四川盆地果梅生产的气候生态适宜性研究

根据果梅对环境条件的要求，通过对其分布地区的气侯特征和生态表现的调查分析，本文提出以年均温和１月均温为果梅生态适宜性划分的依据．根据四川盆地的气候特点．提出了果梅栽培的最适区、适宜区和次适宜区．本文对四川盆地发展果海生产．提高经济效益，改善生态环境具有一定的指导意义．     

乌头种质资源形态学多态性研究初报

收集乌头种质资源,经种属鉴定,均来源于毛莨科植物乌头（Aconitum camichaeli Debx．）,以南瓜叶、鹅掌叶、艾叶等3种变异类型为主。观察了全生育期间哥形态学特征,证实乌头种质资源的形态学多态性,其中南瓜叶乌头长势壮、叶面积大、叶片肥厚、茎粗、须根发达、子根数目多、形状规则、子根大,表现出良好的丰产性,可作为附子栽培的重点推广品种。这些形态学指标可直接用于3种乌头资源的早期鉴定,对附子种质资源评价和良种选育具有重要意义。     

不同预案下的建设用地适宜性评价以湖北宜城市为例

以湖北宜城市为例,对宜城市未来不同发展模式和不同发展政策导向下的不同情景进行预测,设计基于目前发展趋势预案、城镇规划预案和生态环境保护预案的三种建设用地适宜性评价,利用ArcGIS软件的Model Builder建模评价三种预案下的建设用地适宜性。结果表明,不同预案下的建设用地适宜性评价结果存在着较大差别:城镇规划预案的各适宜区面积比例结构较均衡,其他两种预案的各适宜区比例结构不均衡;三种不同预案的高适宜区分布较集中,而中适宜区、低适宜区、不适宜区的分布特征在不同预案下的区别明显;将新增建设用地布局与各预案建设用地适宜性结果进行对比分析,城镇规划预案与新增建设用地布局最贴近,而生态环境保护预案的结果相差最大。由此可见,只有明确评价所基于的情景假设,才能使建设用地适宜性评价更科学合理。     

山西省朔州市耕地与基本农田优化布局研究

耕地和基本农田保护对矿业城市来说具有特殊的意义.以典型矿业城市——山西省朔州市为例,结合当地第三轮土地利用总体规划修编(2006-2020年),以当地2005年(规划基期年)耕地和基本农田的数量、质量为基础,分析其动态流向特征,最后根据自然气候、社会经济条件与耕地质量的一致性,将规划期内(至2020年)朔州市耕地划分为3个区域,分别探讨了各区域耕地利用、土壤改良和生态环境保护方向.     

毕节地区各土类水土保持树种的Fuzzy评价

根据毕节地区16个主要造林树种的生态生物学特性,结合本区气候和土壤生态条件,运用 Fuzzy 二级评价模型,对各土类水土保持树种的适宜程度进行了综合评价。     

四川水稻气候生态类型分异及区划

本文根据中国光温生态试验资料及四川水稻品比试验与气象观测的历史资料,讨论了早、中稻感温性和对温度的适应性,分析了播期、纬度、海拔等因素与稻种需求积温量的关系,以水稻品种类型对热量的适应性指标为依据,考虑四川水稻气候生态的差异性,划分出水稻综合气候生态类型区。     

毕节地区各土类水土保持树种的Fuzzy评价

根据毕节地区１６个主要造林树种的生态生物学特性，结合本区气候和土壤生态条件，运用Ｆｕｚｚｙ二级评价模型，对各土类水土保持树种的适宜程度进行了综合评价。     

重庆市农业自然生产潜力研究：I.潜力计算方法讨论

一般认为,影响作物的主要生态因子包括光、温、水和养分,根据这四个因子构成的自然生产潜力模型为阶乘形式:y_1=f(S)·f(W)·f(T)·f(Q)提出这种模型的学者有罗马尼亚的Dumitru Teaic、我国的梁荣欣、孙惠南等。考虑光、温和水三个因子的所谓气候生产潜力的阶乘型公式较多,如陈明     

中小型水库库区生态安全性综合评价

从库区生物环境,地质与气候环境和人类工程活动三个准则考虑建立了库区系统生态安全性评价指标体系,并采用层次分析和模糊评价有机结合的综合方法对库区系统生态安全进行综合评价。以四川中江县黄鹿水库为例进行的综合评价表明生态安全隶属于“安全”的程度最大,通过综合评价中间结果的计算分析,找出导致生态危险的薄弱因素是人类活动影响较大。     

长吉图旅游生态位宽度和重叠度实证分析

区域旅游协同共生是实现全域旅游的必经之路,将区域内的旅游资源、产品和市场进行重新配置,有助于实现旅游业的转型升级。运用生态位理论构建旅游生态位评价体系,对长吉图区域内9个城市的旅游生态位宽度和旅游生态位重叠度进行测算,并使用SPSS22.0软件对测算结果进行分析。结果表明:(1)区域内城市的旅游生态位差异较大,长春、吉林、延吉综合旅游生态位居前三位,在竞争中处于优势地位;(2)根据系统聚类谱系图,将区域内城市分为核心城市、次核心城市、增长极城市、边缘城市四个等级,针对不同等级的城市提出对应的旅游发展策略;(3)区域内城市的竞争压力较大,各维度旅游生态位重叠度均超过0.7。     

