤接触和吸入土壤颗粒物3种暴露途径下,只有4#点位具有较低的致癌风险;4#点位代表的场地区域为风险不可接受的污染区域,基于致癌效应的土壤风险控制值为1.84×10-5mg/kg。提出,应尽快研究并制定土壤中二噁英的标准限值。     

某金矿周边土壤和地下水中砷的健康风险评价

以湖北某含砷金矿污染场地为例,依据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》(HJ 25.3—2014),对其周边土壤和地下水中砷元素进行健康风险评价,结果表明:该金矿周边土壤和地下水中砷分别通过经口摄入土壤、皮肤接触土壤和吸入土壤颗粒物、饮用地下水4种暴露途径的致癌风险均超过可接受风险水平(10-6),对周边居民造成潜在危害。计算得到经口摄入、皮肤接触和吸入途径基于致癌效应的土壤风险控制值分别为1.6 mg/kg、9.3 mg/kg和12.1 mg/kg,应予以重视,并建议对矿山进行综合治理和目标值修复。     

南京市典型地区大气多环芳烃污染特征及健康风险评价

采用气相色谱-质谱法,于2016年9月和12月对南京市2个典型地区大气中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的质量浓度进行分析,并开展了PAHs组成特征、来源解析及人体健康风险评价研究。结果表明,工业区(六合区)和生活区(江宁区)大气(气态和可吸入颗粒态)中16种PAHs的质量浓度分别为914.82和712.27 ng/m~3,苯并[a]芘毒性等效浓度分别为274.1和309.84 ng/m~3,且呈现冬季高、秋季低的特征。比值法源解析结果表明,燃煤污染是六合区PAHs污染主要来源,而江宁区主要表现为交通污染。人体健康风险评价结果表明,六合区和江宁区人群通过大气吸入PAHs的超额致癌风险分别为5.17×10~(-5)和5.85×10~(-5),均略高于可接受水平10~(-6)。     

家具制造企业密集区空气中VOCs污染状况及健康风险评价

采用Tenax管吸附-热脱附-气相色谱法测定家具制造企业密集区空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs),并应用美国国家环保局(USEPA)的健康风险评价模型评估其对周边人群的影响。结果表明,家具制造企业密集区总VOCs的质量浓度为0.931 mg/m3,11种目标物中乙酸乙酯、丙酮和乙酸丁酯所占比例较高,分别占总VOCs的20.2%、10.7%和9.1%。该区总VOCs的累积非致癌风险指数为3.47×10-7,低于1,不会对人体产生明显的非致癌健康危害;其累积致癌风险指数为2.49×10-5,是可接受致癌风险值(1.0×10-6)的25倍,可能对人群存在致癌影响。     

辽宁省淡水鱼类体内多溴联苯醚和六溴环十二烷的富集特征及健康风险评估

分析了辽宁省4个典型城市淡水鱼类中多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）和六溴环十二烷（HBCDs）的富集特征,并进行了健康风险评估。结果表明：淡水鱼类体内PBDEs和HBCDs检出率均为100%,PBDEs和HBCDs的平均质量分数分别为9.73 和21.81 ng/g（脂重）。PBDEs中的单体BDE 183、BDE 209和BDE 153在辽河流域不同鱼类的同源种中占优势,分别占PBDEs的26.8%～40%,17%～44%和14%～22%。在HBCDs的3种同系物中,α-HBCD是主要的单体,其相对贡献率为45.15%~84.71%。辽河流域的工厂企业生产活动对淡水鱼类产生了影响,居民通过消费水产品摄入PBDEs和HBCDs。健康风险评估结果显示：PBDEs和HBCDs的健康风险指数均＜1,说明当地水产品中PBDEs和HBCDs的非致癌风险处于可接受水平。     

南宁市河流型水源地重金属污染调查与健康风险评价

通过对南宁市河流型水源地水体中Pb、Cd、Hg、As浓度调查与健康风险评价研究,结果表明:这4种元素在水体中的质量浓度较低,均达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅱ类标准;经饮水途径引起的健康风险从大到小依次为AsCdPbHg,说明As是南宁市饮用水源中的主要风险因子;4种元素通过饮水途径引起的平均个人年健康致癌风险值为1.48×10-6a-1~13.75×10-6a-1,非致癌风险值为7.05×10-10a-1,均低于美国环保局和国际辐射防护委员会的推荐值。     

