不同植被类型及土壤对径流水化学特征的影响

在不同植被类型覆盖条件下,对降雨形成地表径流和地下径流的化学成分变化及其与土壤剖面性质的关系进行分析,结果表明:地表径流和地下径流的化学特征与雨水基本相同,阳离子主要以Ca²⁺为主,离子排序为Ca²⁺>K⁺>Na⁺>Mg²⁺>NH₄⁺,阴离子以SO₄^2-为主,SO₄^2->NO₃^->Cl^-.降雨形成地表径流和地下径流后,各成分浓度发生了明显的变化,水体中主要的阴阳离子如Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-等浓度增加,与雨水相比为内贮型化学成分,地下径流中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-和Cl^-增加的幅度显著高于地表径流.相关分析结果显示,地下径流pH受到土壤pH的强烈影响,受土壤胶体吸附的影响,水体中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺等阳离子与土壤交换性阳离子之间一般呈负相关的关系,由于阴离子容易随水流失,水体中SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Cl^-与土壤相关离子之间普遍呈正相关关系.     

不同类型建筑垃圾堆场大气降尘中水溶性离子污染特征

为了解建筑垃圾长期堆放产生的扬尘对大气的影响,选择北京市两个拆迁建筑垃圾堆放场,于2019年夏季、秋季进行降尘连续采样.共收集拆迁原地堆放有效降尘样品11个,异地集中堆放有效降尘样品11个,利用离子色谱法对大气降尘中水溶性离子组分及质量浓度进行分析.结果表明：阳离子中质量浓度最高的是Ca²⁺,其次是K⁺,NH₄⁺浓度最低;阴离子中质量浓度最高的是SO₄^2-,其次是Cl^-,NO₃^-最低,降尘样品呈碱性.建筑垃圾拆迁原地堆放场地Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-、Na⁺、NH₄⁺平均浓度高于异地集中堆放场地对应各离子浓度.拆迁原地堆放场地中Ca²⁺、SO₄^2-、Na⁺、Cl^-受局地风向影响较大,空间分布情况与风向扩散趋势大致相同;异地集中堆放场地各离子浓度高值区域分布较原地堆放远,Ca²⁺、K⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-、Mg²⁺这5种离子空间分布与次主导风向较为相符.同时,两个场地水溶性离子平均浓度与距建筑垃圾堆放地的距离有一定的关系,采样点在距堆放中心200 m范围之内离子平均浓度最大,总体来说,距离堆放中心近的采样点位离子浓度高于距离较远的采样点位离子浓度.     

丽江市夏季降水化学组成分析

运用相关分析、趋势分析、海盐示踪法和HYSPLIT模型,对2006-05-23～2006-07-02云南丽江市夏季降水常量离子的化学特征分析表明,降水中离子浓度的大小顺序为SO^2-₄>Ca²⁺>Cl^->NO^-₃>Na⁺>K⁺>Mg²⁺,其中SO^2-₄和Ca²⁺是夏季降水中的高浓度离子,分别占离子总浓度的65.5%和15.6%;13次降水中阴离子总浓度显著高于阳离子总浓度.夏季降水中SO^2-₄∶NO^-₃变化范围为7.2～37.1, 平均值为15.7, 表明SO^2-₄为该区降水酸度的主要贡献者.由于离子在大气中的相互反应和来源的相似性,离子间相关性水平较好,其中SO^2-₄和NO^-₃的相关系数为0.74;离子浓度与同期降水和平均风速表现负相关.研究区夏季降水中NO^-₃、 SO^2-₄、 K⁺、Ca²⁺主要是陆源物质输入,NO^-₃、 SO^2-₄、 K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和Cl^-陆源物质贡献比例依次为100%、 98.8%、 96%、 99.3%、 46.7%和50.3%.人类经济活动导致的一些污染是该区大气环境变化的主要原因;丽江周边工业区的污染物质主要通过局地环流输入,南亚、东南亚和我国东南沿海工业区的污染物质主要随季风环流输入.     

北京大气气溶胶中水溶性离子的粒径分布和垂直分布

2004-09在北京325 m气象塔的8、80、240 m 3个不同高度,利用Andersen分级采样器同步进行了大气气溶胶采样.样品用离子色谱（IC）进行了分析.结果表明,SO₄^2-, NH⁺₄、NO^-₃、K⁺的浓度在0.43～1.1 μm出现峰值;Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的浓度在4.7～5.8 μm出现峰值;Na⁺,Cl^-的浓度在0.65～1.1 μm和4.7～5.8 μm出现峰值.观测期间,二次离子（SO₄^2-, NH⁺₄、NO^-₃）的峰值从“凝结模态"向“液滴模态"移动,高湿度可能是形成液滴模态的重要原因.二次离子（SO₄^2-,NH⁺₄、NO^-₃）随着高度升高,浓度有增加的趋势;Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺在80 m出现高值;K⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-的垂直分布比较均匀.     