A Quantitative Climate-Match Score for Risk-Assessment Screening of Reptile and Amphibian Introductions

Assessing climatic suitability provides a good preliminary estimate of the invasive potential of a species to inform risk assessment. We examined two approaches for bioclimatic modeling for 67 reptile and amphibian species introduced to California and Florida. First, we modeled the worldwide distribution of the biomes found in the introduced range to highlight similar areas worldwide from which invaders might arise. Second, we modeled potentially suitable environments for species based on climatic factors in their native ranges, using three sources of distribution data. Performance of the three datasets and both approaches were compared for each species. Climate match was positively correlated with species establishment success (maximum predicted suitability in the introduced range was more strongly correlated with establishment success than mean suitability). Data assembled from the Global Amphibian Assessment through NatureServe provided the most accurate models for amphibians, while ecoregion data compiled by the World Wide Fund for Nature yielded models which described reptile climatic suitability better than available point-locality data. We present three methods of assigning a climate-match score for use in risk assessment using both the mean and maximum climatic suitabilities. Managers may choose to use different methods depending on the stringency of the assessment and the available data, facilitating higher resolution and accuracy for herpetofaunal risk assessment. Climate-matching has inherent limitations and other factors pertaining to ecological interactions and life-history traits must also be considered for thorough risk assessment. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Modelling the Ecological Vulnerability to Forest Fires in Mediterranean Ecosystems Using Geographic Information Technologies

Forest fires represent a major driver of change at the ecosystem and landscape levels in the Mediterranean region. Environmental features and vegetation are key factors to estimate the ecological vulnerability to fire; defined as the degree to which an ecosystem is susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse effects of fire (provided a fire occurs). Given the predicted climatic changes for the region, it is urgent to validate spatially explicit tools for assessing this vulnerability in order to support the design of new fire prevention and restoration strategies. This work presents an innovative GIS-based modelling approach to evaluate the ecological vulnerability to fire of an ecosystem, considering its main components (soil and vegetation) and different time scales. The evaluation was structured in three stages: short-term (focussed on soil degradation risk), medium-term (focussed on changes in vegetation), and coupling of the short- and medium-term vulnerabilities. The model was implemented in two regions: Aragón (inland North-eastern Spain) and Valencia (eastern Spain). Maps of the ecological vulnerability to fire were produced at a regional scale. We partially validated the model in a study site combining two complementary approaches that focused on testing the adequacy of model’s predictions in three ecosystems, all very common in fire-prone landscapes of eastern Spain: two shrublands and a pine forest. Both approaches were based on the comparison of model’s predictions with values of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), which is considered a good proxy for green biomass. Both methods showed that the model’s performance is satisfactory when applied to the three selected vegetation types.     

Observations on enviironmental sustainability, environmental politics and environmental diplomacy

Some time ago I was invited to an international meeting concerned with water management issues in a particular region, the boundaries of which had been clearly defined by its climatic gradients. Combined with another event, that meeting was attended not only by the participants from the region but also by delegates representing states located far from its climatic and ecological boundaries. Instead of playing the role of silent listeners, delegates from distant regions took the floor, presenting their official national statements and expressing their interest and right, to participate in the programme. Such statements were made before any technical and ecological aspects had been explained or the outlines of the proposed programme made clear .     

中药川附子微量重金属元素的分析研究

采用ICP－AES法分析中药川附子中17种化学元素（含重金属）。通过对潞党参标准样品的分析并与AAS法的结果比较，确定了方法的准确度。应用该法弄清川附子用传统工艺炮制前后，微量重金属元素的含量及其浓度变化，从而为川附子的开发与国际化提供科学依据和测试手段。     

Silvicultural management in maintaining biodiversity and resistance of forests in Europe-temperate zone

In Europe temperate forests play a prominent role in timber production, nature protection, water conservation, erosion control and recreation. For centuries temperate forests in Europe have been affected by forest devastation and soil degradation. Applying great efforts to eliminate the severe wood shortage of those days, countermeasures were taken during the last 150 years by regenerating and tending highly productive forests. High growth rates and an increasing growing stock of these forests indicate that formerly stated goals have been successfully achieved. Coniferous species were often favoured because they were easy to establish and manage, and gave reason for high volume growth expectations. Today coniferous forests expand far beyond the limits of their natural ranges.These changes have been accompanied by a loss of biodiversity, a shift to nonsite adapted tree species and reduce the resistance against storms, snow, ice, droughts, insects and fungi. Some of these hazards were further intensified by the increasing average stand age, as well as in some areas by severe air pollution. Climatic fluctuations, especially changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme warm and dry climatic conditions and of heavy storms, had considerable impact on forest ecosystems.The changing demands of today require a widened scope of forest management. Society is asking for sustainable forestry emphasizing biodiversity and naturalistic forest management. It is of great economic and ecological relevance to know on which sites today's forests are most susceptible to climatic and other environmental changes and hazards. In those areas adjustments of management through a conversion the prevailing forests towards more site adapted mixed forests needs to be considered with priority. The high diversity in site conditions, ownership, economic and socio-cultural conditions require strategies adapted to the local and regional needs. Higher resistance of forests will increase economic and social benefits of forests and reduce the risks by maintaining sustainable forestry.     