Environmental Monitoring and Impact Assessment of a Solid Waste Disposal Site

The objective of this study is an attempt to conduct an environmentalmonitoring and impact assessment of the On-Nooch solid waste disposal sitein Bangkok, Thailand. Four water and five air sampling stations (2 upwindand 3 downwind directions) were established at the site. Grab water samplesfrom leachate treatment plant and Khlong Song Hong, a nearby stream, werecollected during the rainy and dry seasons. Analytical results of the wastewater discharged by the leachate treatment plant, during dry season showedchemical oxygen demand: 618 mg/l; biochemical oxygen demand: 80 mg/l;suspended solid: 101 mg/l; Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen: 283 mg/l, which werestill higher than standard limit for effluents in Thailand. During the dryseason, results also showed widespread heavy metal pollution from leachate(chromium: 1.03 mg/l; manganese: 1.07 mg/l; mercury: 0.025 mg/l) and werehigher than the allowable level of heavy metals for the Industrial EffluentStandard in Thailand. The direct discharge of untreated leachate into inlandwater will cause considerable water pollution in the study area. Compositeair samples in this study area were collected during the rainy and dryseasons and were analyzed for methane (CH₄), carbon dioxide(CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide(SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) andsuspended particulate matter (SPM). The average concentration of SPM rangedbetween 0.1–0.36 mg/m³ for 24-hour average, dependingupon the season. The level of CH₄ and CO₂ inthe ambient air of the study area were found to be 3.48–65.71mg/m³ and 886-1758 mg/m³ respectively which weremuch higher than the normal concentration of CH₄ andCO₂ in the air (CH₄: 2.41 mg/m³;CO₂: 585 mg/m³). Hence, adverse health andenvironmental effects could be expected from water and air pollution.     

运城市区秋冬季大气PM2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评估

为了解山西省运城市大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）中重金属的污染特征和来源及其健康风险,于2020年10月15日—2021年2月14日对运城市大气PM_2.5样品进行连续采集,使用微波消解-电感耦合等离子质谱法（ICP-MS）分析了样品中的铬（Cr）、锰（Mn）、镍（Ni）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）和铅（Pb）等8种重金属元素的质量浓度。结果表明,采样期间,ρ（PM_2.5）平均值为78.96μg/m³,采暖季ρ（PM_2.5）为（79.84±43.79）μg/m³,高于非采暖季（76.54±23.97）μg/m³,采暖季和非采暖季ρ（PM_2.5）均值均超过《环境空气质量标准》（GB 3095—2012）中的二级标准。富集因子法分析表明,Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb的富集因子均高于10,其中Cd元素的富集因子平均值达到1.089,表明受人为污染影响严重。主成分分析结果表明,运城市区秋冬季大气中重金属主要有3个来源,分别为混合燃烧源、机动车尾气源、工业排放源。健康风险评价结果显示,经手口摄入暴露强度最大,呼吸吸入暴露强度最小,皮肤接触暴露强度居中;儿童在3种暴露途径的总暴露剂量高于成人,儿童重金属暴露风险高于成人。各途径的非致癌风险强度叠加值＜1,表明非致癌风险较小;但As、Pb的非致癌风险相对较高。4种重金属的呼吸吸入途径致癌风险程度排序为：As＞Cr＞Cd＞Ni,单种重金属的致癌风险（TR）值以及重金属的总致癌风险（R）值均＜10^-6,表明本研究中重金属不具有致癌风险。     

江苏省快速城镇化的资源环境影响及压力测算研究

通过测算江苏省城镇化每增长一个百分点引起的资源消耗与环境污染物产排放变化量,分析城镇化发展的边际资源环境效应。结果表明,1996年—2010年期间,城镇化每增长一个百分点带来的城镇生活用水量、城镇生活污水排放量、COD产生量、NH3-N产生量、NOx排放量、CO2排放量、垃圾产生量仍呈上升趋势,而城镇化每增长一个百分点带来的COD、NH3-N排放量和SO2排放量由"十五"的增加逐步转为"十一五"的减少。提出,江苏省应选择有特色的城镇化发展道路,合理把握城镇化发展速度和节奏,重视城镇化发展质量,促进城镇与环境协调发展。     