四川安宁河流域水化学特征及物源探讨

安宁河河谷地区是四川省第二大粮仓,区内人口较多、矿业发达。查明流域水化学特征及物质来源,对于探讨地质背景与人为活动对河流水化学特征的影响具有重要意义。研究显示,安宁河河水整体偏弱碱性,pH均值为8.18,TDS值高于世界河流平均值。河水中阳离子浓度平均值顺序为Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺,阴离子浓度平均值顺序为HCO₃^- > Cl^- > SO₄^2- > NO₃^-。空间上,自上游至下游,安宁河河水的TDS值和阴阳离子含量呈整体上升的趋势,SO₄^2-、NO₃^-浓度波动较大。控制流域水化学特征的主要因素是硅酸盐岩的风化,其次是碳酸盐岩的风化。流域内的NO₃^-主要来源于农业活动和土壤有机氮,矿业活动对安宁河河水中SO₄^2-浓度的影响较大,人为活动对安宁河流域水化学的影响不可忽视。     

青藏高原纳木错流域河水主要离子化学特征及来源

2006年6～10月对青藏高原纳木错流域你亚曲、曲嘎切、昂曲3条河流进行了连续采样,同时在2005年9月和2006年9月2次环纳木错考察中采集了其他河水的样品.河水中主要阴离子（Ca²⁺、 Mg²⁺、 Na⁺、 K⁺）和阳离子（Cl^-、 NO^-₃、 HCO^-₃、 SO^2-₄）的分析结果表明,你亚曲、曲嘎切和昂曲的离子总量（TDS）分别为79.48、 23.44和111 mg/L.离子总量明显低于青藏高原及我国其他河流,且相互之间存在较为明显的差距. 3条河流中,曲嘎切为重碳酸盐钙型水,昂曲介于重碳酸盐钠型和重碳酸盐钙型之间,你亚曲的化学类型介于两者之间.河流水化学的时间变化显著,而且与流量成一定的反相关关系.利用主成分分析和相关分析得出：你亚曲河水主要化学成分来源于碳酸盐中的Ca²⁺和HCO^-₃;曲嘎切来源于冰川融水以及碳酸盐中的Ca²⁺、HCO^-₃和Na⁺;昂曲则来源于蒸发岩中的Na⁺、Mg²⁺和Cl^-.     

湖北丹江口水库主要离子化学季节变化及离子来源分析

2004～2006年对丹江口水库中的5个点位水质的 t 、pH、EC、TDS、ORP、SO^2-₄、Cl^-、NO^-₃、HCO^-₃、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、K⁺和Si进行了测定.综合运用方差分析及主成分分析对它们的季节变化及其来源进行了研究.结果表明,丹江口库区水体呈弱碱性,属于弱矿化度水,水质类型为HCO^-₃-Ca型水.主要阴、阳离子浓度范围为：Cl^-,（4.0±0.5～6.9±1.8）mg·L^-1;NO^-₃,（4.6±0.9～6.8±1.7）mg·L^-1;SO^2-₄,（24.3±2.7～35.4±6.9） mg·L^-1;HCO^-₃,（133.0±11.7～153.5±29.6）mg·L^-1;Na⁺,（2.0±0.3～5.3±1.0）mg·L^-1;K⁺,（0.7±0.09～1.6±0.7） mg·L^-1;Ca²⁺,（33.0±2.1～46.6±0.8）mg·L^-1;Mg²⁺,（8.0±2.5～10.5±3.2）mg·L^-1.方差分析显示除HCO^-₃和Si外,t、pH、EC、TDS、ORP、SO^2-₄、Cl^-、NO^-₃、Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺都表现出了显著的季节性差异,主要离子化学汛期浓度均小于对应的非汛期浓度.Na⁺和Mg²⁺的浓度只表现出秋汛<秋季,NO^-₃和SO^2-₄浓度却呈现出秋汛>秋季,这主要归因于降雨的大气沉降对水化学的贡献不同.HCO^-₃占主要阴离子的75%～88%,Ca²⁺和碱土金属分别占主要阳离子的60%～80%和87%～96%,表明碳酸盐岩风化是水体质子的主要来源及主要化学风化类型.参照我国及世界卫生组织饮用水标准,主要离子的浓度并未对人体产生危害.     