The role of climatic variations on migration and human health in Africa

In Africa, climatic variations, as typified by widespread rainfall fluctuations, are a prominent feature of the climate of the continent. The effects of these climatic variations are multifarious and affect the environmental, economic and social well-being of the societies concerned. This is particularly so since the majority of the people depend on rain supported agricultural production for their sustenance and livelihood. Any short-fall in the amount, frequency and manner of occurrence of the rains received, tends to reflect on the people's spatial behaviour, particularly as migration in trying to make up for the impact of the deficit. This paper describes the nature of climatic variations over the continent and highlights the extent to which climatic variations play a significant role in population movement and the health of peoples as documented in studies carried out in different parts of the region. An awareness of the implications of climatic variations as reviewed in this work suggests the need for better monitoring systems to measure the impacts of climatic variations. This will provide governments and all stakeholders with a proper perspective of the vagaries of climate and enhance the development of suitable policies to mitigate and alleviate the impact on the general populace of the affected areas. This is especially important in the face of changing world climate and its antecedant effects which are especially felt in developing societies.     

The planning and management of African river and lake basin development and conservation

The success of river and lake basin development and management is rooted in the knowledge of its resources, both physical and human. Within the framework of an integrated basin plan, each economic sector depends on the adequacy of such data for its individual development. The management and conservation of the basin itself in turn depends on knowing the requirements of those sectors and their probable impact on each other and on the status of the basin's resources, its ecology and environment. The development of African river basin resources is subject to various constraints, some for physical and climatic reasons, others tied to socio-cultural characteristics and the priorities of national economies. These are reflected in financial, manpower and institutional limitations, problems of finding technologies suited to specific local conditions and concern for human health. The scale and complexity of river basin development make it difficult to predict precise outcomes of planned proposals, but a progressive approach which links long-term activities with achievable, shorter term production projects offers prospects for ultimate success.     

Energy planning and wood balances

Woodfuel balances are commonly used by energy planners in developing countries to determine the adequacy of woodfuel resources. Recently, critics have argued that wood balances are misleading in their simplicity, exaggerating both the severity of the woodfuel shortage and the need for planned interventions to solve that problem. This paper examines four different wood balances developed for Tanzania. While the four studies all indicate that areas with miombo woodlands are in the greatest wood surplus, the specific estimates for any given region may differ widely. Despite their shortcomings, energy planners need woodfuel balances to give an impression of the adequacy of woodfuel resources. However, if energy planning is to have any effect, these balances must represent the beginning, and not the end result, of the planning process. Planners must follow the wood-energy balance analysis with work utilizing local people to solve local problems.     

Environmental impacts of the shelter forests in Horqin Sandy land, northeast China

Assessing environmental effects of shelter forests is primarily necessary for realizing their greatest protective benefits. The Three-North Shelter Forest Program (TNSFP), the largest ecological afforestation program in the world, has been operated for three decades in China but so far lacks comprehensive assessment of its environmental impacts. Horqin Sandy Land (HSL) in Northeast China is one of the key areas in the TNSFP implementation. To identify the principal contributors to environmental changes in HSL, we evaluated impacts of variations in landscape features, shelter forest areas, climatic factors, and social factors on changes in sandy land areas from 1978 to 2007, by using Gray Relational Analysis. Our analysis showed that during the period 1978 to 2007, the sandy land area decreased by 3.9% in low aeolian dunes, 14.5% in low mountains and hills, and 98.9% in high elevation alluvial flats of HSL. Factors with Gray Correlation Degrees >0.9 were identified as the patch shape index (PSI) and the landscape isolation index (LII) of grasses in low aeolian dunes, PSI of grasses in mountains and hills, and area of broadleaved forests and LII of shrubs in alluvial flats. It is concluded that establishment of the shelter forests has played a significant role in controlling the expansion of sandy land in HSL. To sustain the long-term environmental benefits of the shelter forests in the remaining period for TNSFP construction, suitable tree species should be selected and planted at appropriate densities based on the local precipitation, groundwater and landform conditions, and the system stability of the total landscape.     

西北地区生态用水的探讨

我国西北地区多处于干旱气候带，水资源匮乏，生态环境脆弱。为实施西北地区生态恢复与重建，必须合理开发和利用该区有限的水资源，科学地确定社会用水同生态用水的比例，积极保证生态用水，合理利用生态用水，注重生态用水的多重效益。结合西北干旱区实际情况，就这一地区生态用水的开发和利用做了分析阐述。