武山铜矿层状含铜黄铁矿矿体锶同位素地球化学特征及矿床成因

武山铜矿层状含铜黄铁矿矿体与花岗闪长斑岩具有完全不同的Sr同位素组成。层状矿体中胶黄铁矿、黄铁矿的87Sr／86Sr比值变化于0．7117－0．7241之间，而花岗闪长斑岩中长石和磷灰石的87Sr／87Sr在0．7072-0．7099之间。表明二者具有不同的物质来源，层状矿体物质主要来自上地壳和地层。而花岗间长班岩则主要来自上地幔和下地壳。铅同位素组成表明层状矿体中的铅来自古生代地层。层状矿体硫化物的Rb－Sr等时线年龄为328±21Ma，87Sr／86Sr的初始值为0．7138，表明民状矿体矿石形成于石炭纪，成矿物质自上地壳；而花岗闪长班岩的Rb－Sr等时线年龄为140Ma，为燕山早期的产物。根据研究结果，并结合矿体地质特征等，我们认为武山层状含铜黄铁矿矿体为与海西期海底火山活动有关的喷气（热水）沉积矿床。     

阿尔卑斯中南部花岗岩类的Hf同位素统计学(摘要)

通过对时代介于30～450Ma之间的部分钻石和全岩样品的研究，本文绘出并讨论了取自阿尔卑斯地区花岗岩类的第一批初始Hf同位素组成。资料分析表明排变质与变质花岗岩类错石的Hf同位素组成介于0．2824～0．2829之间，具有一致U－Ph年龄的石其初始176Hf／177Hf同位素比值比具反向不一致U－Ph年龄的抬石要高得多，后者已受到校老的、含较少放射性Hf钱石的混杂。相关的Nd-Hf地壳停留年龄已通过模式参数／f（Sm／Nd）约为1．6（相对亏损地但）和1．2（相对地壳中的元素分异作用）而进行了计算。这一模式说明总地壳的176Lu／177Hf同位素比值…     

冀北沽源盆地中生代火山岩的同位素年龄及成因

根据同位素年龄测定,冀北地区张家口组三段酸性火山岩的形成年龄为138Ma,属于上侏罗统顶部;花吉营组中基性岩石的形成年龄为133Ma,应划归下白垩统底部为宜。根据火山岩全岩Pb—Pb等时线年龄、残留锆石的年龄及基底岩石的变质时代等信息,结合火山岩中稀土元素的分布特征等推断:张家口组火山岩主要是由基底岩石(硅铝壳)重熔形成,而花吉营组岩石可能为壳幔混染成因。     

甘肃东部陇山群中斜长角闪岩的形成时代和构造背景

陇山群中斜长角闪岩的地质－地球化学特征研究表明,斜长用问岩是分两期形成的,其Sm－Nd等时线年龄分别为983±22Ma和756±97Ma,源区为类似于现在洋中脊型的地幔,说明在中元古代形成的裂谷此时已趋成熟,具有相当的规模。微量元素和稀土元素的特征也支持该认识。作者认为斜长用闪岩的原岩是侵入陇山群的辉绿岩墙或基性岩脉,是800～1000Ma（晋宁期）裂谷作用的产物,裂谷活动的扩张速率为2～5cm／a。     

首次直接测定太古代叠层石灰岩的放射性年代

本文旨在介绍用长寿命放射性衰变系统首次直接测定沉积碳酸盐岩的年龄。津巴布韦南部马斯文戈(旧称维多利亚堡)绿岩带的穆香迪克叠层石灰岩,其Pb/Pb等时线年龄为2839±33Ma。已发表的关于穆香迪克灰岩的年龄(～3.5Ga)的主张,其根据是猜想的穆香迪克花岗岩对它的侵入,据报道,该花岗岩体的Rb/Sr全岩年龄为3445±260Ma。穆香迪克花岗岩体的最新Rb-Sr和Pb/Pb同位素数据表明,该花岗岩体的侵位年龄可能为～2900Ma,新的野外证据表明,该花岗岩体构成了叠层石灰岩沉积的基底。因此,这些新年龄数据并不支持穆香迪克藻叠层石的年龄为～3.5Ga。Pb/Pb等时线方法可以测定前寒武纪含化石灰岩和不含化石灰岩的沉积年龄,因而对古生命问题的解决具有广泛的应用范围。     