南京市不同天气过程下颗粒物中水溶性离子分布特征及其来源解析

于2018年11月16~28日使用在线气体组分及气溶胶监测系统MARGA ADI 2080观测了南京市颗粒物中的水溶性无机离子和一些痕量气体,结合气象要素和探空数据,分析了霾、雾、清洁和降水这4类过程中污染物及水溶性离子的分布特征及其昼夜差异.结果表明,在4类过程中PM_2.5平均浓度（μg·m^-3）在26.9（降水）~96.4（霾）,而总水溶性离子浓度（μg·m^-3）在23.7（降水）~89.7（霾）.在霾和雾过程中离子浓度大小排序为NO₃^- > NH₄⁺ > SO₄^2- > Cl^- > K⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺,而在清洁和降水过程中为NO₃^- > SO₄^2- > NH₄⁺ > Cl^- > Ca²⁺ > K⁺ > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺.水溶性离子的昼夜分布特征在4类过程中差异较大,但昼夜间SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺（SNA）均呈现出在霾>雾>清洁>降水过程中的特征.由PMF源解析结果分析得到,二次源是影响霾的主导因素,二次源、海盐及燃烧源是雾过程的主要污染来源,降水过程对燃煤源和二次源的清除作用较清洁过程更明显.     

中国东北地区积雪中离子特征及其环境意义

本文对2018年12月至2019年3月东北地区86个积雪样品的阴阳离子进行测定,运用MODIS、相关性分析、后向轨迹等方法研究积雪中阴阳离子的空间分布特征及来源。结果表明：积雪中离子平均浓度大小为Ca²⁺＞SO₄^2-＞Cl^-＞NO₂^-＞NO₃^-＞Na⁺＞K⁺＞Mg²⁺＞NH₄⁺＞F^-,其中SO₄^2-和Ca²⁺是主要的阴、阳离子,分别占总离子浓度的29.54%和30.97%。积雪的pH平均值为6.57,呈微酸性,且电导率与Ca²⁺、SO₄^2-、Mg²⁺、Cl^-和NO₂^-之间均有较好的相关性。东北地区积雪中离子的空间分布存在明显的区域差异,在吉林、黑龙江东部和乌兰浩特地区受人为活动的影响较大,积雪的离子浓度显著高于其他地区。后向轨迹聚类分析表明积雪中的化学离子不仅源于局地人为活动的排放,还有沙尘和污染物的远距离传输以及海洋源的贡献。本文的研究结论将为中国大气传输以及大气环境治理提供一定的科学数据支撑。     

贵州威宁草海流域地下水水化学特征及无机碳通量估算

贵州威宁县草海是我国最大的岩溶湿地,岩溶地下水是其重要的补给水源和物质来源.本研究在丰水期、枯水期和平水期对草海流域内12处地下水进行了采集并测定,揭示了该流域地下水水化学特征和主要离子来源,并基于水化学径流模数法初步估算了草海流域岩溶碳汇通量.结果表明,草海流域地下水水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型为主,东南部个别泉点在平水期为SO₄-Ca型.地下水中优势离子均以Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-为主,季节上SO₄^2-和Mg²⁺平均质量浓度呈现出平水期 > 枯水期 > 丰水期,NO₃^-平均质量浓度则表现为丰水期 > 枯水期 > 平水期,其他离子季节变化特征不明显.空间上草海北部地下水中Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-质量浓度相对较高,K⁺、Na⁺和Cl^-在西南部地下水中质量浓度较高,东南部地下水中Mg²⁺、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-质量浓度较高.地下水中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-主要受到碳酸盐岩溶蚀的控制,碳酸、硫酸和硝酸均参与了流域内碳酸盐岩的风化,三期大部分地下水中NO₃^-主要受土壤氮和生活污水的影响,东南部地下水NO₃^-则主要受农业活动影响,K⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-的来源则无明显时空差异,前3种离子主要受人类活动影响,而SO₄^2-则主要来源于地层中含硫化合物的溶解.研究区外源酸参与流域碳酸盐岩风化具有较高比例,季节上表现为平水期外源酸参与流域碳酸盐岩比例最高,丰水期最低的特征,在扣除外源酸参与流域碳酸盐岩风化的比例后,初步估算草海流域无机碳通量平均约为181.5 t·a^-1,岩溶地下水向草海输送HCO₃^-量平均约为1144.1 t·a^-1.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.