某大型化工企业周边居民区积尘中多环芳烃调查及健康风险评价

以江苏省某大型化工企业周边居民区为研究区域,调查企业主导风的下风向2 km范围内的居民区以及对照区积尘中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量,对16种PAHs污染分布和特征进行研究,并评估积尘PAHs通过暴露途径对人群健康风险。结果表明:居民区积尘中16种PAHs全部检出,污染区∑PAHs均值为2 294μg/kg,明显高于对照区145μg/kg;污染区7个测点中有6个测点苯并(a)芘出现超标,超标倍数为0. 17～2. 5倍;所测的16种PAHs化合物中蒽、荧蒽、芘、、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘浓度相对较高;通过PAHs主成分分析和特征比值判断,不完全燃烧源对积尘中PAHs贡献率达77. 4%,污染区PAHs来源呈现石油燃烧、煤燃烧以及石油源的复合污染特征,对照区PAHs主要来源为煤的不完全燃烧;以苯并(a)芘毒性等效浓度进行风险评估,污染区致癌风险值明显高于对照区,儿童摄入PAHs风险总体高于成人;对照区儿童和成人致癌风险均小于1×10~(-6),不存在致癌风险;污染区儿童和成人平均致癌风险值分别为3. 95×10~(-6)、2. 65×10~(-6),在可接受范围内,但存在潜在致癌风险。     

Developing a National Indicator of Soil Quality on U.S Forestlands: Methods and Initial Results

The Montreal Process was formed in 1994 to develop an internationally agreed upon set of criteria and indicators for the conservation and sustainable management of temperate and boreal forests. In response to this initiative, the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) and Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) programs of the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service have implemented soil measurements as part of a national monitoring program to address specific questions related to the conservation of soil and water resources. Integration of soil assessments into the national FIA program provides for systematic monitoring of soil properties across all forested regions of the U.S. using standardized collection, laboratory, and statistical procedures that are compatible with existing forest inventory data. The resulting information will provide quantitative benchmarks for regional, national, and international reporting on sustainable forest management and enhance our understanding of management effects on soil quality. This paper presents an overview of the FIA soil monitoring program, outlines the field and laboratory protocols as currently implemented, and provides examples of how these data may be used to assess indicators of sustainable management as defined by the Montreal Process.     

西南某化工园区周边区域环境空气中苯系物和卤代烃的污染特征及健康风险研究

于2020年8月和11月,在中国西南某化工园区周边6个采样点采集环境空气样品,对5种典型苯系物(苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、间/对二甲苯)和7种典型卤代烃(三氯甲烷、三氯乙烯、四氯化碳、四氯乙烯、三溴甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷和二溴一氯甲烷)进行研究,明确了区域典型苯系物和卤代烃(BSHs)的污染特征,并评估其对人体的健康风险。结果表明:化工园区周边环境空气中苯系物检出率均 60%,卤代烃中除三溴甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷和二溴一氯甲烷外,检出率均 50%。苯系物和卤代烃的平均质量浓度分别为4.14～11.19μg/m~3和0.30～10.86μg/m~3。BSHs的浓度夏季低于冬季,这可能与人为的季节性燃烧源有关。苯、四氯化碳和四氯乙烯超过国际WELL建筑标准v2,全年超标率分别为3.33%,8.33%和11.67%。BSHs的非致癌和致癌风险均为成人儿童,成人和儿童的非致癌总风险分别为1.87×10~(-2)和1.26×10~(-2),处于可接受水平;成人和儿童的致癌风险分别为1.76×10~(-3)和1.19×10~(-3),处于不可接受水平。     

Assessment of Ambient Air Quality in Urban Centres of Haryana (India) in Relation to Different Anthropogenic Activities and Health Risks

Considering the mounting evidences of the effects of air pollution on health, the present study was undertaken to assess the ambient air quality status in the fast growing urban centres of Haryana state, India. The samples were collected for total suspended particulate matter (TSPM), respirable suspended particulate matter (PM₁₀), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and oxides of nitrogen (NO₂) during different seasons from 8 districts of Haryana during January, 1999 to September, 2000. The four types of sampling sites with different anthropogenic activities i.e. residential, sensitive, commercial and industrial were identified in each city. The ambient air concentration of TSPM and PM₁₀ observed was well above the prescribed standards at almost all the sites. The average ambient air concentrations of SO₂ and NO₂ were found below the permissible limits at all the centres. Comparatively higher concentration of SO₂ was observed during winter seasons, which seems to be related with the enhanced combustion of fuel for space heating and relatively stable atmospheric conditions. Air Quality Index (AQI) prepared for these cities shows that residential, sensitive and commercial areas were moderately to severely polluted which is a cause of concern for the residents of these cities. The high levels of TSPM and SO₂ especially in winter are of major health concern because of their synergistic action. The data from Hisar city reveals a significant increase in the total number of hospital visits/admissions of the patients with acute respiratory diseases during winter season when the level of air pollutants was high.