湖南骑田岭岩体北东部角闪石黑云母二长花岗岩的40Ar-39Ar定年及其意义

对骑田岭岩体主体仰天湖单元粗中粒斑状角闪石黑云母二长花岗岩进行了黑云母40Ar-39Ar年龄测定,获得坪年龄为(155.1±1.8)Ma,等时线年龄为(154.7±1.8)Ma.该年龄样品提高了骑田岭岩体形成时代的面上控制程度,与前人有关高精度年代资料一起说明骑田岭序列为中侏罗世末-晚侏罗世初形成的大岩基,基本排除其内部有其它时代成分的可能.结合骑田岭地区锡矿与花岗岩的关系,认为江口一带具有寻找锡矿的前景.     

长江中下游地区变质基底及地壳形成时间

本文根据长江中下游地区中生代侵入岩长石Pb同位素组成和Nd同位素模式年龄研究，提出长江中下游地区是由几个晚太古-早元古代和中元古代块体组成的变质基底；其地壳的形成具有多阶段演化的特点，大致是：晚太古代（＞2500Ma）形成古陆核，早元古代（2500－1900Ma）陆壳初步形成，中元古代（1800－1200Ma）陆壳快速增长，晚元古代（1000Ma）以后区内陆壳增生基本趋于停止。     

新疆富蕴县索尔库都克铜矿床含矿辉石安山玢岩地球化学及年代学特征

新疆富蕴县索尔库都克铜矿产于中泥盆统北塔山组第二亚组中,前人报导的该矿床内含矿的蚀变安山岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄、安山岩全岩40 Ar-40 Ar年龄以及安山质凝灰岩K-Ar年龄显示其时代主要集中于早二叠世,与赋矿地层时代差距较大。对赋矿岩石安山玢岩进行锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年,获得了锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为396.6±1.2 Ma,表明其成矿时代为中泥盆世,且在二叠纪有一次热液活动。索尔库都克铜矿床赋矿岩石辉石安山玢岩及安山玢岩具高硅、高钛、高铝特征,岩石为高钾钙碱性系列;稀土元素特征显示轻稀土较重稀土富集,轻微的Eu负异常,安山玢岩的锆石Hf同位素的两阶段模式年龄为456~778 Ma,εHf(t)>0。研究认为该矿床应属于火山热液层控型铜矿床,其成矿安山玢岩体具有亏损地幔源特征。     

得克萨斯海湾海岸地区第三系砂、页岩Sm-Nd模式年龄在成岩过程中的变化(摘要)

得克萨斯州南部渐新统弗里奥（Frio）组及其中南部古新统一始新统威尔科克斯（Wilcox）群砂岩和页岩的Sm－Nd模式年龄随其埋藏深度增大而增大。弗里奥页岩的亏损地漫模式年龄（Tdm）以理深1km处的约800Ma增加到理深4km处的大约1000Ma；在弗里奥砂岩中，Tdm值从理深1km处的大约750Ma增加到4km处的1200Ma以上。在威尔科克斯页岩中，随埋深从1．5km到4．5km，其Tdm值从大约1300Ma增加到大约1500Ma；威尔科克斯砂岩的Tdm值在理深为2．5km时约为1450Ma，理深增大到4．ohm时，Tam值高达2000Ma。所采用的取样方案尽可能地降低了因碎屑变化而…     

萤石 Sm-Nd 等时线

<正> 测定江西西华山钨矿黑钨矿-长石-石英脉中萤石的Sm-Nd等时线年龄为158±10Ma(2σ),ε_(Nd)~i(T)=-17.8。这是我国首次采用Sm-Nd法成功地测出的十分年轻的成矿作用时间。我们用Sm-Nd法研究了物质来源问题,扩大了该法的地质应用范围。Sm-Nd法自七十年代初期建立以来,已     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.